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/lp/ou_press/simultaneous-qualitative-and-quantitative-study-of-main-compounds-in-hpk0nP0szW
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Copyright
- © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com
- ISSN
- 0021-9665
- eISSN
- 1945-239X
- DOI
- 10.1093/chromsci/bmy030
- pmid
- 29659750
- Publisher site
- See Article on Publisher Site
Abstract
Abstract This study reported the identification and determination of the main components of Commelina communis Linn. A total of 62 compounds were identified in C. communis Linn. extract, which included 29 flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides, 17 phenolic acids, 4 alkaloids, 1 pyrimidine alkaloids, 3 sterols and 8 fatty acids and others by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Moreover, a specific, simple, rapid and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for determination of 13 components of C. communis Linn., which included orientin, iso-orientin, vitexin, isovitexin, rutin, apigenin, protocatechuate, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, luteolin, quercetin and isorhamnetin. All calibration curves showed good linearity (r ≥ 0.9991) within the test range. The intra- and inter-day precisions (relative standard deviation%, RSD%) were within 1.04 and 0.92%, and the recoveries ranged from 98.64 to 100.8%. These results may contribute to the further study and quality control for C. communis Linn. Introduction Commelina communis Linn., a species of the Commelina genus, is widely distributed in the world, especially in the tropics and subtropics, which include farmland, forest edge, street, valley, hillside grass, hillside wetlands and so on (1). It has long been used as a febrifuge or a diuretic in Chinese folk medicine (2). Commelina communis Linn. is commonly applied to common cold, high fever, sore throat, edema oliguria, hot shower astringent pain, bloated boils poison (3–6), and it was recorded by Chinese pharmacopoeia 2015 (CP 2015) (7). Moreover, it has potential developing value because of habitat complexity and extensive resources (8, 9). Commelina communis Linn. is not only edible value but also has medicinal value, which can extensively served as potherb for soup or fry, and also be made into dried vegetable to prevent from getting cold, or has the effect on treating hypertensive as tea (10–13). Commelina communis Linn. mainly contains flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides, phenolic acid, alkaloids, pyrimidine alkaloids, sterols, polysaccharides, fatty acids and others (14–17), which owes pharmacological effects of antibacterial (18, 19), anti-inflammatory (17), anti-oxidation (20), analgesic (3), hypoglycemic (21) and so on. This study made research on chemical compositions of C. communis Linn. using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC–Q-TOF-MS) for the first time. Assay of C. communis Linn. was not recorded in CP 2015. Moreover, HPLC was mainly used to control the quality of C. communis Linn. in previous studies (9), which is more tedious. Therefore, a sensitive, rapid and simple method (HPLC–ESI-MS-MS) was established for determination main components in C. communis Linn., which also attributed to quality control for C. communis Linn. Experimental Chemicals and reagents Orientin (15102309) and vitexin (15120611) with 98% purity were purchased by Shanghai Shifeng Biological Technology Co., Ltd. Iso-orientin and isovitexin (MUST-16042001) with 98.88% purity were purchased by Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Rutin (100080–201408) with 92.8% purity, ferulic acid (110773–201313) with 99.6% purity, quercetin (100081–201408), isorhamnetin (110860–201410), kaempferol (110861–201310), chlorogenic acid (110753–201415), vanillic acid (110776–200402) and caffeic acid (110885–200102) with 98% purity were purchased by National Institutes for Food and Drug Control. Apigenin, protocatechuate (20151021), luteolin, luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside (20151204), р-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (20151228) with 98% purity were purchased by Solarbio. Acacetin (100929) and diosmetin (101216) were purchased by Shanghai Ronghe Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co., Ltd. Isoquercitrin and hyperin were made by laboyatry. Methanol and acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were purchased from J.T.