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A face that launched a thousand chips
R. Turcotte, J. Boulanger, M. Cormier (1989)
Vers une terminologie des arts infographiques
(1998)
The Lion King (2019) Breaking ground with Virtual Production
Movi Freefly Controller (focal length, boom, and position adjustment rockers)
Readers are encouraged to seek out Vitali-Rosati's (2012) work, which offers a sturdy overview of the different significations and uses of the term 'virtual' in philosophy
Cineslider (3' & 5' digitally-encoded sliders)
Kathryn Lasky (2006)
To Be a King
S. Christiansen (2011)
Film Theory and Contemporary Hollywood Movies
Fonction du langage graphique qui simule les opérations qu'effectue habituellement une caméra, l'objectif, le zoom, les effets panoramiques' (author's translation)
P. Dubois, M. Mélon, C. Dubois (1988)
Cinéma et vidéo : interpénétrationsCommunications, 48
The moving camera: Part I. Zerb: Journal of the Guild of Television Cameramen 58
Focus Iris Zoom (mapped to the software in real time)
Dolly track (19' digitally-encoded and mapped to the virtual track); Jib arm (16' digitally-encoded arm with 150' virtual telescoping range)
(2009)
Man of extremes: The return of James Cameron
(2017)
For a more in-depth study of Murnau's dream of a 'de-materialized' camera and its parallels with the virtual camera of films such as Avatar, see 'The protean camera
(2017)
On the protean nature of cameras and the shifting capabilities which arise with each of its transformations, see also my 'Protean camera
(2018)
Before The Lion King, simpler versions of this 'physical/virtual camera' had been used to a lesser extent in Avatar, The Adventures of Tintin (dir. Steven Spielberg, 2011), and Ready Player One (dir
Mihaela Mihailova (2016)
Collaboration without Representation: Labor Issues in Motion and Performance CaptureAnimation, 11
Virtual Production Field Guide
(2020)
Le cinéma sans caméra ? Repenser les usages de la ‘ caméra ’ à l ’ ère du cinéma virtuel
M. Grosoli, Jean-Baptiste Massuet (2014)
La capture de mouvement : Ou le modelage de l'invisible
(1999)
Motion capture . Media in Transition , 19 December
It is not unlike what Carl Sagan said in one notable episode of his series Cosmos: 'If you wish to make an apple pie from scratch, you must first invent the universe
Shaopeng Chen (2019)
Lisa Bode, Making Believe: Screen Performance and Special Effects in Popular CinemaFilm Criticism
Lisa Bode (2015)
Fleshing it out: prosthetic makeup effects, motion capture and the reception of performance
Mike Jones (2007)
Vanishing Point: Spatial Composition and the Virtual CameraAnimation, 2
How virtual production worked on-set of the Lion King. Fxguide, 29 August
(2012)
S’orienter dans le virtuel. Paris: Hermann
Andy Serkis built a new world for Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, io9
(2014)
L ’ impact de la performance capture sur les théories du cinéma d ’ animation . Écranosphère 1
Non seulement le corps de l'opérateur n'est plus couplé à la caméra, mais même la caméra n'existe plus. L'image est devenue abstraite. Le mouvement n'est plus qu'affaire de suites chiffrées
A. Gaudreault, P. Marion, T. Barnard (2015)
The End of Cinema?: A Medium in Crisis in the Digital Age
C. Newsom (2010)
Cinephilia in the Age of Digital Reproduction: Film, Pleasure, and Digital Culture Vol. 1
Steadicam rig (with Active LED mocap tracking)
Maria Tortajada, Claudine Eizykman (2023)
Inventing Cinema
Il la place où il le veut, en fonction du story-board ou de la performance des acteurs, lui fait faire le mouvement qu'il veut
Lisa Bode (2019)
Making Believe
Motion capture. Media in Transition
W. Buckland (2009)
man without a movie camera—movies without men: towards a posthumanist cinema? william brown
(1983)
35) once wrote that 'the greatest aspiration and reward for a serious operator becomes, by default, the indetectibility [sic] of one's work
S. Denis (2014)
Le devenir-marionnette de l’acteur : la performance capture dans Avatar
Philippe Bédard (2017)
The Protean Camera, 5
(1983)
Steadicam : An operator ’ s perspective . Part 2
Tom Sito (2013)
Moving Innovation: A History of Computer Animation
L'impact de la performance capture sur les théories du cinéma d'animation
Joseph Monninger (2011)
The World As We Know It
Jean-Baptiste Massuet (2016)
Montage et découpage à l’ère du « cinéma virtuel »
(2010)
How James Cameron ’ s innovative new 3 - D tech created Avatar
(1988)
A moon-shot movie
Manfrotto shoulder rig (with laser encoding)
(2015)
For more examples of the discourses that accompany the emergence of new technologies and their impact on cinema as we know it, see André Gaudreault and Philippe Marion's
(2010)
Capturing Avatar', Avatar, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment
Justin Baillargeon (2014)
La capture de mouvement, une nouvelle technologie ?
(2017)
The protean camera. Synoptique: An Online Journal of Film and Moving Image Studies
Kevin Brianton (2022)
Hollywood's Artists: The Directors Guild of America and the Construction of Authorship by Virginia Wright Wexman (review)Film & History: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 51
Lisa Purse (2013)
Digital Imaging in Popular Cinema
Dan North, Bob Rehak, M. Duffy (2015)
Special effects : new histories/theories/contexts
M. Desjardins (2015)
Performance, Labor, and Stardom in the Era of the Synthespian
This article examines the rising importance of ‘virtual production’ by focusing on one of its core components, the so-called ‘virtual camera’. Using the virtual camera as a focal point, the author highlights how a particular industrial model of film production has changed in response to the transformations brought about by digital technologies. More specifically, this article uses the notion of ‘virtualization’ introduced by Pierre Lévy in Becoming Virtual: Reality in the Digital Age (1998) to offer a unique point of view on films ‘shot’ with cameras that are ultimately all but virtual. Here, The Lion King (2019) serves as a prime example of virtual production, in general, and of the transformation undergone by the camera, in particular.
Animation: An Interdisciplinary Journal – SAGE
Published: Jul 1, 2022
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