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Social Learning Theory of Aggression

Social Learning Theory of Aggression Abstract “The massive threats to human welfare are generally brought about by deliberate acts…, It is the principled resort to aggression that is of greatest social concern but most ignored in psychological theorizing and research.” References 1 Alland , A. Jr. The Human Imperative . New York : Columbia University Press , 1972 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 2 Ax , A. F. The Physiological Differentiation between Fear and Anger in Humans . Psychosomatic Medicine 15 , 1953 , pp. 433 – 442 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 3 Azrin , N. H. and R. R. Hutchinson. Conditioning of the Aggressive Behavior of Pigeons by a Fixed-interval Schedule of Reinforcement . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 10 , 1967 , pp. 395 – 402 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 4 Bandura , A. Principles of Behavior Modification . New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston , 1969 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 5 Bandura , A. Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis . Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall , 1973 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 6 Bandura , A. Self-reinforcement: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations . Behaviorism 4 , 1976 , pp. 135 – 155 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 7 Bandura , A. Social Learning Theory . Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall , 1977 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 8 Bandura , A. Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change . Psychological Review 84 , 1977 , pp. 191 – 215 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 9 Bandura , A. The Self System in Reciprocal Determinism . American Psychologist 33 , 1978 , pp. 344 – 358 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 10 Bandura , A. , B. Underwood, and M. E. Fromson. Disinhibition of Aggression Through Diffusion of Responsibility and Dehumanization of Victims . Journal of Research in Personality 9 , 1975 , pp. 253 – 269 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 11 Bandura , A. and R. H. Walters. Adolescent Aggression . New York : Ronald , 1959 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 12 Bateson , G. The Naven . Stanford, Cal. : Stanford University Press , 1936 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 13 Berkowitz , L. The Contagion of Violence: An S-R Mediational Analysis of Some Effects of Observed Aggression .” In W. J. Arnold and M. M. Page (Eds.) Nebraska Symposium on Motivation , 1970 . Lincoln, Neb. : University of Nebraska Press , 1970 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 14 Blumenthal , M. , R. L. Kahn, F. M. Andrews, and K. B. Head. Justifying Violence: The Attitudes of American Men . Ann Arbor, Mich .: Institute for Social Research , 1972 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 15 Campbell , B. A. and R. M. Church. Punishment and Aversive Behavior . New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts , 1969 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 16 Caplan , N. The New Ghetto Man: A Review of Recent Empirical Studies . Journal of Social Issues 26 , 1970 , pp. 59 – 73 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 17 Chagnon , N. Yanomamo: The Fierce People . New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston , 1968 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 18 Cline , V. B. , R. G. Croft, and S. Courrier. Desensitization of Children to Television Violence . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 27 , 1973 , pp. 360 – 365 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 19 Crawford , T. and M. Naditch. Relative Deprivation, Powerlessness, and Militancy: The Psychology of Social Protest . Psychiatry 33 , 1970 , pp. 208 – 223 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 20 Davies , J. C. The J-curve of Rising and Declining Satisfactions as a Cause of Some Revolutions and a Contained Rebellion .” In H. D. Graham and T. R. Gurr (Eds.) Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (Vol. 2 ). Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1969 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 21 Davitz , J. R. The Effects of Previous Training on Postfrustration Behavior . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 47 , 1952 , pp. 309 – 315 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 22 Dentan , R. K. The Semai: A Nonviolent People of Malaya . New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston , 1968 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 23 Diener , D. , J. Dineen, K. Endresen, A. L. Beaman, and S. C. Fraser. Effects of Altered Responsibility, Cognitive Set, and Modeling on Physical Aggression and Deindividuation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31 , 1975 , pp. 328 – 337 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 24 Drabman , R. S. and M. H. Thomas. Does Media Violence Increase Children's Toleration of Real-life Aggression Developmental Psychology 10 , 1974 , pp. 418 – 421 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 25 Gambino , R. Watergate Lingo: A Language of Non-responsibility . Freedom at Issue No. 22 , 1973 . 