-BAKER Company (USA), and formic acid (HPLC grade) was purchased from DIKMA Company (USA). Ethanol (Analytical grade) was provided by Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China). Purified water was obtained from Wahaha (Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co., Ltd.). The crude wild C. communis Linn. was collected from Qinhuangdao and identified by Mingde Bu, Professor of Hebei Medical Qigong Hospital. The sources of C. communis Linn. included SD-1 (End of August Beidaihe, Insolation), SD-2 (August Beidaihe, Insolation), SD-3 (End of August Beidaihe, Dried in shade) and SD-4 (End of August Shanhaiguan, Dried in shade). UHPLC–Q-TOF-MS-MS instruments for qualitative analysis UHPLC experiments were performed on a Shimadzu UHPLC system (Kyoto, Japan), which was coupled with a triple TOFTM 5600+ MS/MS system (AB SCIEX, CA, USA). The chromatographic separation was carried on Poroshell 120 SB-C18 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 2.7 μm). The column temperature was maintained at 25°C. The mobile phase consisted of water containing 0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B). The gradient elution program was optimized for the separation, and the program was as follows: 10–10% B from 0 to 1 min, 10–13% B from 1 to 3 min, 13–17% B from 3 to 13 min, 17–95% B from 13 to 21 min, 95–95% B from 21 to 26 min. After holding the composition of 95% solvent B for 5 min, the column returned to its starting conditions with 1 min and maintained the composition of 10% solvent B for 5 min for column balance. The mobile phase flow rate was set to 0.3 mL min−1, and the injection volume was 1 μL. A Triple TOFTM 5600+ system with Duo-SprayTM ion sources operating in the positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI) mode was used for the detection. The following MS/MS conditions were used: ion spray voltage, +5.5 and −4.5 kV; the turbo spray temperature, 550°C and declustering potential (DP), 60 and −60 V. Nitrogen was used as the nebulizer and the auxiliary gas, and the nebulizer gas (gas 1), the heater gas (gas 2) and the curtain gas were set to 55, 55 and 35 psi, respectively. The IDA (information dependent acquisition) criteria were provided to the ions that matched the mass defect window to obtain the MS/MS spectra. The experiments were run with the scan of 100–1,000 and 50–1,000 amu for the full MS and MS/MS experiments, respectively. And the MS/MS experiments were run with 200 and 70 ms of accumulation time for the full MS and MS/MS experiments, respectively. The collision energy (CE) was set to 35 and −35 eV, and the collision energy spread (CES) was 15 eV. HPLC–ESI-MS-MS instruments for determination analysis Liquid chromatography system (Agilent 1200, USA) equipped with a quaternary solvent delivery system, an autosampler, an automatic degasser and a column compartment was used for determination analysis. Mass spectrometric detection was composed of a 3200 QTRAPTM system from Applied Biosystems/MDS SCIEX (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA), a hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion equipped with a Turbo V source and Turbo Ionspray interface. Instrument control and data acquisition were carried out Analyst software (version 1.6.2) from Applied Biosystems/MDS Sciex. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Column Wonda Cract ODS-2C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm); mobile phase A (0.1% formic acid: 2 mmol L−1 ammonium formate)-B (methanol), gradient elution program: 0–2 min (28–30% B), 2–5 min (30–33% B), 5–17 min (33–47% B), 17–19 min (47–85% B), 19–25 min (85–95% B), and then returning to the original 28% B. Gradient elution was carried out after pre-equilibration for 6 min, and flow rate was set to 0.8 mL min−1. Injection volume was 10 μL. The typical extract ions chromatograms (XIC) of MRM chromatograms of standards and sample obtained were shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. View largeDownload slide View largeDownload slide Representative extraction chromatograms (XIC) of multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) chromatograms of orientin, iso-orientin, vitexin, isovitexin, rutin, apigenin, protocatechuate, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, luteolin, quercetin and isorhamnetin standards (A), monitored MRM transitions of the standards (B), and Commelina communis Linn. samples (C). Figure 1. View largeDownload slide View largeDownload slide Representative extraction chromatograms (XIC) of multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) chromatograms of orientin, iso-orientin, vitexin, isovitexin, rutin, apigenin, protocatechuate, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, luteolin, quercetin and isorhamnetin standards (A), monitored