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Control of Spotted-Wing Drosophila on Highbush Blueberries, 2022

Control of Spotted-Wing Drosophila on Highbush Blueberries, 2022 Blueberry | Vaccinium spp Spotted-wing drosophila | Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) isocycloseram, phosmet The objective of these experiments was to compare the efficacy of PLINAZOLIN technology (isocycloseram) versus Imidan 70WP (phosmet; grower standard) for controlling spotted-wing drosophila. Two experiments were conducted in a highbush blueberry field, var. ‘Bluecrop’, at the Rutgers P.E. Marucci Center in Chatsworth, NJ, and consisted of five blocks, with each block containing four bushes in a CRB design. Within the field, one or two blocks were assigned per row for a total of three rows and blocks were separated by at least two buffer bushes within rows and between rows by a buffer row. For Experiment 1, treatments and rates were: PLINAZOLIN technology SC100 at 4.11 fl oz/acre (0.027 lbs AI/acre), PLINAZOLIN technology SC200 at 4.11 fl oz/acre (0.054 lbs AI/acre), Imidan 70WP at 1.33 lb/acre (0.931 lbs AI/acre), and an untreated control. Treatments were applied on the morning of 5 Jul. Total rainfall during Experiment 1 was 3.15 cm. For Experiment 2, treatments and rates were: PLINAZOLIN technology SC100 at 4.11 fl oz/acre (0.027 lbs AI/acre), PLINAZOLIN technology DC100 at 4.11 fl oz/acre (0.027 lbs AI/acre), Imidan 70WP at 1.33 lb/acre (0.931 lbs AI/acre), and an untreated control. Treatments were applied on the evening of 11 Jul. Total rainfall during Experiment 2 was 0.03 cm. In both experiments, each treatment was applied to one of the four bushes within each block. All PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Applications were made with an R&D CO2 backpack sprayer, using 2-liter plastic bottles. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 40 gal of volume per acre at 30 psi, using a single ConeJet TXVS 10 nozzle, yielding 125.1 ml (4.23 fl oz) per bush. Untreated control bushes received no insecticides. Two terminals, consisting of stems with 3–4 leaves, were taken randomly from each bush (N = 10 terminals per treatment), along with 20 ripe blueberries (N = 100 berries per treatment), 1 day after treatment (1 DAT), and again 3 and 7 days after treatment (3 DAT and 7 DAT, respectively). For Experiment 1, samples were taken around noon on 6 Jul (1 DAT), 8 Jul (3 DAT), and 12 Jul (7 DAT). For Experiment 2, samples were taken around noon on 12 Jul (1 DAT), 14 Jul (3 DAT), and 18 Jul (7 DAT). The terminals were placed in florist’s water picks with an opened bottom (1 terminal per water pick). The tops of the terminals containing the leaves were enclosed in containers consisting of ventilated 32-oz plastic deli cups with a hole cut in the bottom. The florist’s water picks were then fitted tightly through the holes in the containers and placed on top of water-filled trays so that the bottoms of the terminals were submerged in water. Additionally, a 2-cm piece of moistened dental wick (d-H2O) was added to each container to supply water for the flies. Ten containers were set up for each treatment on each sample date, with each container considered a replicate. Ten loose berries (obtained from the corresponding treated bushes) were placed in the bottom of each container before flies were added. Spotted-wing drosophila adult flies from a lab-reared colony were added to the containers within 2 h after terminals were clipped from bushes. For each assay date, a total of 10 adult flies (5 females and 5 males) were removed from the colony and released into each container. Flies (5–7 d old) were anesthetized with small puffs of CO2 gas injected into the rearing tubes to facilitate handling and placement inside the containers. After flies were added to the containers, the containers were placed on a bench in the lab under a 14:10 (L:D) h photoperiod and were kept at ambient temperature (~25°C) during the observation period. Adult mortality data were collected at 1, 3, and 6 days after exposure (DAE) to the treated fruit and foliage. The number of live, moribund, and dead spotted-wing drosophila males and females was recorded and the percentage of live male, female, and total flies was calculated. In addition, as a proxy for fruit infestation, berries were removed from containers on day 6, placed in ventilated 16-oz deli containers with cotton pads, incubated under the same environmental conditions as described above for 15 more days, and monitored for adult emergence. Adults emerging from the berry samples were then counted and the total number of adults that emerged per berry was calculated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with means separation by Tukey tests at P = 0.05. Percent mortality data were arcsine square-root transformed and emerged adult count data were ln(x + 0.5) transformed prior to analysis. Percent control was calculated using the formula: [1 − (% live adults in treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100. Imidan significantly reduced male and female spotted-wing drosophila adult survival, as well as the number of adults that emerged from fruit, compared to the control (Tables 1–6). In contrast, both formulations of PLINAZOLIN technology (SC and DC) had little to no effect on adult spotted-wing drosophila mortality. However, although adult toxicity was low, PLINAZOLIN technology significantly reduced the number of adults that emerged from fruit compared to the control (Tables 1–6). No phytotoxicity symptoms were observed following any of the insecticide treatments.1 Table 1. Experiment 1: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—1 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 36.0 ± 11.7B (64.0) 60.0 ± 6.3B (40.0) 48.0 ± 4.9B (52.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 15.0AB (28.0) 76.0 ± 11.7B (24.0) 74.0 ± 12.9B (26.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 32.0 ± 4.9C (68.0) 44.0 ± 4.0B (56.0) 38.0 ± 2.0B (62.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 12.0B (32.0) 64.0 ± 17.2B (36.0) 66.0 ± 14.4B (34.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 24.0 ± 9.8BC (71.4) 28.0 ± 4.9B (72.0) 26.0 ± 5.1B (71.7) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 60.0 ± 11.0AB (28.6) 28.0 ± 10.2B (72.0) 44.0 ± 9.3B (52.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 84.0 ± 7.5A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 2.8 ± 1.0BC (92.0) 1.2 ± 0.5B (94.2) 4.0 ± 1.3B (92.8) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 4.4 ± 1.8B (87.4) 2.8 ± 0.6B (86.5) 7.2 ± 2.3B (87.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 35.0 ± 13.6A (—) 20.8 ± 7.0A (—) 55.8 ± 20.6A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 36.0 ± 11.7B (64.0) 60.0 ± 6.3B (40.0) 48.0 ± 4.9B (52.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 15.0AB (28.0) 76.0 ± 11.7B (24.0) 74.0 ± 12.9B (26.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 32.0 ± 4.9C (68.0) 44.0 ± 4.0B (56.0) 38.0 ± 2.0B (62.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 12.0B (32.0) 64.0 ± 17.2B (36.0) 66.0 ± 14.4B (34.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 24.0 ± 9.8BC (71.4) 28.0 ± 4.9B (72.0) 26.0 ± 5.1B (71.7) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 60.0 ± 11.0AB (28.6) 28.0 ± 10.2B (72.0) 44.0 ± 9.3B (52.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 84.0 ± 7.5A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 2.8 ± 1.0BC (92.0) 1.2 ± 0.5B (94.2) 4.0 ± 1.3B (92.8) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 4.4 ± 1.8B (87.4) 2.8 ± 0.6B (86.5) 7.2 ± 2.3B (87.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 35.0 ± 13.6A (—) 20.8 ± 7.0A (—) 55.8 ± 20.6A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Table 1. Experiment 1: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—1 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 36.0 ± 11.7B (64.0) 60.0 ± 6.3B (40.0) 48.0 ± 4.9B (52.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 15.0AB (28.0) 76.0 ± 11.7B (24.0) 74.0 ± 12.9B (26.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 32.0 ± 4.9C (68.0) 44.0 ± 4.0B (56.0) 38.0 ± 2.0B (62.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 12.0B (32.0) 64.0 ± 17.2B (36.0) 66.0 ± 14.4B (34.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 24.0 ± 9.8BC (71.4) 28.0 ± 4.9B (72.0) 26.0 ± 5.1B (71.7) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 60.0 ± 11.0AB (28.6) 28.0 ± 10.2B (72.0) 44.0 ± 9.3B (52.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 84.0 ± 7.5A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 2.8 ± 1.0BC (92.0) 1.2 ± 0.5B (94.2) 4.0 ± 1.3B (92.8) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 4.4 ± 1.8B (87.4) 2.8 ± 0.6B (86.5) 7.2 ± 2.3B (87.