26 Gardner , R. and K. G. Heider. Gardens of War . New York : Random House , 1969 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 27 Geen , R. G. and R. Pigg. Acquisition of an Aggressive Response and its Generalization to Verbal Behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 15 , 1970 , pp. 165 – 170 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 28 Geen , R. G. and D. Stonner. Effects of Aggressiveness Habit Strength on Behavior in the Presence of Aggression-related Stimuli . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 17 , 1971 , pp. 149 – 153 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 29 Gerbner , G. and L. Gross. Living with Television: The Violence Profile . Journal of Communication 26 ( 2 ), Spring 1976 , pp. 173 – 199 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 30 Gurr , T. R. Sources of Rebellion in Western Societies: Some Quantitative Evidence . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 391 , 1970 , pp. 128 – 144 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 31 Hendrick , G. When Television is a School for Criminals . TV Guide , January 29, 1977 , pp. 4 – 10 . 32 Hicks , D. J. Short- and Long-term Retention of Affectively Varied Modeled Behavior . Psychonomic Science 11 , 1968 , pp. 369 – 370 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 33 Hoffman , M. L. Power Assertion by the Parent and its Impact on the Child . Child Development 31 , 1960 , pp. 129 – 143 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 34 Hunt , J. M. , M. W. Cole, and E. E. S. Reis. Situational Cues Distinguishing Anger, Fear, and Sorrow . American Journal of Psychology 71 , 1958 , pp. 136 – 151 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 35 Kilham , W. and L. Mann. Level of Destructive Obedience as a Function of Transmitter and Executant Roles in the Milgram Obedience Paradigm . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 29 , 1974 , pp. 696 – 702 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 36 Leifer , A. D, N. J. Gordon, and S. B. Graves. Children's Television: More than Mere Entertainment . Harvard Educational Review 44 , 1974 , pp. 213 – 245 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 37 Levy , R. I. On Getting Angry in the Society Islands .” In W. Caudill and T. Y. Lin (Eds.) Mental Health Research in Asia and the Pacific . Honolulu : East-West Center Press , 1969 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 38 Leyens , J. P. , L. Camino, R. D. Parke, and L. Berkowitz. Effects of Movie Violence on Aggression in a Field Setting as a Function of Group Dominance and Cohesion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32 , 1975 , pp. 346 – 360 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 39 Lieberson , S. and A. R. Silverman. The Precipitants and Underlying Conditions of Race Riots . American Sociological Review 30 , 1965 , pp. 887 – 898 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 40 Liebert , R. M. , J. M. Neale, and E. S. Davidson. The Early Window: Effects of Television on Children and Youth . New York ; Pergamon , 1973 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 41 Loew , C. A. Acquisition of a Hostile Attitude and its Relationship to Aggressive Behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 5 , 1967 , pp. 335 – 341 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 42 Maier , S. F. and M. E. Seligman, “ Learned Helplessness: Theory and Evidence . Journal of Experimental Psychology 105 , 1976 , pp. 3 – 46 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 43 Mandler , G. Mind and Emotion . New York : Wiley , 1975 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 44 Mantell , D. M. and R. Panzarella. Obedience and Responsibility . British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 15 , 1976 , pp. 239 – 246 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 45 McCord , W. and J. Howard. Negro Opinions in Three Riot Cities . American Behavioral Scientist 11 , 1968 , pp. 24 – 27 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 46 Mead , M. Sex and Temperament in Three Savage Tribes . New York : Morrow , 1935 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 47 Milgram , S. Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View . New York : Harper and Row , 1974 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 48 Parke , R. D. , L. Berkowitz, J. P. Leyens, S. G. West, and R. J. Sebastian. Some Effects of Violent and Nonviolent Movies on the Behavior of Juvenile Delinquents .” In L. Berkowitz (Ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 10 ). New York : Academic Press , 1977 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS Google Scholar Google Preview WorldCat COPAC 49 Patterson , G. R. , R. A. Littman, and W. Bricker. Assertive Behavior in Children: A Step Toward a Theory of Aggression . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 32 ( 5 , Serial No. 113), 1967 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 50 Perry , D. G. and K. Bussey. Self-reinforcement in High- and Low-aggressive Boys Following Acts of Aggression . Child Development 48 , 1977 , pp. 653 – 657 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 51 Powers , P. C. and R. G. Geen, “ Effects of the Behavior and the Perceived Arousal of a Model on Instrumental Behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 23 , 1972 , pp. 175 – 183 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 52 Rule , B. G. and A. R. Nesdale. Emotional Arousal and Aggressive Behavior . Psychological Bulletin 83 , 1976 , pp. 851 – 863 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 53 Rule , B. G. and A. R. Nesdale. Moral Judgments of Aggressive Behavior .” In R. G. Geen and E. O'Neal (Eds.) Prospective on Aggression . New York : Academic Press , 1976 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS Google Scholar Google Preview WorldCat COPAC 54 Sears , D. O. and J. B. McConahay. Participation in the Los Angeles Riot . Social Problems 17 , 1969 , pp. 3 – 20 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 55 Short , J. F. Jr. (Ed.) Gang Delinquency and Delinquent Subcultures . New York : Harper and Row , 1968 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 56 Slaby , R. Verbal Regulation of Aggression and Altruism .” In J. De Wit and W. Hartup (Eds.) Determinants and Origins of Aggressive Behavior . The Hague : Mouton , 1974 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 57 Snow , C. P. Either-or . Progressive 25 , 1961 , pp. 24 – 25 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 58 Staples , F. R. and R. H. Walters. Influence of Positive Reinforcement of Aggression on Subjects Differing in Initial Aggressive Level . Journal of Consulting Psychology 28 , 1964 , pp. 547 – 552 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 59 Stein , A. H. , L. K. Fredrich, and F. Vondracek. Television Content and Young Children's Behavior .” In J. P. Murray, E. A. Rubinstein, and G. A. Comstock (Eds.) Television and Social Behavior (Vol. 2): Television and Social Learning . Washington, D.C .: U.S. Government Printing Office , 1972 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 60 Steuer , F. B. , J. M. Applefield, and R. Smith. Televised Aggression and the Interpersonal Aggression of Preschool Children . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 11 , 1971 , pp. 442 – 447 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 61 Tannenbaum , P. H. and D. Zillman. Emotional Arousal in the Facilitation of Aggression Through Communication .” In L. Berkowitz (Ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 8 ). New York : Academic Press , 1975 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS Google Scholar Google Preview WorldCat COPAC 62 Thelen , M. H. and W. Soltz. The Effect of Vicarious Reinforcement on Imitation in Two Social Racial Groups . Child Development 40 , 1969 , pp. 879 – 887 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 63 Thomas , M. H. and R. S. Drabman. Toleration of Real Life Aggression as a Function of Exposure to Televised Violence and Age of Subject . Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development 21 , 1975 , pp. 227 – 232 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 64 Thomas , M. H. , R. W. Horton, E. C. Lippincott, and R. S. Drabman. Desensitization to Portrayals of Real-life Aggression as a Function of Exposure to Television Violence . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35 , 1977 , pp. 450 – 458 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 65 Toch , H. Violent Men . Chicago : Aldine , 1969 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 66 Turnbull , C. M. The Forest People . New York : Simon and Schuster , 1961 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 67 Ulrich , R. , M. Johnston, J. Richardson, and P. Wolff. The Operant Conditioning of Fighting Behavior in Rats . Psychological Record 13 , 1963 , pp. 465 – 470 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 68 Walters , R. H. and M. Brown. Studies of Reinforcement of Aggression (Part 3): Transfer of Responses to an Interpersonal Situation . Child Development 34 , 1963 , pp. 563 – 571 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 69 Whiting , J. W. M. Becoming a Kwoma . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1941 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 70 Wolfgang , M. E. and F. Ferracuti. The Subculture of Violence . London : Tavistock , 1967 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 71 Yablonsky , L. The Violent Gang . New York : Macmillan , 1962 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 72 Zimbardo , P. G. The Human Choice: Individuation, Reason, and Order vs. Deindividuation, Impulse, and Chaos .” In W. J. Arnold and D. Levine (Eds.) Nebraska Symposium on Motivation , 1969 . Lincoln, Neb. : University of Nebraska Press , 1969 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes This article was extracted from a longer paper presented at the Werner-Reimers-Stiftung Conference on Human Ethology: Claims and Limits of a New Discipline, Bad Homburg, West Germany, October 1977. © 1978 Journal of Communication http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Journal of Communication Oxford University Press