MRM transitions of the standards (B), and Commelina communis Linn. samples (C). The operating conditions for the ESI interface were as follows: the ion spray voltage was set to −4.5 kV; the turbo spray temperature was 650°C; nebuliser gas (gas 1) and heater gas (gas 2) were set to 60 and 65 arbitrary units, respectively; the curtain gas was kept at arbitrary units and interface heater was on. Nitrogen was used in all cases. The retention time, characteristic MS/MS fragment ions data, DP and CE for each analyte were listed in Table I. Instrument control, data acquisition and evaluation were performed with Analyst 1.6.2 software (AB SCIEX, Ontario, Canada). Table I. HPLC–ESI-MS-MS Data of 13 Components From Commelina communis Linn. Component Relative molecular mass tR (min) Ion source model MS1 (m/z) MS2 (m/z) DP (V) CE (eV) Orientin 448.4 15.44 ESI− 447.3 327.2 −64 −31 357.0 −30 299.1 −48 Iso-orientin 448.4 16.15 ESI− 446.9 327.0 −58 −34 357.1 −30 297.3 −46 Vitexin 432.4 17.40 ESI− 431.0 311.1 −74 −32 283.0 −46 Isovitexin 432.4 19.59 ESI− 431.3 311.0 −67 −31 283.1 −31 341.2 −47 Rutin 610.5 21.12 ESI− 609.3 300.1 −87 −48 Apigenin 270.2 23.22 ESI− 269.0 116.9 −64 −51 Protocatechuate 154.1 6.13 ESI− 153.0 108.9 −34 −22 Vanillic acid 168.2 10.94 ESI− 167.0 151.9 −27 −19 107.9 −25 Caffeic acid 180.2 11.04 ESI− 179.0 135.0 −47 −23 Ferulic acid 194.2 16.83 ESI− 193.0 134.0 −32 −24 Luteolin 286.2 22.69 ESI− 285.0 132.9 −51 −47 Quercetin 302.2 22.42 ESI− 301.0 150.9 −75 −31 Isorhamnetin 316.3 23.07 ESI− 315.0 300.0 −70 −30 151.0 −39 Component Relative molecular mass tR (min) Ion source model MS1 (m/z) MS2 (m/z) DP (V) CE (eV) Orientin 448.4 15.44 ESI− 447.3 327.2 −64 −31 357.0 −30 299.1 −48 Iso-orientin 448.4 16.15 ESI− 446.9 327.0 −58 −34 357.1 −30 297.3 −46 Vitexin 432.4 17.40 ESI− 431.0 311.1 −74 −32 283.0 −46 Isovitexin 432.4 19.59 ESI− 431.3 311.0 −67 −31 283.1 −31 341.2 −47 Rutin 610.5 21.12 ESI− 609.3 300.1 −87 −48 Apigenin 270.2 23.22 ESI− 269.0 116.9 −64 −51 Protocatechuate 154.1 6.13 ESI− 153.0 108.9 −34 −22 Vanillic acid 168.2 10.94 ESI− 167.0 151.9 −27 −19 107.9 −25 Caffeic acid 180.2 11.04 ESI− 179.0 135.0 −47 −23 Ferulic acid 194.2 16.83 ESI− 193.0 134.0 −32 −24 Luteolin 286.2 22.69 ESI− 285.0 132.9 −51 −47 Quercetin 302.2 22.42 ESI− 301.0 150.9 −75 −31 Isorhamnetin 316.3 23.07 ESI− 315.0 300.0 −70 −30 151.0 −39 Table I. HPLC–ESI-MS-MS Data of 13 Components From Commelina communis Linn. Component Relative molecular mass tR (min) Ion source model MS1 (m/z) MS2 (m/z) DP (V) CE (eV) Orientin 448.4 15.44 ESI− 447.3 327.2 −64 −31 357.0 −30 299.1 −48 Iso-orientin 448.4 16.15 ESI− 446.9 327.0 −58 −34 357.1 −30 297.3 −46 Vitexin 432.4 17.40 ESI− 431.0 311.1 −74 −32 283.0 −46 Isovitexin 432.4 19.59 ESI− 431.3 311.0 −67 −31 283.1 −31 341.2 −47 Rutin 610.5 21.12 ESI− 609.3 300.1 −87 −48 Apigenin 270.2 23.22 ESI− 269.0 116.9 −64 −51 Protocatechuate 154.1 6.13 ESI− 153.0 108.9 −34 −22 Vanillic acid 168.2 10.94 ESI− 167.0 151.9 −27 −19 107.9 −25 Caffeic acid 180.2 11.04 ESI− 179.0 135.0 −47 −23 Ferulic acid 194.2 16.83 ESI− 193.0 134.0 −32 −24 Luteolin 286.2 22.69 ESI− 285.0 132.9 −51 −47 Quercetin 302.2 22.42 ESI− 301.0 150.9 −75 −31 Isorhamnetin 316.3 23.07 ESI− 315.0 300.0 −70 −30 151.0 −39 Component Relative molecular mass tR (min) Ion source model MS1 (m/z) MS2 (m/z) DP (V) CE (eV) Orientin 448.4 15.44 ESI− 447.3 327.2 −64 −31 357.0 −30 299.1 −48 Iso-orientin 448.4 16.15 ESI− 446.9 327.0 −58 −34 357.1 −30 297.3 −46 Vitexin 432.4 17.40 ESI− 431.0 311.1 −74 −32 283.0 −46 Isovitexin 432.4 19.59 ESI− 431.3 311.0 −67 −31 283.1 −31 341.2 −47 Rutin 610.5 21.12 ESI− 609.3 300.1 −87 −48 Apigenin 270.2 23.22 ESI− 269.0 116.9 −64 −51 Protocatechuate 154.1 6.13 ESI− 153.0 108.9 −34 −22 Vanillic acid 168.2 10.94 ESI− 167.0 151.9 −27 −19 107.9 −25 Caffeic acid 180.2 11.04 ESI− 179.0 135.0 −47 −23 Ferulic acid 194.2 16.83 ESI− 193.0 134.0 −32 −24 Luteolin 286.2 22.69 ESI− 285.0 132.9 −51 −47 Quercetin 302.2 22.42 ESI− 301.0 150.9 −75 −31 Isorhamnetin 316.3 23.07 ESI− 315.0 300.0 −70 −30 151.0 −39 Sample and standard solution preparations The dry C. communis Linn. powder (60 mesh, 1 g) was accurately weighed and ultrasonicated for 40 min with 25 mL 70% ethanol, continuous ultrasound twice (8, 9, 22). The extracted solution was adjusted to the original weight by 70% ethanol. And the filtrate was combined and then concentrated to dryness in vacuo at 50°C. The residue was dissolved with methanol into a 5 mL volumetric flask for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The resultant was filtered through a 0.22 μm millipore filter. The injection volume was 10 μL for the analysis of