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 35.0 ± 13.6A (—) 20.8 ± 7.0A (—) 55.8 ± 20.6A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 36.0 ± 11.7B (64.0) 60.0 ± 6.3B (40.0) 48.0 ± 4.9B (52.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 15.0AB (28.0) 76.0 ± 11.7B (24.0) 74.0 ± 12.9B (26.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 32.0 ± 4.9C (68.0) 44.0 ± 4.0B (56.0) 38.0 ± 2.0B (62.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 12.0B (32.0) 64.0 ± 17.2B (36.0) 66.0 ± 14.4B (34.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 24.0 ± 9.8BC (71.4) 28.0 ± 4.9B (72.0) 26.0 ± 5.1B (71.7) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 60.0 ± 11.0AB (28.6) 28.0 ± 10.2B (72.0) 44.0 ± 9.3B (52.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 84.0 ± 7.5A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 2.8 ± 1.0BC (92.0) 1.2 ± 0.5B (94.2) 4.0 ± 1.3B (92.8) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 4.4 ± 1.8B (87.4) 2.8 ± 0.6B (86.5) 7.2 ± 2.3B (87.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 35.0 ± 13.6A (—) 20.8 ± 7.0A (—) 55.8 ± 20.6A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Table 2. Experiment 1: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—3 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 4.9A (8.0) 84.0 ± 9.8AB (16.0) 88.0 ± 7.3AB (12.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 80.0 ± 20.0A (20.0) 92.0 ± 8.0AB (8.0) 86.0 ± 14.0AB (14.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 52.0 ± 16.2A (48.0) 56.0 ± 19.4B (44.0) 54.0 ± 16.3B (46.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 12.0B (52.0) 32.0 ± 8.0B (68.0) 40.0 ± 8.4B (60.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 64.0 ± 19.4AB (36.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (20.0) 72.0 ± 13.6B (28.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 12.0 ± 4.9B (88.0) 6.0 ± 2.4C (94.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLINtechnology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 12.0 ± 8.0C (87.5) 8.0 ± 4.9BC (90.9) 10.0 ± 4.9C (89.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 8.0B (50.0) 28.0 ± 8.0B (68.2) 38.0 ± 8.0B (58.7) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 88.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 3.4 ± 0.7B (85.1) 2.2 ± 1.0B (82.3) 5.6 ± 1.3B (84.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.0 ± 0.8B (91.2) 1.2 ± 0.5B (90.3) 3.2 ± 1.2BC (90.9) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.8 ± 0.6B (96.5) 0.2 ± 0.2B (98.4) 1.0 ± 0.8C (97.2) Control — 22.8 ± 5.6A (—) 12.4 ± 3.2A (—) 35.2 ± 8.4A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 4.9A (8.0) 84.0 ± 9.8AB (16.0) 88.0 ± 7.3AB (12.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 80.0 ± 20.0A (20.0) 92.0 ± 8.0AB (8.0) 86.0 ± 14.0AB (14.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 52.0 ± 16.2A (48.0) 56.0 ± 19.4B (44.0) 54.0 ± 16.3B (46.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 12.0B (52.0) 32.0 ± 8.0B (68.0) 40.0 ± 8.4B (60.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 64.0 ± 19.4AB (36.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (20.0) 72.0 ± 13.6B (28.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 12.0 ± 4.9B (88.0) 6.0 ± 2.4C (94.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLINtechnology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 12.0 ± 8.0C (87.5) 8.0 ± 4.9BC (90.9) 10.0 ± 4.9C (89.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 8.0B (50.0) 28.0 ± 8.0B (68.2) 38.0 ± 8.0B (58.7) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 88.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 3.4 ± 0.7B (85.1) 2.2 ± 1.0B (82.3) 5.6 ± 1.3B (84.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.0 ± 0.8B (91.2) 1.2 ± 0.5B (90.3) 3.2 ± 1.2BC (90.9) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.8 ± 0.6B (96.5) 0.2 ± 0.2B (98.4) 1.0 ± 0.8C (97.2) Control — 22.8 ± 5.6A (—) 12.4 ± 3.2A (—) 35.2 ± 8.4A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Table 2. Experiment 1: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—3 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 4.9A (8.0) 84.0 ± 9.8AB (16.0) 88.0 ± 7.3AB (12.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 80.0 ± 20.0A (20.0) 92.0 ± 8.0AB (8.0) 86.0 ± 14.0AB (14.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 52.0 ± 16.2A (48.0) 56.0 ± 19.4B (44.0) 54.0 ± 16.3B (46.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 12.0B (52.0) 32.0 ± 8.0B (68.0) 40.0 ± 8.4B (60.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 64.0 ± 19.4AB (36.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (20.0) 72.0 ± 13.6B (28.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 12.0 ± 4.9B (88.0) 6.0 ± 2.4C (94.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLINtechnology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 12.0 ± 8.0C (87.5) 8.0 ± 4.9BC (90.9) 10.0 ± 4.9C (89.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 8.0B (50.0) 28.0 ± 8.0B (68.2) 38.0 ± 8.0B (58.7) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 88.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 3.4 ± 0.7B (85.1) 2.2 ± 1.0B (82.3) 5.6 ± 1.3B (84.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.0 ± 0.8B (91.2) 1.2 ± 0.5B (90.3) 3.2 ± 1.2BC (90.9) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.8 ± 0.6B (96.5) 0.2 ± 0.2B (98.4) 1.0 ± 0.8C (97.2) Control — 22.8 ± 5.6A (—) 12.4 ± 3.2A (—) 35.2 ± 8.4A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 4.9A (8.0) 84.0 ± 9.8AB (16.0) 88.0 ± 7.3AB (12.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 80.0 ± 20.0A (20.0) 92.0 ± 8.0AB (8.0) 86.0 ± 14.0AB (14.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 52.0 ± 16.2A (48.0) 56.0 ± 19.4B (44.0) 54.0 ± 16.3B (46.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 12.0B (52.0) 32.0 ± 8.0B (68.0) 40.0 ± 8.4B (60.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 64.0 ± 19.4AB (36.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (20.0) 72.0 ± 13.6B (28.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 12.0 ± 4.9B (88.0) 6.0 ± 2.4C (94.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLINtechnology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 12.0 ± 8.0C (87.5) 8.0 ± 4.9BC (90.9) 10.0 ± 4.9C (89.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 8.0B (50.0) 28.0 ± 8.0B (68.2) 38.0 ± 8.0B (58.7) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 88.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 3.4 ± 0.7B (85.1) 2.2 ± 1.0B (82.3) 5.6 ± 1.3B (84.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.0 ± 0.8B (91.2) 1.2 ± 0.5B (90.3) 3.2 ± 1.2BC (90.9) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.8 ± 0.6B (96.5) 0.2 ± 0.2B (98.4) 1.0 ± 0.8C (97.2) Control — 22.8 ± 5.6A (—) 12.4 ± 3.2A (—) 35.2 ± 8.4A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Table 3. Experiment 1: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—7 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 96.0 ± 4.0A (0.0) 96.0 ± 2.4A (2.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 16.0AB (16.0) 96.0 ± 4.0A (0.0) 90.0 ± 10.0AB (8.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 36.0 ± 18.3B (64.0) 80.0 ± 6.3A (16.7) 58.0 ± 11.1B (40.8) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 76.0 ± 9.8AB (17.4) 92.0 ± 4.9A (0.0) 84.0 ± 6.0A (8.7) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 15.0AB (21.7) 92.0 ± 4.9A (0.0) 82.0 ± 8.6A (10.9) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 28.0 ± 12.0B (69.6) 44.0 ± 14.7B (52.2) 36.0 ± 12.5B (60.9) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 12.0A (26.1) 88.0 ± 8.0A (4.3) 78.0 ± 8.0A (15.2) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 15.0A (26.1) 80.0 ± 11.0A (13.0) 74.0 ± 11.2A (19.6) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 16.0 ± 7.5B (82.6) 28.0 ± 13.6B (69.6) 22.0 ± 10.2B (76.1) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 2.0 ± 0.4B (91.3) 1.4 ± 0.7B (88.3) 3.4 ± 0.9B (90.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 3.6 ± 1.1B (84.3) 1.8 ± 0.7B (85.0) 5.4 ± 1.5B (84.6) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 1.8 ± 1.1B (92.2) 2.0 ± 0.7B (83.3) 3.8 ± 1.7B (89.1) Control — 23.0 ± 2.8A (—) 12.0 ± 2.8A (—) 35.0 ± 5.1A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 96.0 ± 4.0A (0.0) 96.0 ± 2.4A (2.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 16.0AB (16.0) 96.0 ± 4.0A (0.0) 90.0 ± 10.0AB (8.