Social Learning Theory of Aggression

Journal of Communication , Volume 28 (3) – Sep 1, 1978

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Publisher
Oxford University Press
Copyright
© 1978 Journal of Communication
ISSN
0021-9916
eISSN
1460-2466
DOI
10.1111/j.1460-2466.1978.tb01621.x
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Abstract

Abstract “The massive threats to human welfare are generally brought about by deliberate acts…, It is the principled resort to aggression that is of greatest social concern but most ignored in psychological theorizing and research.” References 1 Alland , A. Jr. The Human Imperative . New York : Columbia University Press , 1972 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 2 Ax , A. F. The Physiological Differentiation between Fear and Anger in Humans . Psychosomatic Medicine 15 , 1953 , pp. 433 – 442 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 3 Azrin , N. H. and R. R. Hutchinson. Conditioning of the Aggressive Behavior of Pigeons by a Fixed-interval Schedule of Reinforcement . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 10 , 1967 , pp. 395 – 402 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 4 Bandura , A. Principles of Behavior Modification . New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston , 1969 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 5 Bandura , A. Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis . Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall , 1973 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 6 Bandura , A. Self-reinforcement: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations . Behaviorism 4 , 1976 , pp. 135 – 155 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 7 Bandura , A. Social Learning Theory . Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall , 1977 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 8 Bandura , A. Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change . Psychological Review 84 , 1977 , pp. 191 – 215 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 9 Bandura , A. The Self System in Reciprocal Determinism . American Psychologist 33 , 1978 , pp. 344 – 358 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 10 Bandura , A. , B. Underwood, and M. E. Fromson. Disinhibition of Aggression Through Diffusion of Responsibility and Dehumanization of Victims . Journal of Research in Personality 9 , 1975 , pp. 253 – 269 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 11 Bandura , A. and R. H. Walters. Adolescent Aggression . New York : Ronald , 1959 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 12 Bateson , G. The Naven . Stanford, Cal. : Stanford University Press , 1936 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 13 Berkowitz , L. The Contagion of Violence: An S-R Mediational Analysis of Some Effects of Observed Aggression .” In W. J. Arnold and M. M. Page (Eds.) Nebraska Symposium on Motivation , 1970 . Lincoln, Neb. : University of Nebraska Press , 1970 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 14 Blumenthal , M. , R. L. Kahn, F. M. Andrews, and K. B. Head. Justifying Violence: The Attitudes of American Men . Ann Arbor, Mich .: Institute for Social Research , 1972 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 15 Campbell , B. A. and R. M. Church. Punishment and Aversive Behavior . New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts , 1969 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 16 Caplan , N. The New Ghetto Man: A Review of Recent Empirical Studies . Journal of Social Issues 26 , 1970 , pp. 59 – 73 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 17 Chagnon , N. Yanomamo: The Fierce People . New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston , 1968 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 18 Cline , V. B. , R. G. Croft, and S. Courrier. Desensitization of Children to Television Violence . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 27 , 1973 , pp. 360 – 365 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 19 Crawford , T. and M. Naditch. Relative Deprivation, Powerlessness, and Militancy: The Psychology of Social Protest . Psychiatry 33 , 1970 , pp. 208 – 223 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 20 Davies , J. C. The J-curve of Rising and Declining Satisfactions as a Cause of Some Revolutions and a Contained Rebellion .” In H. D. Graham and T. R. Gurr (Eds.) Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (Vol. 2 ). Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1969 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 21 Davitz , J. R. The Effects of Previous Training on Postfrustration Behavior . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 47 , 1952 , pp. 309 – 315 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 22 Dentan , R. K. The Semai: A Nonviolent People of Malaya . New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston , 1968 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 23 Diener , D. , J. Dineen, K. Endresen, A. L. Beaman, and S. C. Fraser. Effects of Altered Responsibility, Cognitive Set, and Modeling on Physical Aggression and Deindividuation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31 , 1975 , pp. 328 – 337 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 24 Drabman , R. S. and M. H. Thomas. Does Media Violence Increase Children's Toleration of Real-life Aggression Developmental Psychology 10 , 1974 , pp. 418 – 421 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 25 Gambino , R. Watergate Lingo: A Language of Non-responsibility . Freedom at Issue No. 22 , 1973 . 26 Gardner , R. and K. G. Heider. Gardens of War . New York : Random House , 1969 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 27 Geen , R. G. and R. Pigg. Acquisition of an Aggressive Response and its Generalization to Verbal Behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 15 , 1970 , pp. 165 – 170 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 28 Geen , R. G. and D. Stonner. Effects of Aggressiveness Habit Strength on Behavior in the Presence of Aggression-related Stimuli . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 17 , 1971 , pp. 149 – 153 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 29 Gerbner , G. and L. Gross. Living with Television: The Violence Profile . Journal of Communication 26 ( 2 ), Spring 1976 , pp. 173 – 199 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 30 Gurr , T. R. Sources of Rebellion in Western Societies: Some Quantitative Evidence . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 391 , 1970 , pp. 128 – 144 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 31 Hendrick , G. When Television is a School for Criminals . TV Guide , January 29, 1977 , pp. 4 – 10 . 32 Hicks , D. J. Short- and Long-term Retention of Affectively Varied Modeled Behavior . Psychonomic Science 11 , 1968 , pp. 369 – 370 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 33 Hoffman , M. L. Power Assertion by the Parent and its Impact on the Child . Child Development 31 , 1960 , pp. 129 – 143 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 34 Hunt , J. M. , M. W. Cole, and E. E. S. Reis. Situational Cues Distinguishing Anger, Fear, and Sorrow . American Journal of Psychology 71 , 1958 , pp. 136 – 151 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 35 Kilham , W. and L. Mann. Level of Destructive Obedience as a Function of Transmitter and Executant Roles in the Milgram Obedience Paradigm . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 29 , 1974 , pp. 696 – 702 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 36 Leifer , A. D, N. J. Gordon, and S. B. Graves. Children's Television: More than Mere Entertainment . Harvard Educational Review 44 , 1974 , pp. 213 – 245 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 37 Levy , R. I. On Getting Angry in the Society Islands .” In W. Caudill and T. Y. Lin (Eds.) Mental Health Research in Asia and the Pacific . Honolulu : East-West Center Press , 1969 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 38 Leyens , J. P. , L. Camino, R. D. Parke, and L. Berkowitz. Effects of Movie Violence on Aggression in a Field Setting as a Function of Group Dominance and Cohesion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32 , 1975 , pp. 346 – 360 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 39 Lieberson , S. and A. R. Silverman. The Precipitants and Underlying Conditions of Race Riots . American Sociological Review 30 , 1965 , pp. 887 – 898 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 40 Liebert , R. M. , J. M. Neale, and E. S. Davidson. The Early Window: Effects of Television on Children and Youth . New York ; Pergamon , 1973 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 41 Loew , C. A. Acquisition of a Hostile Attitude and its Relationship to Aggressive Behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 5 , 1967 , pp. 335 – 341 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 42 Maier , S. F. and M. E. Seligman, “ Learned Helplessness: Theory and Evidence . Journal of Experimental Psychology 105 , 1976 , pp. 3 – 46 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 43 Mandler , G. Mind and Emotion . New York : Wiley , 1975 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 44 Mantell , D. M. and R. Panzarella. Obedience and Responsibility . British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 15 , 1976 , pp. 239 – 246 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 45 McCord , W. and J. Howard. Negro Opinions in Three Riot Cities . American Behavioral Scientist 11 , 1968 , pp. 24 – 27 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 46 Mead , M. Sex and Temperament in Three Savage Tribes . New York : Morrow , 1935 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 47 Milgram , S. Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View . New York : Harper and Row , 1974 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 48 Parke , R. D. , L. Berkowitz, J. P. Leyens, S. G. West, and R. J. Sebastian. Some Effects of Violent and Nonviolent Movies on the Behavior of Juvenile Delinquents .” In L. Berkowitz (Ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 10 ). New York : Academic Press , 1977 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS Google Scholar Google Preview WorldCat COPAC 49 Patterson , G. R. , R. A. Littman, and W. Bricker. Assertive Behavior in Children: A Step Toward a Theory of Aggression . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 32 ( 5 , Serial No. 113), 1967 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 50 Perry , D. G. and K. Bussey. Self-reinforcement in High- and Low-aggressive Boys Following Acts of Aggression . Child Development 48 , 1977 , pp. 653 – 657 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 51 Powers , P. C. and R. G. Geen, “ Effects of the Behavior and the Perceived Arousal of a Model on Instrumental Behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 23 , 1972 , pp. 175 – 183 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 52 Rule , B. G. and A. R. Nesdale. Emotional Arousal and Aggressive Behavior . Psychological Bulletin 83 , 1976 , pp. 851 – 863 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 53 Rule , B. G. and A. R. Nesdale. Moral Judgments of Aggressive Behavior .” In R. G. Geen and E. O'Neal (Eds.) Prospective on Aggression . New York : Academic Press , 1976 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS Google Scholar Google Preview WorldCat COPAC 54 Sears , D. O. and J. B. McConahay. Participation in the Los Angeles Riot . Social Problems 17 , 1969 , pp. 3 – 20 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 55 Short , J. F. Jr. (Ed.) Gang Delinquency and Delinquent Subcultures . New York : Harper and Row , 1968 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 56 Slaby , R. Verbal Regulation of Aggression and Altruism .” In J. De Wit and W. Hartup (Eds.) Determinants and Origins of Aggressive Behavior . The Hague : Mouton , 1974 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 57 Snow , C. P. Either-or . Progressive 25 , 1961 , pp. 24 – 25 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 58 Staples , F. R. and R. H. Walters. Influence of Positive Reinforcement of Aggression on Subjects Differing in Initial Aggressive Level . Journal of Consulting Psychology 28 , 1964 , pp. 547 – 552 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 59 Stein , A. H. , L. K. Fredrich, and F. Vondracek. Television Content and Young Children's Behavior .” In J. P. Murray, E. A. Rubinstein, and G. A. Comstock (Eds.) Television and Social Behavior (Vol. 2): Television and Social Learning . Washington, D.C .: U.S. Government Printing Office , 1972 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 60 Steuer , F. B. , J. M. Applefield, and R. Smith. Televised Aggression and the Interpersonal Aggression of Preschool Children . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 11 , 1971 , pp. 442 – 447 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 61 Tannenbaum , P. H. and D. Zillman. Emotional Arousal in the Facilitation of Aggression Through Communication .” In L. Berkowitz (Ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 8 ). New York : Academic Press , 1975 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS Google Scholar Google Preview WorldCat COPAC 62 Thelen , M. H. and W. Soltz. The Effect of Vicarious Reinforcement on Imitation in Two Social Racial Groups . Child Development 40 , 1969 , pp. 879 – 887 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 63 Thomas , M. H. and R. S. Drabman. Toleration of Real Life Aggression as a Function of Exposure to Televised Violence and Age of Subject . Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development 21 , 1975 , pp. 227 – 232 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 64 Thomas , M. H. , R. W. Horton, E. C. Lippincott, and R. S. Drabman. Desensitization to Portrayals of Real-life Aggression as a Function of Exposure to Television Violence . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35 , 1977 , pp. 450 – 458 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 65 Toch , H. Violent Men . Chicago : Aldine , 1969 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 66 Turnbull , C. M. The Forest People . New York : Simon and Schuster , 1961 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 67 Ulrich , R. , M. Johnston, J. Richardson, and P. Wolff. The Operant Conditioning of Fighting Behavior in Rats . Psychological Record 13 , 1963 , pp. 465 – 470 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 68 Walters , R. H. and M. Brown. 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Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes This article was extracted from a longer paper presented at the Werner-Reimers-Stiftung Conference on Human Ethology: Claims and Limits of a New Discipline, Bad Homburg, West Germany, October 1977. © 1978 Journal of Communication

Journal

Journal of CommunicationOxford University Press

Published: Sep 1, 1978

References