HPLC–ESI-MS-MS, but UHPLC–Q-TOF-MS-MS was 1 μL. For qualitative analysis of the UHPLC–Q-TOF-MS-MS, all standards were respectively weighted appropriate amount, which were dissolved with 80% methanol to prepare mixture solution. For quantitative analysis, each standard (orientin, iso-orientin, vitexin, isovitexin, rutin, apigenin, protocatechuate, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, luteolin, quercetin and isorhamnetin) weighted accurately were dissolved in 80% methanol to prepare stock solutions. The concentrations of the stock solution of each standard were 0.91, 1.05, 0.985, 1.09, 0.96, 0.023, 0.95, 0.91, 0.214, 1.015, 0.107, 0.137 and 0.0234 mg mL−1, respectively, which was diluted to appropriate concentrations with methanol–water (80:20, v/v) for constructing calibration curves. All solutions were stored at 4°C for UHPLC–Q-TOF-MS-MS and HPLC–ESI-MS-MS analysis. Results and Discussion Analytical methods In this study, the analysis of chemical compositions in C. communis Linn. was based on a Triple TOF instrument with on-line data acquisition. The detail analytic strategy was as follows (23, 24): (i) On-line data were acquired by full-scan, and accurate MS/MS data were obtained. (ii) Chemical component database was established according to the investigation of chemical constituents of C. communis Linn. (3–6, 14–16, 18, 19, 25). (iii) The compounds of small error were filtrated. (iv) Compounds were estimated on the basis of the characteristic fragment ions and retention time. Data acquisition and procession were performed with PeakView 1.2 software. The determination method of 13 components for C. communis Linn. was mainly adjusting the gradient of the mobile phase to separate isomers. Then method validation and determination were getting on. A series of analysis such as the linearity, accuracy, matrix effect, stability, precision, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were conducted to validate the feasibility of method. A total of 62 compounds were detected in C. communis Linn. extract, which included 29 flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides, 17 phenolic acids, 4 alkaloids, 1 pyrimidine alkaloids, 3 sterols and 8 fatty acids and others. Among of them, 38 compounds were detected in the positive ESI (ESI+) mode, and 24 compounds were found in the negative ESI (ESI−) mode. What is more, 22 compounds were identified by comparing with related reference substances. This study also made research on simultaneous determination of 13 constituents in C. communis Linn. by HPLC–ESI-MS-MS. It is extremely troublesome to distinguish and separate isomers in the process of identification because of identical molecular formulae, small difference in retention time, MS/MS spectra and chemical polarity. Thus, an important parameter Clog P, which was calculated using the program Chemdraw Ultra 12.0, was introduced to distinguish isomers. The compound with the smaller Clog P value commonly has shorter retention time in a reversed phase liquid chromatography system (23, 24). The structures of 62 compounds were showed in Figure S1. The detected compounds were listed in Table II. UHPLC–Q-TOF-MS positive (A) and negative (B) total ion chromatogram of C. communis Linn. were shown in Figure 2. The MS/MS of detected compounds and reference substances were shown in Figures S2 and S3, respectively. HPLC–MS-MS total ion chromatogram of C. communis Linn. (A) and mixture reference substance (B) were shown in Figure S4. Table II. Analysis on Chemical Constituents of Commelina communis Linn. Extract Peak no. Formula Name TR (min) Error (ppm) Clog P Electrospray ionization mode Extraction mass (Da) Found at mass (Da) MS/MS 1 C21H20O11 Iso-orientin 7.80 1.3 0.2098 + 449.1078 449.1084 431.0982, 413.0879, 395.0775, 353.0666, 329.0667, 299.0560, 287.0553 2 C21H20O11 Orientin 8.25 0.9 0.2598 + 449.1078 449.1082 431.0981, 413.0862, 395.0756, 383.0768, 353.0672, 329.0662, 299.0549, 287.1056, 243.0282, 137.0332 3 C21H20O11 Luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside 12.20 −0.2 0.8148 + 449.1078 449.1077 287.0553 4 C21H20O11 Luteolin-5-O-β-d-glucoside 14.75 −1.1 −0.08523 + 449.1078 449.1073 287.0565 5 C21H20O11 Luteolin-4′-O-β-d-glucoside 15.09 0.2 0.6672 + 449.1078 449.1079 287.0548 6 C22H22O11 Chrysoeriol-7-O-β-d-glucoside 8.36 1.9 0.7019 + 463.1235 463.1244 445.1344, 427.1322, 367.0823, 343.0766, 313.1264, 301.0719, 286.0477 7 C22H22O11 Flavocommelitin 12.32 2.6 0.7780 + 463.1235 463.1247 445.1028, 397.0918, 367.0836, 343.1066, 313.0966, 285.1092 8 C22H22O11 Luteolin-7-methylether-4′-O-glucoside 15.49 0.2 1.253 + 463.1235 463.1236 445.1344, 