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 36.0 ± 18.3B (64.0) 80.0 ± 6.3A (16.7) 58.0 ± 11.1B (40.8) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 76.0 ± 9.8AB (17.4) 92.0 ± 4.9A (0.0) 84.0 ± 6.0A (8.7) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 15.0AB (21.7) 92.0 ± 4.9A (0.0) 82.0 ± 8.6A (10.9) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 28.0 ± 12.0B (69.6) 44.0 ± 14.7B (52.2) 36.0 ± 12.5B (60.9) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 12.0A (26.1) 88.0 ± 8.0A (4.3) 78.0 ± 8.0A (15.2) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 15.0A (26.1) 80.0 ± 11.0A (13.0) 74.0 ± 11.2A (19.6) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 16.0 ± 7.5B (82.6) 28.0 ± 13.6B (69.6) 22.0 ± 10.2B (76.1) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 2.0 ± 0.4B (91.3) 1.4 ± 0.7B (88.3) 3.4 ± 0.9B (90.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 3.6 ± 1.1B (84.3) 1.8 ± 0.7B (85.0) 5.4 ± 1.5B (84.6) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 1.8 ± 1.1B (92.2) 2.0 ± 0.7B (83.3) 3.8 ± 1.7B (89.1) Control — 23.0 ± 2.8A (—) 12.0 ± 2.8A (—) 35.0 ± 5.1A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Table 3. Experiment 1: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—7 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 96.0 ± 4.0A (0.0) 96.0 ± 2.4A (2.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 16.0AB (16.0) 96.0 ± 4.0A (0.0) 90.0 ± 10.0AB (8.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 36.0 ± 18.3B (64.0) 80.0 ± 6.3A (16.7) 58.0 ± 11.1B (40.8) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 76.0 ± 9.8AB (17.4) 92.0 ± 4.9A (0.0) 84.0 ± 6.0A (8.7) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 15.0AB (21.7) 92.0 ± 4.9A (0.0) 82.0 ± 8.6A (10.9) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 28.0 ± 12.0B (69.6) 44.0 ± 14.7B (52.2) 36.0 ± 12.5B (60.9) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 12.0A (26.1) 88.0 ± 8.0A (4.3) 78.0 ± 8.0A (15.2) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 15.0A (26.1) 80.0 ± 11.0A (13.0) 74.0 ± 11.2A (19.6) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 16.0 ± 7.5B (82.6) 28.0 ± 13.6B (69.6) 22.0 ± 10.2B (76.1) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 2.0 ± 0.4B (91.3) 1.4 ± 0.7B (88.3) 3.4 ± 0.9B (90.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 3.6 ± 1.1B (84.3) 1.8 ± 0.7B (85.0) 5.4 ± 1.5B (84.6) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 1.8 ± 1.1B (92.2) 2.0 ± 0.7B (83.3) 3.8 ± 1.7B (89.1) Control — 23.0 ± 2.8A (—) 12.0 ± 2.8A (—) 35.0 ± 5.1A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 96.0 ± 4.0A (0.0) 96.0 ± 2.4A (2.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 16.0AB (16.0) 96.0 ± 4.0A (0.0) 90.0 ± 10.0AB (8.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 36.0 ± 18.3B (64.0) 80.0 ± 6.3A (16.7) 58.0 ± 11.1B (40.8) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 76.0 ± 9.8AB (17.4) 92.0 ± 4.9A (0.0) 84.0 ± 6.0A (8.7) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 15.0AB (21.7) 92.0 ± 4.9A (0.0) 82.0 ± 8.6A (10.9) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 28.0 ± 12.0B (69.6) 44.0 ± 14.7B (52.2) 36.0 ± 12.5B (60.9) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 12.0A (26.1) 88.0 ± 8.0A (4.3) 78.0 ± 8.0A (15.2) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 15.0A (26.1) 80.0 ± 11.0A (13.0) 74.0 ± 11.2A (19.6) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 16.0 ± 7.5B (82.6) 28.0 ± 13.6B (69.6) 22.0 ± 10.2B (76.1) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 2.0 ± 0.4B (91.3) 1.4 ± 0.7B (88.3) 3.4 ± 0.9B (90.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 3.6 ± 1.1B (84.3) 1.8 ± 0.7B (85.0) 5.4 ± 1.5B (84.6) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 1.8 ± 1.1B (92.2) 2.0 ± 0.7B (83.3) 3.8 ± 1.7B (89.1) Control — 23.0 ± 2.8A (—) 12.0 ± 2.8A (—) 35.0 ± 5.1A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Table 4. Experiment 2: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—1 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 11.7A (12.5) 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 92.0 ± 5.8A (6.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 8.0A (4.2) 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 94.0 ± 4.0A (4.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 f loz 68.0 ± 13.6B (32.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (16.7) 74.0 ± 12.1A (24.5) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 80.0 ± 11.0AB (20.0) 87.0 ± 5.4A (9.4) 83.1 ± 8.2A (15.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 13.6B (29.2) 60.0 ± 8.9B (34.8) 64.0 ± 9.8B (31.9) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 56.0 ± 7.5B (41.7) 73.0 ± 12.6AB (20.7) 64.7 ± 8.7B (31.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 94.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 1.4 ± 0.7BC (92.6) 0.6 ± 0.4C (94.4) 2.0 ± 0.9B (93.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.6 ± 0.7B (86.3) 2.4 ± 0.7B (77.8) 5.0 ± 1.3B (83.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 19.0 ± 4.3A (—) 10.8 ± 2.3A (—) 29.8 ± 6.5A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 11.7A (12.5) 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 92.0 ± 5.8A (6.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 8.0A (4.2) 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 94.0 ± 4.0A (4.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 f loz 68.0 ± 13.6B (32.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (16.7) 74.0 ± 12.1A (24.5) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 80.0 ± 11.0AB (20.0) 87.0 ± 5.4A (9.4) 83.1 ± 8.2A (15.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 13.6B (29.2) 60.0 ± 8.9B (34.8) 64.0 ± 9.8B (31.9) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 56.0 ± 7.5B (41.7) 73.0 ± 12.6AB (20.7) 64.7 ± 8.7B (31.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 94.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 1.4 ± 0.7BC (92.6) 0.6 ± 0.4C (94.4) 2.0 ± 0.9B (93.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.6 ± 0.7B (86.3) 2.4 ± 0.7B (77.8) 5.0 ± 1.3B (83.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 19.0 ± 4.3A (—) 10.8 ± 2.3A (—) 29.8 ± 6.5A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Table 4. Experiment 2: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—1 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 11.7A (12.5) 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 92.0 ± 5.8A (6.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 8.0A (4.2) 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 94.0 ± 4.0A (4.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 f loz 68.0 ± 13.6B (32.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (16.7) 74.0 ± 12.1A (24.5) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 80.0 ± 11.0AB (20.0) 87.0 ± 5.4A (9.4) 83.1 ± 8.2A (15.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 13.6B (29.2) 60.0 ± 8.9B (34.8) 64.0 ± 9.8B (31.9) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 56.0 ± 7.5B (41.7) 73.0 ± 12.6AB (20.7) 64.7 ± 8.7B (31.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 94.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 1.4 ± 0.7BC (92.6) 0.6 ± 0.4C (94.4) 2.0 ± 0.9B (93.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.6 ± 0.7B (86.3) 2.4 ± 0.7B (77.8) 5.0 ± 1.3B (83.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 19.0 ± 4.3A (—) 10.8 ± 2.3A (—) 29.8 ± 6.5A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 11.7A (12.5) 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 92.0 ± 5.8A (6.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 8.0A (4.2) 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 94.0 ± 4.0A (4.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 f loz 68.0 ± 13.6B (32.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (16.7) 74.0 ± 12.1A (24.5) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 80.0 ± 11.0AB (20.0) 87.0 ± 5.4A (9.4) 83.1 ± 8.2A (15.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 13.6B (29.2) 60.0 ± 8.9B (34.8) 64.0 ± 9.8B (31.9) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 56.0 ± 7.5B (41.7) 73.0 ± 12.6AB (20.7) 64.7 ± 8.7B (31.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 94.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 1.4 ± 0.7BC (92.6) 0.6 ± 0.4C (94.4) 2.0 ± 0.9B (93.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.6 ± 0.7B (86.3) 2.4 ± 0.7B (77.8) 5.0 ± 1.3B (83.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 19.0 ± 4.3A (—) 10.8 ± 2.3A (—) 29.8 ± 6.5A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Table 5. Experiment 2: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—3 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (Mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 84.0 ± 7.5A (8.7) 90.0 ± 4.5A (6.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 4.9A (8.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (13.0) 86.0 ± 5.1A (10.4) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 88.0 ± 4.9B (12.0) 56.0 ± 11.7A (39.1) 72.0 ± 8.0B (25.