427.1322, 409.1033, 367.0832, 343.0766, 313.1264 301.0122, 287.0605 9 C21H20O10 Vitexin 10.34 0.7 0.8540 + 433.1129 433.1132 415.1030, 397.0926, 379.0813, 367.0818, 351.0866, 323.0935, 313.0715, 283.0612, 121.0284 10 C21H20O10 Iso-vitexin 10.92 0.5 0.8040 + 433.1129 433.1131 415.1018, 397.0927, 379.0795, 367.1211, 351.0884, 349.1022, 337.0704, 313.0708, 283.0605 11 C21H20O12 Hyperin 11.15 0.2 −0.3355 + 465.1028 465.1029 303.0507 12 C21H20O12 Isoquercitrin 11.94 0.9 −0.3355 + 465.1028 465.1032 303.0507 13 C27H30O16 Rutin 11.15 0.5 −1.361 + 611.1607 611.1610 465.1020, 303.0517 14 C22H22O10 Swertisin 11.90 0.4 0.9163 + 447.1286 447.1288 429.1066, 411.1089, 393.0824, 351.0871, 327.0870, 297.0732, 285.1330, 267.0654 15 C19H18O6 3,3′,4′,7-tetramethoxyflavone 13.59 1.7 2.770 + 343.1176 343.1182 302.1431, 301.1374, 283.1034, 215.0128, 148.0391 16 C22H22O12 Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside 15.09 1.5 0.1092 + 479.1184 479.1191 317.0665, 302.0454 17 C22H22O12 Isorhamnetin-7-O-β-d-glucoside 15.30 1.0 0.5109 + 479.1184 479.1189 317.0655 18 C15H10O7 Quercetin 16.56 0.6 1.504 + 303.0499 303.0501 257.0449, 229.0491, 201.0543, 165.0191, 153.0182, 137.0224 19 C16H12O6 Diosmetin 17.25 1.0 2.750 + 301.0707 301.0710 286.0490, 258.0534, 229.0521, 153.0193 20 C16H12O7 Isorhamnetin 17.35 0 1.951 + 317.0656 317.0656 302.0413, 285.0363, 274.0431, 273.0409, 257.0482, 245.0457, 229.0451, 217.0596, 153.0174, 121.0459 21 C8H8O5 Methyl gallate 1.12 −3.2 0.9314 + 185.0445 185.0439 170.1081, 142.0798, 141.0322, 97.0303 22 C16H18O9 Chlorogenic acid 3.57 1.1 −1.433 + 355.1024 355.1028 193.0462, 192.0390, 185.0413, 163.0329, 145.0288, 135.0445, 117.0340 23 C9H10O5 4-Hydroxy-2,6-dimethoxyl-benzoic acid 1.75 0.5 0.7078 + 199.0601 199.0602 181.0489, 155.0733, 140.0468, 136.0021, 125.0236, 111.0330, 95.0506, 77.0404 24 C9H10O5 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxy-benzoic acid 3.09 −1.0 0.9678 + 199.0601 199.0599 184.0332, 153.0615, 141.0724, 116.9284, 109.0667, 105.0693 25 C9H10O5 Syringic acid 3.83 0.5 1.068 + 199.0601 199.0602 153.0556, 139.0393, 137.0608, 125.0594, 121.0278, 111.0445, 95.0499, 79.0551 26 C8H8O4 Vanillic acid 4.30 −1.2 1.355 + 169.0495 169.0493 151.0399, 141.0778, 136.0158, 126.0396, 125.0624, 123.0435, 110.0379, 93.0359, 65.0413 27 C7H6O2 р-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 5.06 0.8 1.885 + 123.0441 123.0442 95.0516, 77.0402, 51.0265 28 C10H10O4 Ferulic acid 8.79 0.5 1.421 + 195.0652 195.0653 177.1155, 149.0588, 145.0300, 134.0362, 117.0440, 89.0418, 77.0385 29 C10H10O3 Methyl 4-hydroxycinnamate 22.18 0 1.798 + 179.0703 179.0703 161.0590, 133.0659, 118.0412, 90.0475 30 C13H25NO10 7-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-α-homonojirmycin 0.73 4.2 −3.028 + 356.1551 356.1566 194.1032, 176.0924, 158.0817, 140.0817, 127.0396, 85.0299 31 C7H15NO5 α-Homonojirmycin 0.76 0 −1.451 + 194.1023 194.1023 176.0909, 158.0823, 140.0720, 85.0399, 82.0666 32 C6H13NO4 1-Deoxynojirimycin 0.78 1.8 −1.424 + 164.0917 164.0920 146.0814, 128.0709, 110.0607, 82.0664, 80.0551, 69.0355, 68.0516 33 C11H8N2 Norharman 5.61 −1.2 2.559 + 169.0760 169.0758 142.0649, 115.0546 34 C10H13N5O4 Adenosine 1.05 1.1 −2.158 + 268.1040 268.1043 152.0566, 136.0623, 119.0353 35 C29H50O2 Stigmast-5-ene-3β, 7α-diol 21.99 0.7 8.040 + 431.3884 431.3887 317.2086, 233.1533, 215.1428, 191.1072, 187.1471, 177.0905, 173.0963, 159.0804, 145.0999, 131.0853, 97.0655 36 C30H50O Fridelin 23.13 −0.7 10.74 + 427.3934 427.3931 409.1083, 331.0528 37 C18H21NO4 Commelinins A 14.90 2.2 1.631 + 316.1543 316.1550 138.0917, 137.0604, 121.0658 38 C17H17NO3 (E-N [4-(2-hydroxyethyl) phenyl]-3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-acrylamide) 16.00 3.5 2.188 + 284.1281 284.1291 164.0632, 147.0447, 121.0651, 119.0497, 103.0552, 91.0553 39 C28H32O16 Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside 4.37 4.7 −0.9160 − 623.1618 623.1647 479.1477, 315.0516, 300.0291, 284.0376 40 C28H32O16 Flavocommelin 14.96 4.7 −0.06143 − 623.1618 623.1647 461.1120, 299.0539, 284.0428 41 C28H32O15 Flavocommelinin A 4.44 4.3 −0.08969 − 607.1668 607.1694 487.1245, 445.1138, 283.1032 42 C28H32O14 2′′-O-α-l-rhamnosylswertisin 16.14 1.7 0.4616 − 591.1719 591.1729 545.1798, 445.2241, 427.1032, 412.0905, 283.0117 43 C21H20O9 Isofurcatain 16.16 1.0 1.355 − 415.1035 415.1039 341.0663, 323.0214, 311.0574, 283.0621, 269.0446 44 C15H10O6 Luteolin 16.49 0.7 2.311 − 285.0405 285.0407 241.0503, 217.0503, 199.0393, 174.9560, 151.0036, 149.0248, 133.0289, 121.0294, 112.9236, 107.0135, 61.9033 45 C15H10O5 Apigenin 17.10 1.8 2.905 − 269.0456 269.0461 225.0449, 201.0532, 151.0030, 149.0248, 117.0346, 112.9854 46 C15H10O6 Kaempferol 17.20 0.4 2.100 − 285.0405 285.0406 284.0334, 256.0374, 229.1443, 211.1022, 183.1382, 171.0833, 151.0455, 139.1124, 117.0238, 112.9858, 93.0358 47 C16H12O5 Acacetin 18.47 3.5 3.486 − 283.0612 283.0622 268.0356, 240.0398, 236.1052, 221.1540, 211.0425, 151.0233, 112.9857 48 C6H4O4 Cumaric acid 1.08 2.9 0.1578 − 139.0037 139.0041 111.0100, 94.0312, 67.0218 49 C7H6O4 Protocatechuate 2.07 3.9 1.062 − 153.0193 153.0199 110.0328, 109.0300, 108.0213, 91.0192 50 C7H6O3 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde 3.14 4.4 1.030 − 137.0244 137.0250 119.0148, 109.0301, 108.0225, 92.0277, 81.0358, 61.9912 51 C7H6O3 р-Hydroxybenzoic acid 3.42 3.6 1.557 − 137.0244 137.0249 112.9851, 93.0363, 75.0098, 61.9911 52 C9H8O4 Caffeic acid 4.42 3.9 0.9750 − 179.0350 179.0357 136.0497, 135.0460, 134.0371, 121.0301, 112.9870, 107.0404, 88.9892, 72.9950, 61.9909 53 C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 4.91 3.3 1.885 − 121.0295 121.0299 120.0214, 93.0347, 92.0278, 75.0138, 61.9912 54 C9H8O3 р-Hydroxycinnamic acid 6.98 3.7 1.572 − 163.0401 163.0407 119.0513, 103.0109, 93.0356, 61.9910 55 C9H16O4 Azelaic acid 13.93 2.7 1.563 − 187.0976 187.0981 142.0039, 141.0923, 125.0972, 112.9861, 97.0673, 61.9909 56 C29H48O Stigmasterol 24.66 −1.0 9.445 − 411.3632 411.3628 393.3393, 349.3472 57 C6H14O6 d-Mannose 0.79 1.1 −2.046 − 181.0718 181.0720 163.0560, 101.0241, 89.0247, 85.0308, 75.0109, 61.9913 58 C9H7NO2 3-Carboxyl-indole 9.99 4.4 2.131 − 160.0404 160.0411 155.1074, 116.0509, 112.9854, 61.9906 59 C21H24O9 Rhaponticin 13.21 −1.2 1.366 − 419.1348 419.1343 373.0822, 341.1208, 297.0628, 208.0933 60 C32H38O17 4,4′-Dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-β-truxinic acid 14.02 −1.2 −2.243 − 739.2185 739.2176 693.2124, 387.0905, 369.0991, 323.0988, 271.0980 61 C14H20O6 2-Phenylethyl-β-d-glycoside 15.92 −2.1 0.3710 − 283.1187 283.1181 147.1172, 121.1021, 95.0877 62 C38H40N2O10 Commelinin B 16.66 5.0 3.472 − 683.2610 683.2644 520.2025, 504.1712, 352.1187 Peak no. Formula Name TR (min) Error (ppm) Clog P Electrospray ionization mode Extraction mass (Da) Found at mass (Da) MS/MS 1 C21H20O11 Iso-orientin 7.80 1.3 0.2098 + 449.1078 449.1084 431.0982, 413.0879, 395.0775, 353.0666, 329.0667, 299.0560, 287.0553 2 C21H20O11 Orientin 8.25 0.9 0.2598 + 449.1078 449.1082 431.0981, 413.0862, 395.0756, 383.0768, 353.0672, 329.0662, 299.0549, 287.1056, 243.0282, 137.0332 3 C21H20O11 Luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside 12.20 −0.2 0.8148 + 449.1078 449.1077 287.0553 4 C21H20O11 Luteolin-5-O-β-d-glucoside 14.75 −1.1 −0.08523 + 449.1078 449.1073 287.0565 5 C21H20O11 Luteolin-4′-O-β-d-glucoside 15.09 0.2 0.6672 + 449.1078 449.1079 287.0548 6 C22H22O11 Chrysoeriol-7-O-β-d-glucoside 8.36 1.9 0.7019 + 463.1235 463.1244 445.1344, 427.1322, 367.0823, 343.0766, 313.1264, 301.0719, 286.0477 7 C22H22O11 Flavocommelitin 12.32 2.6 0.7780 + 463.1235 463.1247 445.1028, 397.0918, 367.0836, 343.1066, 313.0966, 285.1092 8 C22H22O11 Luteolin-7-methylether-4′-O-glucoside 15.49 0.2 1.253 + 463.1235 463.1236 445.1344, 427.1322, 409.1033, 367.0832, 343.0766, 313.1264 301.0122, 287.0605 9 C21H20O10 Vitexin 10.34 0.7 0.8540 + 433.1129 433.1132 415.1030, 397.0926, 379.0813, 367.0818, 351.0866, 323.0935, 313.0715, 283.0612, 121.0284 10 C21H20O10 Iso-vitexin 10.92 0.5 0.8040 + 433.1129 433.1131 415.1018, 397.0927, 379.0795, 367.1211, 351.0884, 349.1022, 337.0704, 313.0708, 283.0605 11 C21H20O12 Hyperin 11.15 0.2 −0.3355 + 465.1028 465.1029 303.0507 12 C21H20O12 Isoquercitrin 11.94 0.9 −0.3355 + 465.1028 465.1032 303.0507 13 C27H30O16 Rutin 11.15 0.5 −1.361 + 611.1607 611.1610 465.1020, 303.0517 14 C22H22O10 Swertisin 11.90 0.4 0.9163 + 447.1286 447.1288 429.1066, 411.1089, 393.0824, 351.0871, 327.0870, 297.0732, 285.1330, 267.0654 15 C19H18O6 3,3′,4′,7-tetramethoxyflavone 13.59 1.7 2.770 + 343.1176 343.1182 302.1431, 301.1374, 283.1034, 215.0128, 148.0391 16 C22H22O12 Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside 15.09 1.5 0.1092 + 479.1184 479.1191 317.0665, 302.0454 17 C22H22O12 Isorhamnetin-7-O-β-d-glucoside 15.30 1.0 0.5109 + 479.1184 479.1189 317.0655 18 C15H10O7 Quercetin 16.56 0.6 1.504 + 303.0499 303.0501 257.0449, 229.0491, 201.0543, 165.0191, 153.0182, 137.0224 19 C16H12O6 Diosmetin 17.25 1.0 2.750 + 301.0707 301.0710 286.0490, 258.0534, 229.0521, 153.0193 20 C16H12O7 Isorhamnetin 17.35 0 1.951 + 317.0656 317.0656 302.0413, 285.0363, 274.0431, 273.0409, 257.0482, 245.0457, 229.0451, 217.0596, 153.0174, 121.0459 21 C8H8O5 Methyl gallate 1.12 −3.2 0.9314 + 185.0445 185.0439 170.1081, 142.0798, 141.0322, 97.0303 22 C16H18O9 