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 60.0 ± 6.3C (40.0) 72.0 ± 10.2A (21.7) 66.0 ± 4.0B (31.3) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (Mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 84.0 ± 7.5A (8.7) 90.0 ± 4.5A (6.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 4.9A (8.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (13.0) 86.0 ± 5.1A (10.4) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 88.0 ± 4.9B (12.0) 56.0 ± 11.7A (39.1) 72.0 ± 8.0B (25.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 60.0 ± 6.3C (40.0) 72.0 ± 10.2A (21.7) 66.0 ± 4.0B (31.3) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 15.0B (52.0) 32.0 ± 13.6B (65.2) 40.0 ± 13.0B (58.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 44.0 ± 7.5B (56.0) 28.0 ± 10.2B (69.6) 36.0 ± 6.8B (62.5) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.2 ± 0.9B (93.5) 2.0 ± 1.1BC (86.5) 4.2 ± 1.8B (91.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 1.8 ± 0.9B (94.6) 2.0 ± 0.7B (86.5) 3.8 ± 1.4B (92.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 33.6 ± 6.9A (—) 14.8 ± 2.3A (—) 48.4 ± 9.2A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 15.0B (52.0) 32.0 ± 13.6B (65.2) 40.0 ± 13.0B (58.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 44.0 ± 7.5B (56.0) 28.0 ± 10.2B (69.6) 36.0 ± 6.8B (62.5) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.2 ± 0.9B (93.5) 2.0 ± 1.1BC (86.5) 4.2 ± 1.8B (91.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 1.8 ± 0.9B (94.6) 2.0 ± 0.7B (86.5) 3.8 ± 1.4B (92.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 33.6 ± 6.9A (—) 14.8 ± 2.3A (—) 48.4 ± 9.2A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v Open in new tab Table 5. Experiment 2: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—3 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (Mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 84.0 ± 7.5A (8.7) 90.0 ± 4.5A (6.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 4.9A (8.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (13.0) 86.0 ± 5.1A (10.4) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 88.0 ± 4.9B (12.0) 56.0 ± 11.7A (39.1) 72.0 ± 8.0B (25.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 60.0 ± 6.3C (40.0) 72.0 ± 10.2A (21.7) 66.0 ± 4.0B (31.3) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (Mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 84.0 ± 7.5A (8.7) 90.0 ± 4.5A (6.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 4.9A (8.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (13.0) 86.0 ± 5.1A (10.4) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 88.0 ± 4.9B (12.0) 56.0 ± 11.7A (39.1) 72.0 ± 8.0B (25.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 60.0 ± 6.3C (40.0) 72.0 ± 10.2A (21.7) 66.0 ± 4.0B (31.3) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 15.0B (52.0) 32.0 ± 13.6B (65.2) 40.0 ± 13.0B (58.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 44.0 ± 7.5B (56.0) 28.0 ± 10.2B (69.6) 36.0 ± 6.8B (62.5) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.2 ± 0.9B (93.5) 2.0 ± 1.1BC (86.5) 4.2 ± 1.8B (91.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 1.8 ± 0.9B (94.6) 2.0 ± 0.7B (86.5) 3.8 ± 1.4B (92.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 33.6 ± 6.9A (—) 14.8 ± 2.3A (—) 48.4 ± 9.2A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 15.0B (52.0) 32.0 ± 13.6B (65.2) 40.0 ± 13.0B (58.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 44.0 ± 7.5B (56.0) 28.0 ± 10.2B (69.6) 36.0 ± 6.8B (62.5) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.2 ± 0.9B (93.5) 2.0 ± 1.1BC (86.5) 4.2 ± 1.8B (91.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 1.8 ± 0.9B (94.6) 2.0 ± 0.7B (86.5) 3.8 ± 1.4B (92.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 33.6 ± 6.9A (—) 14.8 ± 2.3A (—) 48.4 ± 9.2A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v Open in new tab Table 6. Experiment 2: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—7 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 98.0 ± 2.0A 0.0 Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 88.0 ± 4.9A (4.3) 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 92.0 ± 3.7A (4.2) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 4.0A (8.7) 88.0 ± 4.9A (12.0) 86.0 ± 4.0A (10.4) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 2.4A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 8.0A (18.2) 88.0 ± 4.9AB (4.3) 80.0 ± 5.5A (11.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 76.0 ± 7.5A (13.6) 72.0 ± 4.9B (21.7) 74.0 ± 4.0A (17.8) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 88.0 ± 8.0A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 90.0 ± 5.5A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 7.6 ± 3.0B (77.1) 4.2 ± 1.0B (71.2) 11.8 ± 3.8B (75.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 6.2 ± 1.1B (81.3) 2.8 ± 0.9B (80.8) 9.0 ± 1.7B (81.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 33.2 ± 2.1A (—) 14.6 ± 2.2A (—) 47.8 ± 4.2A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 98.0 ± 2.0A 0.0 Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 88.0 ± 4.9A (4.3) 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 92.0 ± 3.7A (4.2) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 4.0A (8.7) 88.0 ± 4.9A (12.0) 86.0 ± 4.0A (10.4) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 2.4A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 8.0A (18.2) 88.0 ± 4.9AB (4.3) 80.0 ± 5.5A (11.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 76.0 ± 7.5A (13.6) 72.0 ± 4.9B (21.7) 74.0 ± 4.0A (17.8) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 88.0 ± 8.0A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 90.0 ± 5.5A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 7.6 ± 3.0B (77.1) 4.2 ± 1.0B (71.2) 11.8 ± 3.8B (75.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 6.2 ± 1.1B (81.3) 2.8 ± 0.9B (80.8) 9.0 ± 1.7B (81.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 33.2 ± 2.1A (—) 14.6 ± 2.2A (—) 47.8 ± 4.2A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Table 6. Experiment 2: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—7 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 98.0 ± 2.0A 0.0 Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 88.0 ± 4.9A (4.3) 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 92.0 ± 3.7A (4.2) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 4.0A (8.7) 88.0 ± 4.9A (12.0) 86.0 ± 4.0A (10.4) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 2.4A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 8.0A (18.2) 88.0 ± 4.9AB (4.3) 80.0 ± 5.5A (11.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 76.0 ± 7.5A (13.6) 72.0 ± 4.9B (21.7) 74.0 ± 4.0A (17.8) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 88.0 ± 8.0A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 90.0 ± 5.5A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 7.6 ± 3.0B (77.1) 4.2 ± 1.0B (71.2) 11.8 ± 3.8B (75.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 6.2 ± 1.1B (81.3) 2.8 ± 0.9B (80.8) 9.0 ± 1.7B (81.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 33.2 ± 2.1A (—) 14.6 ± 2.2A (—) 47.8 ± 4.2A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 98.0 ± 2.0A 0.0 Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 88.0 ± 4.9A (4.3) 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 92.0 ± 3.7A (4.2) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 4.0A (8.7) 88.0 ± 4.9A (12.0) 86.0 ± 4.0A (10.4) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 2.4A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 8.0A (18.2) 88.0 ± 4.9AB (4.3) 80.0 ± 5.5A (11.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 76.0 ± 7.5A (13.6) 72.0 ± 4.9B (21.7) 74.0 ± 4.0A (17.8) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 88.0 ± 8.0A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 90.0 ± 5.5A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 7.6 ± 3.0B (77.1) 4.2 ± 1.0B (71.2) 11.8 ± 3.8B (75.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 6.2 ± 1.1B (81.3) 2.8 ± 0.9B (80.8) 9.0 ± 1.7B (81.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 33.2 ± 2.1A (—) 14.6 ± 2.2A (—) 47.8 ± 4.2A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Footnotes 1 This research was supported by industry gifts of pesticide and research funding. We thank Vera Kyryczenko-Roth, Sophie Olsen, and Jennifer Frake for their assistance during the experiments. © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Arthropod Management Tests Oxford University Press

Control of Spotted-Wing Drosophila on Highbush Blueberries, 2022

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Oxford University Press
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© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America.