Chlorogenic acid 3.57 1.1 −1.433 + 355.1024 355.1028 193.0462, 192.0390, 185.0413, 163.0329, 145.0288, 135.0445, 117.0340 23 C9H10O5 4-Hydroxy-2,6-dimethoxyl-benzoic acid 1.75 0.5 0.7078 + 199.0601 199.0602 181.0489, 155.0733, 140.0468, 136.0021, 125.0236, 111.0330, 95.0506, 77.0404 24 C9H10O5 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxy-benzoic acid 3.09 −1.0 0.9678 + 199.0601 199.0599 184.0332, 153.0615, 141.0724, 116.9284, 109.0667, 105.0693 25 C9H10O5 Syringic acid 3.83 0.5 1.068 + 199.0601 199.0602 153.0556, 139.0393, 137.0608, 125.0594, 121.0278, 111.0445, 95.0499, 79.0551 26 C8H8O4 Vanillic acid 4.30 −1.2 1.355 + 169.0495 169.0493 151.0399, 141.0778, 136.0158, 126.0396, 125.0624, 123.0435, 110.0379, 93.0359, 65.0413 27 C7H6O2 р-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 5.06 0.8 1.885 + 123.0441 123.0442 95.0516, 77.0402, 51.0265 28 C10H10O4 Ferulic acid 8.79 0.5 1.421 + 195.0652 195.0653 177.1155, 149.0588, 145.0300, 134.0362, 117.0440, 89.0418, 77.0385 29 C10H10O3 Methyl 4-hydroxycinnamate 22.18 0 1.798 + 179.0703 179.0703 161.0590, 133.0659, 118.0412, 90.0475 30 C13H25NO10 7-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-α-homonojirmycin 0.73 4.2 −3.028 + 356.1551 356.1566 194.1032, 176.0924, 158.0817, 140.0817, 127.0396, 85.0299 31 C7H15NO5 α-Homonojirmycin 0.76 0 −1.451 + 194.1023 194.1023 176.0909, 158.0823, 140.0720, 85.0399, 82.0666 32 C6H13NO4 1-Deoxynojirimycin 0.78 1.8 −1.424 + 164.0917 164.0920 146.0814, 128.0709, 110.0607, 82.0664, 80.0551, 69.0355, 68.0516 33 C11H8N2 Norharman 5.61 −1.2 2.559 + 169.0760 169.0758 142.0649, 115.0546 34 C10H13N5O4 Adenosine 1.05 1.1 −2.158 + 268.1040 268.1043 152.0566, 136.0623, 119.0353 35 C29H50O2 Stigmast-5-ene-3β, 7α-diol 21.99 0.7 8.040 + 431.3884 431.3887 317.2086, 233.1533, 215.1428, 191.1072, 187.1471, 177.0905, 173.0963, 159.0804, 145.0999, 131.0853, 97.0655 36 C30H50O Fridelin 23.13 −0.7 10.74 + 427.3934 427.3931 409.1083, 331.0528 37 C18H21NO4 Commelinins A 14.90 2.2 1.631 + 316.1543 316.1550 138.0917, 137.0604, 121.0658 38 C17H17NO3 (E-N [4-(2-hydroxyethyl) phenyl]-3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-acrylamide) 16.00 3.5 2.188 + 284.1281 284.1291 164.0632, 147.0447, 121.0651, 119.0497, 103.0552, 91.0553 39 C28H32O16 Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside 4.37 4.7 −0.9160 − 623.1618 623.1647 479.1477, 315.0516, 300.0291, 284.0376 40 C28H32O16 Flavocommelin 14.96 4.7 −0.06143 − 623.1618 623.1647 461.1120, 299.0539, 284.0428 41 C28H32O15 Flavocommelinin A 4.44 4.3 −0.08969 − 607.1668 607.1694 487.1245, 445.1138, 283.1032 42 C28H32O14 2′′-O-α-l-rhamnosylswertisin 16.14 1.7 0.4616 − 591.1719 591.1729 545.1798, 445.2241, 427.1032, 412.0905, 283.0117 43 C21H20O9 Isofurcatain 16.16 1.0 1.355 − 415.1035 415.1039 341.0663, 323.0214, 311.0574, 283.0621, 269.0446 44 C15H10O6 Luteolin 16.49 0.7 2.311 − 285.0405 285.0407 241.0503, 217.0503, 199.0393, 174.9560, 151.0036, 149.0248, 133.0289, 121.0294, 112.9236, 107.0135, 61.9033 45 C15H10O5 Apigenin 17.10 1.8 2.905 − 269.0456 269.0461 225.0449, 201.0532, 151.0030, 149.0248, 117.0346, 112.9854 46 C15H10O6 Kaempferol 17.20 0.4 2.100 − 285.0405 285.0406 284.0334, 256.0374, 229.1443, 211.1022, 183.1382, 171.0833, 151.0455, 139.1124, 117.0238, 112.9858, 93.0358 47 C16H12O5 Acacetin 18.47 3.5 3.486 − 283.0612 283.0622 268.0356, 240.0398, 236.1052, 221.1540, 211.0425, 151.0233, 112.9857 48 C6H4O4 Cumaric acid 1.08 2.9 0.1578 − 139.0037 139.0041 111.0100, 94.0312, 67.0218 49 C7H6O4 Protocatechuate 2.07 3.9 1.062 − 153.0193 153.0199 110.0328, 109.0300, 108.0213, 91.0192 50 C7H6O3 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde 3.14 4.4 1.030 − 137.0244 137.0250 119.0148, 109.0301, 108.0225, 92.0277, 81.0358, 61.9912 51 C7H6O3 р-Hydroxybenzoic acid 3.42 3.6 1.557 − 137.0244 137.0249 112.9851, 93.0363, 75.0098, 61.9911 52 C9H8O4 Caffeic acid 4.42 3.9 0.9750 − 179.0350 179.0357 136.0497, 135.0460, 134.0371, 121.0301, 112.9870, 107.0404, 88.9892, 72.9950, 61.9909 53 C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 4.91 3.3 1.885 − 121.0295 121.0299 120.0214, 93.0347, 92.0278, 75.0138, 61.9912 54 C9H8O3 р-Hydroxycinnamic acid 6.98 3.7 1.572 − 163.0401 163.0407 119.0513, 103.0109, 93.0356, 61.9910 55 C9H16O4 Azelaic acid 13.93 2.7 1.563 − 187.0976 187.0981 142.0039, 141.0923, 125.0972, 112.9861, 97.0673, 61.9909 56 C29H48O Stigmasterol 24.66 −1.0 9.445 − 411.3632 411.3628 393.3393, 349.3472 57 C6H14O6 d-Mannose 0.79 1.1 −2.046 − 181.0718 181.0720 163.0560, 101.0241, 89.0247, 85.0308, 75.0109, 61.9913 58 C9H7NO2 3-Carboxyl-indole 9.99 4.4 2.131 − 160.0404 160.0411 155.1074, 116.0509, 112.9854, 61.9906 59 