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2155-9856
DOI
10.1093/amt/tsac146
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Abstract

Blueberry | Vaccinium spp Spotted-wing drosophila | Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) isocycloseram, phosmet The objective of these experiments was to compare the efficacy of PLINAZOLIN technology (isocycloseram) versus Imidan 70WP (phosmet; grower standard) for controlling spotted-wing drosophila. Two experiments were conducted in a highbush blueberry field, var. ‘Bluecrop’, at the Rutgers P.E. Marucci Center in Chatsworth, NJ, and consisted of five blocks, with each block containing four bushes in a CRB design. Within the field, one or two blocks were assigned per row for a total of three rows and blocks were separated by at least two buffer bushes within rows and between rows by a buffer row. For Experiment 1, treatments and rates were: PLINAZOLIN technology SC100 at 4.11 fl oz/acre (0.027 lbs AI/acre), PLINAZOLIN technology SC200 at 4.11 fl oz/acre (0.054 lbs AI/acre), Imidan 70WP at 1.33 lb/acre (0.931 lbs AI/acre), and an untreated control. Treatments were applied on the morning of 5 Jul. Total rainfall during Experiment 1 was 3.15 cm. For Experiment 2, treatments and rates were: PLINAZOLIN technology SC100 at 4.11 fl oz/acre (0.027 lbs AI/acre), PLINAZOLIN technology DC100 at 4.11 fl oz/acre (0.027 lbs AI/acre), Imidan 70WP at 1.33 lb/acre (0.931 lbs AI/acre), and an untreated control. Treatments were applied on the evening of 11 Jul. Total rainfall during Experiment 2 was 0.03 cm. In both experiments, each treatment was applied to one of the four bushes within each block. All PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Applications were made with an R&D CO2 backpack sprayer, using 2-liter plastic bottles. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 40 gal of volume per acre at 30 psi, using a single ConeJet TXVS 10 nozzle, yielding 125.1 ml (4.23 fl oz) per bush. Untreated control bushes received no insecticides. Two terminals, consisting of stems with 3–4 leaves, were taken randomly from each bush (N = 10 terminals per treatment), along with 20 ripe blueberries (N = 100 berries per treatment), 1 day after treatment (1 DAT), and again 3 and 7 days after treatment (3 DAT and 7 DAT, respectively). For Experiment 1, samples were taken around noon on 6 Jul (1 DAT), 8 Jul (3 DAT), and 12 Jul (7 DAT). For Experiment 2, samples were taken around noon on 12 Jul (1 DAT), 14 Jul (3 DAT), and 18 Jul (7 DAT). The terminals were placed in florist’s water picks with an opened bottom (1 terminal per water pick). The tops of the terminals containing the leaves were enclosed in containers consisting of ventilated 32-oz plastic deli cups with a hole cut in the bottom. The florist’s water picks were then fitted tightly through the holes in the containers and placed on top of water-filled trays so that the bottoms of the terminals were submerged in water. Additionally, a 2-cm piece of moistened dental wick (d-H2O) was added to each container to supply water for the flies. Ten containers were set up for each treatment on each sample date, with each container considered a replicate. Ten loose berries (obtained from the corresponding treated bushes) were placed in the bottom of each container before flies were added. Spotted-wing drosophila adult flies from a lab-reared colony were added to the containers within 2 h after terminals were clipped from bushes. For each assay date, a total of 10 adult flies (5 females and 5 males) were removed from the colony and released into each container. Flies (5–7 d old) were anesthetized with small puffs of CO2 gas injected into the rearing tubes to facilitate handling and placement inside the containers. After flies were added to the containers, the containers were placed on a bench in the lab under a 14:10 (L:D) h photoperiod and were kept at ambient temperature (~25°C) during the observation period. Adult mortality data were collected at 1, 3, and 6 days after exposure (DAE) to the treated fruit and foliage. The number of live, moribund, and dead spotted-wing drosophila males and females was recorded and the percentage of live male, female, and total flies was calculated. In addition, as a proxy for fruit infestation, berries were removed from containers on day 6, placed in ventilated 16-oz deli containers with cotton pads, incubated under the same environmental conditions as described above for 15 more days, and monitored for adult emergence. Adults emerging from the berry samples were then counted and the total number of adults that emerged per berry was calculated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with means separation by Tukey tests at P = 0.05. Percent mortality data were arcsine square-root transformed and emerged adult count data were ln(x + 0.5) transformed prior to analysis. Percent control was calculated using the formula: [1 − (% live adults in treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100. Imidan significantly reduced male and female spotted-wing drosophila adult survival, as well as the number of adults that emerged from fruit, compared to the control (Tables 1–6). In contrast, both formulations of PLINAZOLIN technology (SC and DC) had little to no effect on adult spotted-wing drosophila mortality. However, although adult toxicity was low, PLINAZOLIN technology significantly reduced the number of adults that emerged from fruit compared to the control (Tables 1–6). No phytotoxicity symptoms were observed following any of the insecticide treatments.1 Table 1. Experiment 1: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—1 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 36.0 ± 11.7B (64.0) 60.0 ± 6.3B (40.0) 48.0 ± 4.9B (52.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 15.0AB (28.0) 76.0 ± 11.7B (24.0) 74.0 ± 12.9B (26.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 32.0 ± 4.9C (68.0) 44.0 ± 4.0B (56.0) 38.0 ± 2.0B (62.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 12.0B (32.0) 64.0 ± 17.2B (36.0) 66.0 ± 14.4B (34.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 24.0 ± 9.8BC (71.4) 28.0 ± 4.9B (72.0) 26.0 ± 5.1B (71.7) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 60.0 ± 11.0AB (28.6) 28.0 ± 10.2B (72.0) 44.0 ± 9.3B (52.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 84.0 ± 7.5A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 2.8 ± 1.0BC (92.0) 1.2 ± 0.5B (94.2) 4.0 ± 1.3B (92.8) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 4.4 ± 1.8B (87.4) 2.8 ± 0.6B (86.5) 7.2 ± 2.3B (87.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 35.0 ± 13.6A (—) 20.8 ± 7.0A (—) 55.8 ± 20.6A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 36.0 ± 11.7B (64.0) 60.0 ± 6.3B (40.0) 48.0 ± 4.9B (52.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 15.0AB (28.0) 76.0 ± 11.7B (24.0) 74.0 ± 12.9B (26.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 32.0 ± 4.9C (68.0) 44.0 ± 4.0B (56.0) 38.0 ± 2.0B (62.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 12.0B (32.0) 64.0 ± 17.2B (36.0) 66.0 ± 14.4B (34.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 24.0 ± 9.8BC (71.4) 28.0 ± 4.9B (72.0) 26.0 ± 5.1B (71.7) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 60.0 ± 11.0AB (28.6) 28.0 ± 10.2B (72.0) 44.0 ± 9.3B (52.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 84.0 ± 7.5A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 2.8 ± 1.0BC (92.0) 1.2 ± 0.5B (94.2) 4.0 ± 1.3B (92.8) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 4.4 ± 1.8B (87.4) 2.8 ± 0.6B (86.5) 7.2 ± 2.3B (87.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 35.0 ± 13.6A (—) 20.8 ± 7.0A (—) 55.8 ± 20.6A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Table 1. Experiment 1: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—1 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 36.0 ± 11.7B (64.0) 60.0 ± 6.3B (40.0) 48.0 ± 4.9B (52.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 15.0AB (28.0) 76.0 ± 11.7B (24.0) 74.0 ± 12.9B (26.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 32.0 ± 4.9C (68.0) 44.0 ± 4.0B (56.0) 38.0 ± 2.0B (62.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 12.0B (32.0) 64.0 ± 17.2B (36.0) 66.0 ± 14.4B (34.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 24.0 ± 9.8BC (71.4) 28.0 ± 4.9B (72.0) 26.0 ± 5.1B (71.7) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 60.0 ± 11.0AB (28.6) 28.0 ± 10.2B (72.0) 44.0 ± 9.3B (52.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 84.0 ± 7.5A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 2.8 ± 1.0BC (92.0) 1.2 ± 0.5B (94.2) 4.0 ± 1.3B (92.8) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 4.4 ± 1.8B (87.4) 2.8 ± 0.6B (86.5) 7.2 ± 2.3B (87.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 35.0 ± 13.6A (—) 20.8 ± 7.0A (—) 55.8 ± 20.6A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 36.0 ± 11.7B (64.0) 60.0 ± 6.3B (40.0) 48.0 ± 4.9B (52.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 15.0AB (28.0) 76.0 ± 11.7B (24.0) 74.0 ± 12.9B (26.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 32.0 ± 4.9C (68.0) 44.0 ± 4.0B (56.0) 38.0 ± 2.0B (62.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 12.0B (32.0) 64.0 ± 17.2B (36.0) 66.0 ± 14.4B (34.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 24.0 ± 9.8BC (71.4) 28.0 ± 4.9B (72.0) 26.0 ± 5.1B (71.7) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 60.0 ± 11.0AB (28.6) 28.0 ± 10.2B (72.0) 44.0 ± 9.3B (52.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 84.0 ± 7.5A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 2.8 ± 1.0BC (92.0) 1.2 ± 0.5B (94.2) 4.0 ± 1.3B (92.8) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 4.4 ± 1.8B (87.4) 2.8 ± 0.6B (86.5) 7.2 ± 2.3B (87.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 35.0 ± 13.6A (—) 20.8 ± 7.0A (—) 55.8 ± 20.6A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Table 2. Experiment 1: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—3 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 4.9A (8.0) 84.0 ± 9.8AB (16.0) 88.0 ± 7.3AB (12.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 80.0 ± 20.0A (20.0) 92.0 ± 8.0AB (8.0) 86.0 ± 14.0AB (14.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 52.0 ± 16.2A (48.0) 56.0 ± 19.4B (44.0) 54.0 ± 16.3B (46.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 12.0B (52.0) 32.0 ± 8.0B (68.0) 40.0 ± 8.4B (60.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 64.0 ± 19.4AB (36.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (20.0) 72.0 ± 13.6B (28.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 12.0 ± 4.9B (88.0) 6.0 ± 2.4C (94.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLINtechnology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 12.0 ± 8.0C (87.5) 8.0 ± 4.9BC (90.9) 10.0 ± 4.9C (89.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 8.0B (50.0) 28.0 ± 8.0B (68.2) 38.0 ± 8.0B (58.7) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 88.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 3.4 ± 0.7B (85.1) 2.2 ± 1.0B (82.3) 5.6 ± 1.3B (84.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.0 ± 0.8B (91.2) 1.2 ± 0.5B (90.3) 3.2 ± 1.2BC (90.9) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.8 ± 0.6B (96.5) 0.2 ± 0.2B (98.4) 1.0 ± 0.8C (97.2) Control — 22.8 ± 5.6A (—) 12.4 ± 3.2A (—) 35.2 ± 8.4A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 4.9A (8.0) 84.0 ± 9.8AB (16.0) 88.0 ± 7.3AB (12.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 80.0 ± 20.0A (20.0) 92.0 ± 8.0AB (8.0) 86.0 ± 14.0AB (14.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 52.0 ± 16.2A (48.0) 56.0 ± 19.4B (44.0) 54.0 ± 16.3B (46.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 12.0B (52.0) 32.0 ± 8.0B (68.0) 40.0 ± 8.4B (60.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 64.0 ± 19.4AB (36.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (20.0) 72.0 ± 13.6B (28.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 12.0 ± 4.9B (88.0) 6.0 ± 2.4C (94.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLINtechnology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 12.0 ± 8.0C (87.5) 8.0 ± 4.9BC (90.9) 10.0 ± 4.9C (89.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 8.0B (50.0) 28.0 ± 8.0B (68.2) 38.0 ± 8.0B (58.7) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 88.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 3.4 ± 0.7B (85.1) 2.2 ± 1.0B (82.3) 5.6 ± 1.3B (84.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.0 ± 0.8B (91.2) 1.2 ± 0.5B (90.3) 3.2 ± 1.2BC (90.9) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.8 ± 0.6B (96.5) 0.2 ± 0.2B (98.4) 1.0 ± 0.8C (97.2) Control — 22.8 ± 5.6A (—) 12.4 ± 3.2A (—) 35.2 ± 8.4A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Table 2. Experiment 1: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—3 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 4.9A (8.0) 84.0 ± 9.8AB (16.0) 88.0 ± 7.3AB (12.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 80.0 ± 20.0A (20.0) 92.0 ± 8.0AB (8.0) 86.0 ± 14.0AB (14.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 52.0 ± 16.2A (48.0) 56.0 ± 19.4B (44.0) 54.0 ± 16.3B (46.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 12.0B (52.0) 32.0 ± 8.0B (68.0) 40.0 ± 8.4B (60.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 64.0 ± 19.4AB (36.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (20.0) 72.0 ± 13.6B (28.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 12.0 ± 4.9B (88.0) 6.0 ± 2.4C (94.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLINtechnology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 12.0 ± 8.0C (87.5) 8.0 ± 4.9BC (90.9) 10.0 ± 4.9C (89.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 8.0B (50.0) 28.0 ± 8.0B (68.2) 38.0 ± 8.0B (58.7) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 88.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 3.4 ± 0.7B (85.1) 2.2 ± 1.0B (82.3) 5.6 ± 1.3B (84.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.0 ± 0.8B (91.2) 1.2 ± 0.5B (90.3) 3.2 ± 1.2BC (90.9) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.8 ± 0.6B (96.5) 0.2 ± 0.2B (98.4) 1.0 ± 0.8C (97.2) Control — 22.8 ± 5.6A (—) 12.4 ± 3.2A (—) 35.2 ± 8.4A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 4.9A (8.0) 84.0 ± 9.8AB (16.0) 88.0 ± 7.3AB (12.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 80.0 ± 20.0A (20.0) 92.0 ± 8.0AB (8.0) 86.0 ± 14.0AB (14.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 52.0 ± 16.2A (48.0) 56.0 ± 19.4B (44.0) 54.0 ± 16.3B (46.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 12.0B (52.0) 32.0 ± 8.0B (68.0) 40.0 ± 8.4B (60.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 64.0 ± 19.4AB (36.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (20.0) 72.0 ± 13.6B (28.0) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 12.0 ± 4.9B (88.0) 6.0 ± 2.4C (94.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLINtechnology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 12.0 ± 8.0C (87.5) 8.0 ± 4.9BC (90.9) 10.0 ± 4.9C (89.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 8.0B (50.0) 28.0 ± 8.0B (68.2) 38.0 ± 8.0B (58.7) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 88.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 3.4 ± 0.7B (85.1) 2.2 ± 1.0B (82.3) 5.6 ± 1.3B (84.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.0 ± 0.8B (91.2) 1.2 ± 0.5B (90.3) 3.2 ± 1.2BC (90.9) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.8 ± 0.6B (96.5) 0.2 ± 0.2B (98.4) 1.0 ± 0.8C (97.2) Control — 22.8 ± 5.6A (—) 12.4 ± 3.2A (—) 35.2 ± 8.4A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Table 3. Experiment 1: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—7 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 96.0 ± 4.0A (0.0) 96.0 ± 2.4A (2.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 16.0AB (16.0) 96.0 ± 4.0A (0.0) 90.0 ± 10.0AB (8.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 36.0 ± 18.3B (64.0) 80.0 ± 6.3A (16.7) 58.0 ± 11.1B (40.8) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 76.0 ± 9.8AB (17.4) 92.0 ± 4.9A (0.0) 84.0 ± 6.0A (8.7) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 15.0AB (21.7) 92.0 ± 4.9A (0.0) 82.0 ± 8.6A (10.9) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 28.0 ± 12.0B (69.6) 44.0 ± 14.7B (52.2) 36.0 ± 12.5B (60.9) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 12.0A (26.1) 88.0 ± 8.0A (4.3) 78.0 ± 8.0A (15.2) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 15.0A (26.1) 80.0 ± 11.0A (13.0) 74.0 ± 11.2A (19.6) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 16.0 ± 7.5B (82.6) 28.0 ± 13.6B (69.6) 22.0 ± 10.2B (76.1) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 2.0 ± 0.4B (91.3) 1.4 ± 0.7B (88.3) 3.4 ± 0.9B (90.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 3.6 ± 1.1B (84.3) 1.8 ± 0.7B (85.0) 5.4 ± 1.5B (84.6) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 1.8 ± 1.1B (92.2) 2.0 ± 0.7B (83.3) 3.8 ± 1.7B (89.1) Control — 23.0 ± 2.8A (—) 12.0 ± 2.8A (—) 35.0 ± 5.1A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 96.0 ± 4.0A (0.0) 96.0 ± 2.4A (2.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 16.0AB (16.0) 96.0 ± 4.0A (0.0) 90.0 ± 10.0AB (8.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 36.0 ± 18.3B (64.0) 80.0 ± 6.3A (16.7) 58.0 ± 11.1B (40.8) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 76.0 ± 9.8AB (17.4) 92.0 ± 4.9A (0.0) 84.0 ± 6.0A (8.7) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 15.0AB (21.7) 92.0 ± 4.9A (0.0) 82.0 ± 8.6A (10.9) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 28.0 ± 12.0B (69.6) 44.0 ± 14.7B (52.2) 36.0 ± 12.5B (60.9) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 12.0A (26.1) 88.0 ± 8.0A (4.3) 78.0 ± 8.0A (15.2) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 15.0A (26.1) 80.0 ± 11.0A (13.0) 74.0 ± 11.2A (19.6) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 16.0 ± 7.5B (82.6) 28.0 ± 13.6B (69.6) 22.0 ± 10.2B (76.1) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 2.0 ± 0.4B (91.3) 1.4 ± 0.7B (88.3) 3.4 ± 0.9B (90.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 3.6 ± 1.1B (84.3) 1.8 ± 0.7B (85.0) 5.4 ± 1.5B (84.6) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 1.8 ± 1.1B (92.2) 2.0 ± 0.7B (83.3) 3.8 ± 1.7B (89.1) Control — 23.0 ± 2.8A (—) 12.0 ± 2.8A (—) 35.0 ± 5.1A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Table 3. Experiment 1: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—7 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 96.0 ± 4.0A (0.0) 96.0 ± 2.4A (2.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 16.0AB (16.0) 96.0 ± 4.0A (0.0) 90.0 ± 10.0AB (8.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 36.0 ± 18.3B (64.0) 80.0 ± 6.3A (16.7) 58.0 ± 11.1B (40.8) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 76.0 ± 9.8AB (17.4) 92.0 ± 4.9A (0.0) 84.0 ± 6.0A (8.7) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 15.0AB (21.7) 92.0 ± 4.9A (0.0) 82.0 ± 8.6A (10.9) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 28.0 ± 12.0B (69.6) 44.0 ± 14.7B (52.2) 36.0 ± 12.5B (60.9) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 12.0A (26.1) 88.0 ± 8.0A (4.3) 78.0 ± 8.0A (15.2) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 15.0A (26.1) 80.0 ± 11.0A (13.0) 74.0 ± 11.2A (19.6) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 16.0 ± 7.5B (82.6) 28.0 ± 13.6B (69.6) 22.0 ± 10.2B (76.1) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 2.0 ± 0.4B (91.3) 1.4 ± 0.7B (88.3) 3.4 ± 0.9B (90.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 3.6 ± 1.1B (84.3) 1.8 ± 0.7B (85.0) 5.4 ± 1.5B (84.6) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 1.8 ± 1.1B (92.2) 2.0 ± 0.7B (83.3) 3.8 ± 1.7B (89.1) Control — 23.0 ± 2.8A (—) 12.0 ± 2.8A (—) 35.0 ± 5.1A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 96.0 ± 4.0A (0.0) 96.0 ± 2.4A (2.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 16.0AB (16.0) 96.0 ± 4.0A (0.0) 90.0 ± 10.0AB (8.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 36.0 ± 18.3B (64.0) 80.0 ± 6.3A (16.7) 58.0 ± 11.1B (40.8) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 76.0 ± 9.8AB (17.4) 92.0 ± 4.9A (0.0) 84.0 ± 6.0A (8.7) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 15.0AB (21.7) 92.0 ± 4.9A (0.0) 82.0 ± 8.6A (10.9) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 28.0 ± 12.0B (69.6) 44.0 ± 14.7B (52.2) 36.0 ± 12.5B (60.9) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 12.0A (26.1) 88.0 ± 8.0A (4.3) 78.0 ± 8.0A (15.2) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 15.0A (26.1) 80.0 ± 11.0A (13.0) 74.0 ± 11.2A (19.6) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 16.0 ± 7.5B (82.6) 28.0 ± 13.6B (69.6) 22.0 ± 10.2B (76.1) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 92.0 ± 3.7A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology SC200a 4.11 fl oz 2.0 ± 0.4B (91.3) 1.4 ± 0.7B (88.3) 3.4 ± 0.9B (90.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 3.6 ± 1.1B (84.3) 1.8 ± 0.7B (85.0) 5.4 ± 1.5B (84.6) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 1.8 ± 1.1B (92.2) 2.0 ± 0.7B (83.3) 3.8 ± 1.7B (89.1) Control — 23.0 ± 2.8A (—) 12.0 ± 2.8A (—) 35.0 ± 5.1A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Table 4. Experiment 2: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—1 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 11.7A (12.5) 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 92.0 ± 5.8A (6.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 8.0A (4.2) 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 94.0 ± 4.0A (4.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 f loz 68.0 ± 13.6B (32.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (16.7) 74.0 ± 12.1A (24.5) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 80.0 ± 11.0AB (20.0) 87.0 ± 5.4A (9.4) 83.1 ± 8.2A (15.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 13.6B (29.2) 60.0 ± 8.9B (34.8) 64.0 ± 9.8B (31.9) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 56.0 ± 7.5B (41.7) 73.0 ± 12.6AB (20.7) 64.7 ± 8.7B (31.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 94.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 1.4 ± 0.7BC (92.6) 0.6 ± 0.4C (94.4) 2.0 ± 0.9B (93.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.6 ± 0.7B (86.3) 2.4 ± 0.7B (77.8) 5.0 ± 1.3B (83.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 19.0 ± 4.3A (—) 10.8 ± 2.3A (—) 29.8 ± 6.5A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 11.7A (12.5) 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 92.0 ± 5.8A (6.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 8.0A (4.2) 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 94.0 ± 4.0A (4.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 f loz 68.0 ± 13.6B (32.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (16.7) 74.0 ± 12.1A (24.5) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 80.0 ± 11.0AB (20.0) 87.0 ± 5.4A (9.4) 83.1 ± 8.2A (15.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 13.6B (29.2) 60.0 ± 8.9B (34.8) 64.0 ± 9.8B (31.9) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 56.0 ± 7.5B (41.7) 73.0 ± 12.6AB (20.7) 64.7 ± 8.7B (31.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 94.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 1.4 ± 0.7BC (92.6) 0.6 ± 0.4C (94.4) 2.0 ± 0.9B (93.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.6 ± 0.7B (86.3) 2.4 ± 0.7B (77.8) 5.0 ± 1.3B (83.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 19.0 ± 4.3A (—) 10.8 ± 2.3A (—) 29.8 ± 6.5A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Table 4. Experiment 2: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—1 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 11.7A (12.5) 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 92.0 ± 5.8A (6.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 8.0A (4.2) 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 94.0 ± 4.0A (4.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 f loz 68.0 ± 13.6B (32.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (16.7) 74.0 ± 12.1A (24.5) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 80.0 ± 11.0AB (20.0) 87.0 ± 5.4A (9.4) 83.1 ± 8.2A (15.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 13.6B (29.2) 60.0 ± 8.9B (34.8) 64.0 ± 9.8B (31.9) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 56.0 ± 7.5B (41.7) 73.0 ± 12.6AB (20.7) 64.7 ± 8.7B (31.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 94.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 1.4 ± 0.7BC (92.6) 0.6 ± 0.4C (94.4) 2.0 ± 0.9B (93.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.6 ± 0.7B (86.3) 2.4 ± 0.7B (77.8) 5.0 ± 1.3B (83.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 19.0 ± 4.3A (—) 10.8 ± 2.3A (—) 29.8 ± 6.5A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 11.7A (12.5) 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 92.0 ± 5.8A (6.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 8.0A (4.2) 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 94.0 ± 4.0A (4.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 f loz 68.0 ± 13.6B (32.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (16.7) 74.0 ± 12.1A (24.5) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 80.0 ± 11.0AB (20.0) 87.0 ± 5.4A (9.4) 83.1 ± 8.2A (15.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 68.0 ± 13.6B (29.2) 60.0 ± 8.9B (34.8) 64.0 ± 9.8B (31.9) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 56.0 ± 7.5B (41.7) 73.0 ± 12.6AB (20.7) 64.7 ± 8.7B (31.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 94.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 1.4 ± 0.7BC (92.6) 0.6 ± 0.4C (94.4) 2.0 ± 0.9B (93.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.6 ± 0.7B (86.3) 2.4 ± 0.7B (77.8) 5.0 ± 1.3B (83.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 19.0 ± 4.3A (—) 10.8 ± 2.3A (—) 29.8 ± 6.5A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Table 5. Experiment 2: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—3 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (Mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 84.0 ± 7.5A (8.7) 90.0 ± 4.5A (6.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 4.9A (8.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (13.0) 86.0 ± 5.1A (10.4) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 88.0 ± 4.9B (12.0) 56.0 ± 11.7A (39.1) 72.0 ± 8.0B (25.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 60.0 ± 6.3C (40.0) 72.0 ± 10.2A (21.7) 66.0 ± 4.0B (31.3) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (Mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 84.0 ± 7.5A (8.7) 90.0 ± 4.5A (6.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 4.9A (8.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (13.0) 86.0 ± 5.1A (10.4) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 88.0 ± 4.9B (12.0) 56.0 ± 11.7A (39.1) 72.0 ± 8.0B (25.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 60.0 ± 6.3C (40.0) 72.0 ± 10.2A (21.7) 66.0 ± 4.0B (31.3) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 15.0B (52.0) 32.0 ± 13.6B (65.2) 40.0 ± 13.0B (58.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 44.0 ± 7.5B (56.0) 28.0 ± 10.2B (69.6) 36.0 ± 6.8B (62.5) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.2 ± 0.9B (93.5) 2.0 ± 1.1BC (86.5) 4.2 ± 1.8B (91.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 1.8 ± 0.9B (94.6) 2.0 ± 0.7B (86.5) 3.8 ± 1.4B (92.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 33.6 ± 6.9A (—) 14.8 ± 2.3A (—) 48.4 ± 9.2A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 15.0B (52.0) 32.0 ± 13.6B (65.2) 40.0 ± 13.0B (58.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 44.0 ± 7.5B (56.0) 28.0 ± 10.2B (69.6) 36.0 ± 6.8B (62.5) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.2 ± 0.9B (93.5) 2.0 ± 1.1BC (86.5) 4.2 ± 1.8B (91.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 1.8 ± 0.9B (94.6) 2.0 ± 0.7B (86.5) 3.8 ± 1.4B (92.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 33.6 ± 6.9A (—) 14.8 ± 2.3A (—) 48.4 ± 9.2A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v Open in new tab Table 5. Experiment 2: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—3 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (Mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 84.0 ± 7.5A (8.7) 90.0 ± 4.5A (6.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 4.9A (8.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (13.0) 86.0 ± 5.1A (10.4) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 88.0 ± 4.9B (12.0) 56.0 ± 11.7A (39.1) 72.0 ± 8.0B (25.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 60.0 ± 6.3C (40.0) 72.0 ± 10.2A (21.7) 66.0 ± 4.0B (31.3) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (Mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 84.0 ± 7.5A (8.7) 90.0 ± 4.5A (6.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 92.0 ± 4.9A (8.0) 80.0 ± 11.0A (13.0) 86.0 ± 5.1A (10.4) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 88.0 ± 4.9B (12.0) 56.0 ± 11.7A (39.1) 72.0 ± 8.0B (25.0) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 60.0 ± 6.3C (40.0) 72.0 ± 10.2A (21.7) 66.0 ± 4.0B (31.3) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0D (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 15.0B (52.0) 32.0 ± 13.6B (65.2) 40.0 ± 13.0B (58.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 44.0 ± 7.5B (56.0) 28.0 ± 10.2B (69.6) 36.0 ± 6.8B (62.5) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.2 ± 0.9B (93.5) 2.0 ± 1.1BC (86.5) 4.2 ± 1.8B (91.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 1.8 ± 0.9B (94.6) 2.0 ± 0.7B (86.5) 3.8 ± 1.4B (92.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 33.6 ± 6.9A (—) 14.8 ± 2.3A (—) 48.4 ± 9.2A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 48.0 ± 15.0B (52.0) 32.0 ± 13.6B (65.2) 40.0 ± 13.0B (58.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 44.0 ± 7.5B (56.0) 28.0 ± 10.2B (69.6) 36.0 ± 6.8B (62.5) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 92.0 ± 8.0A (—) 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 2.2 ± 0.9B (93.5) 2.0 ± 1.1BC (86.5) 4.2 ± 1.8B (91.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 1.8 ± 0.9B (94.6) 2.0 ± 0.7B (86.5) 3.8 ± 1.4B (92.1) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 33.6 ± 6.9A (—) 14.8 ± 2.3A (—) 48.4 ± 9.2A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v Open in new tab Table 6. Experiment 2: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—7 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 98.0 ± 2.0A 0.0 Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 88.0 ± 4.9A (4.3) 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 92.0 ± 3.7A (4.2) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 4.0A (8.7) 88.0 ± 4.9A (12.0) 86.0 ± 4.0A (10.4) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 2.4A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 8.0A (18.2) 88.0 ± 4.9AB (4.3) 80.0 ± 5.5A (11.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 76.0 ± 7.5A (13.6) 72.0 ± 4.9B (21.7) 74.0 ± 4.0A (17.8) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 88.0 ± 8.0A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 90.0 ± 5.5A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 7.6 ± 3.0B (77.1) 4.2 ± 1.0B (71.2) 11.8 ± 3.8B (75.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 6.2 ± 1.1B (81.3) 2.8 ± 0.9B (80.8) 9.0 ± 1.7B (81.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 33.2 ± 2.1A (—) 14.6 ± 2.2A (—) 47.8 ± 4.2A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 98.0 ± 2.0A 0.0 Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 88.0 ± 4.9A (4.3) 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 92.0 ± 3.7A (4.2) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 4.0A (8.7) 88.0 ± 4.9A (12.0) 86.0 ± 4.0A (10.4) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 2.4A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 8.0A (18.2) 88.0 ± 4.9AB (4.3) 80.0 ± 5.5A (11.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 76.0 ± 7.5A (13.6) 72.0 ± 4.9B (21.7) 74.0 ± 4.0A (17.8) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 88.0 ± 8.0A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 90.0 ± 5.5A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 7.6 ± 3.0B (77.1) 4.2 ± 1.0B (71.2) 11.8 ± 3.8B (75.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 6.2 ± 1.1B (81.3) 2.8 ± 0.9B (80.8) 9.0 ± 1.7B (81.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 33.2 ± 2.1A (—) 14.6 ± 2.2A (—) 47.8 ± 4.2A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Table 6. Experiment 2: Efficacy of insecticides against spotted-wing drosophila—7 DAT Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 98.0 ± 2.0A 0.0 Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 88.0 ± 4.9A (4.3) 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 92.0 ± 3.7A (4.2) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 4.0A (8.7) 88.0 ± 4.9A (12.0) 86.0 ± 4.0A (10.4) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 2.4A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 8.0A (18.2) 88.0 ± 4.9AB (4.3) 80.0 ± 5.5A (11.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 76.0 ± 7.5A (13.6) 72.0 ± 4.9B (21.7) 74.0 ± 4.0A (17.8) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 88.0 ± 8.0A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 90.0 ± 5.5A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 7.6 ± 3.0B (77.1) 4.2 ± 1.0B (71.2) 11.8 ± 3.8B (75.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 6.2 ± 1.1B (81.3) 2.8 ± 0.9B (80.8) 9.0 ± 1.7B (81.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 33.2 ± 2.1A (—) 14.6 ± 2.2A (—) 47.8 ± 4.2A (—) Treatment . Rate/ac . % Live (mean ± SE)—1 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 100.0 ± 0.0A 0.0 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 98.0 ± 2.0A 0.0 Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 96.0 ± 4.0A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 98.0 ± 2.0A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—3 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 88.0 ± 4.9A (4.3) 96.0 ± 4.0A (4.0) 92.0 ± 3.7A (4.2) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 84.0 ± 4.0A (8.7) 88.0 ± 4.9A (12.0) 86.0 ± 4.0A (10.4) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 100.0 ± 0.0A (—) 96.0 ± 2.4A (—) . . % Live (mean ± SE)—6 DAE . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 72.0 ± 8.0A (18.2) 88.0 ± 4.9AB (4.3) 80.0 ± 5.5A (11.1) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 76.0 ± 7.5A (13.6) 72.0 ± 4.9B (21.7) 74.0 ± 4.0A (17.8) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0B (100.0) Control — 88.0 ± 8.0A (—) 92.0 ± 4.9A (—) 90.0 ± 5.5A (—) . . No. emerged adults . Female . Male . Total . PLINAZOLIN technology DC100a 4.11 fl oz 7.6 ± 3.0B (77.1) 4.2 ± 1.0B (71.2) 11.8 ± 3.8B (75.3) PLINAZOLIN technology SC100a 4.11 fl oz 6.2 ± 1.1B (81.3) 2.8 ± 0.9B (80.8) 9.0 ± 1.7B (81.2) Imidan 70 WP 1.33 lb 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) 0.0 ± 0.0C (100.0) Control — 33.2 ± 2.1A (—) 14.6 ± 2.2A (—) 47.8 ± 4.2A (—) DAT = days after treatment; DAE = days after exposure. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Percent data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis; count data were ln(x + 1) transformed prior to analysis. Numbers in parenthesis are % control = [1 − (% live adults in insecticide treatment/% live adults in control)] × 100; minimum % control = 0. aAll PLINAZOLIN technology treatments included the adjuvant Dynamic at 0.125% v:v. Open in new tab Footnotes 1 This research was supported by industry gifts of pesticide and research funding. We thank Vera Kyryczenko-Roth, Sophie Olsen, and Jennifer Frake for their assistance during the experiments. © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected]

Journal

Arthropod Management Tests – Oxford University Press

Published: Dec 31, 2022

Keywords: Blueberry | Vaccinium spp; Spotted-wing drosophila | Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura); isocycloseram; phosmet

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