C21H24O9 Rhaponticin 13.21 −1.2 1.366 − 419.1348 419.1343 373.0822, 341.1208, 297.0628, 208.0933 60 C32H38O17 4,4′-Dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-β-truxinic acid 14.02 −1.2 −2.243 − 739.2185 739.2176 693.2124, 387.0905, 369.0991, 323.0988, 271.0980 61 C14H20O6 2-Phenylethyl-β-d-glycoside 15.92 −2.1 0.3710 − 283.1187 283.1181 147.1172, 121.1021, 95.0877 62 C38H40N2O10 Commelinin B 16.66 5.0 3.472 − 683.2610 683.2644 520.2025, 504.1712, 352.1187 Table II. Analysis on Chemical Constituents of Commelina communis Linn. Extract Peak no. Formula Name TR (min) Error (ppm) Clog P Electrospray ionization mode Extraction mass (Da) Found at mass (Da) MS/MS 1 C21H20O11 Iso-orientin 7.80 1.3 0.2098 + 449.1078 449.1084 431.0982, 413.0879, 395.0775, 353.0666, 329.0667, 299.0560, 287.0553 2 C21H20O11 Orientin 8.25 0.9 0.2598 + 449.1078 449.1082 431.0981, 413.0862, 395.0756, 383.0768, 353.0672, 329.0662, 299.0549, 287.1056, 243.0282, 137.0332 3 C21H20O11 Luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside 12.20 −0.2 0.8148 + 449.1078 449.1077 287.0553 4 C21H20O11 Luteolin-5-O-β-d-glucoside 14.75 −1.1 −0.08523 + 449.1078 449.1073 287.0565 5 C21H20O11 Luteolin-4′-O-β-d-glucoside 15.09 0.2 0.6672 + 449.1078 449.1079 287.0548 6 C22H22O11 Chrysoeriol-7-O-β-d-glucoside 8.36 1.9 0.7019 + 463.1235 463.1244 445.1344, 427.1322, 367.0823, 343.0766, 313.1264, 301.0719, 286.0477 7 C22H22O11 Flavocommelitin 12.32 2.6 0.7780 + 463.1235 463.1247 445.1028, 397.0918, 367.0836, 343.1066, 313.0966, 285.1092 8 C22H22O11 Luteolin-7-methylether-4′-O-glucoside 15.49 0.2 1.253 + 463.1235 463.1236 445.1344, 427.1322, 409.1033, 367.0832, 343.0766, 313.1264 301.0122, 287.0605 9 C21H20O10 Vitexin 10.34 0.7 0.8540 + 433.1129 433.1132 415.1030, 397.0926, 379.0813, 367.0818, 351.0866, 323.0935, 313.0715, 283.0612, 121.0284 10 C21H20O10 Iso-vitexin 10.92 0.5 0.8040 + 433.1129 433.1131 415.1018, 397.0927, 379.0795, 367.1211, 351.0884, 349.1022, 337.0704, 313.0708, 283.0605 11 C21H20O12 Hyperin 11.15 0.2 −0.3355 + 465.1028 465.1029 303.0507 12 C21H20O12 Isoquercitrin 11.94 0.9 −0.3355 + 465.1028 465.1032 303.0507 13 C27H30O16 Rutin 11.15 0.5 −1.361 + 611.1607 611.1610 465.1020, 303.0517 14 C22H22O10 Swertisin 11.90 0.4 0.9163 + 447.1286 447.1288 429.1066, 411.1089, 393.0824, 351.0871, 327.0870, 297.0732, 285.1330, 267.0654 15 C19H18O6 3,3′,4′,7-tetramethoxyflavone 13.59 1.7 2.770 + 343.1176 343.1182 302.1431, 301.1374, 283.1034, 215.0128, 148.0391 16 C22H22O12 Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside 15.09 1.5 0.1092 + 479.1184 479.1191 317.0665, 302.0454 17 C22H22O12 Isorhamnetin-7-O-β-d-glucoside 15.30 1.0 0.5109 + 479.1184 479.1189 317.0655 18 C15H10O7 Quercetin 16.56 0.6 1.504 + 303.0499 303.0501 257.0449, 229.0491, 201.0543, 165.0191, 153.0182, 137.0224 19 C16H12O6 Diosmetin 17.25 1.0 2.750 + 301.0707 301.0710 286.0490, 258.0534, 229.0521, 153.0193 20 C16H12O7 Isorhamnetin 17.35 0 1.951 + 317.0656 317.0656 302.0413, 285.0363, 274.0431, 273.0409, 257.0482, 245.0457, 229.0451, 217.0596, 153.0174, 121.0459 21 C8H8O5 Methyl gallate 1.12 −3.2 0.9314 + 185.0445 185.0439 170.1081, 142.0798, 141.0322, 97.0303 22 C16H18O9 Chlorogenic acid 3.57 1.1 −1.433 + 355.1024 355.1028 193.0462, 192.0390, 185.0413, 163.0329, 145.0288, 135.0445, 117.0340 23 C9H10O5 4-Hydroxy-2,6-dimethoxyl-benzoic acid 1.75 0.5 0.7078 + 199.0601 199.0602 181.0489, 155.0733, 140.0468, 136.0021, 125.0236, 111.0330, 95.0506, 77.0404 24 C9H10O5 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxy-benzoic acid 3.09 −1.0 0.9678 + 199.0601 199.0599 184.0332, 153.0615, 141.0724, 116.9284, 109.0667, 105.0693 25 C9H10O5 Syringic acid 3.83 0.5 1.068 + 199.0601 199.0602 153.0556, 139.0393, 137.0608, 125.0594, 121.0278, 111.0445, 95.0499, 79.0551 26 C8H8O4 Vanillic acid 4.30 −1.2 1.355 + 169.0495 169.0493 151.0399, 141.0778, 136.0158, 126.0396, 125.0624, 123.0435, 110.0379, 93.0359, 65.0413 27 C7H6O2 р-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 5.06 0.8 1.885 + 123.0441 123.0442 95.0516, 77.0402, 51.0265 28 C10H10O4 Ferulic acid 8.79 0.5 1.421 + 195.0652 195.0653 177.1155, 149.0588, 145.0300, 134.0362, 117.0440, 89.0418, 77.0385 29 C10H10O3 Methyl 4-hydroxycinnamate 22.18 0 1.798 + 179.0703 179.0703 161.0590, 133.0659, 118.0412, 90.0475 30 C13H25NO10 7-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-α-homonojirmycin 0.73 4.2 −3.028 + 356.1551 356.1566 194.1032, 176.0924, 158.0817, 140.0817, 127.0396, 85.0299 31 C7H15NO5 α-Homonojirmycin 0.76 0 −1.451 + 194.1023 194.1023 176.0909, 158.0823, 140.0720, 85.0399, 82.0666 32 C6H13NO4 1-Deoxynojirimycin 0.78 1.8 −1.424 + 164.0917 164.0920 146.0814, 128.0709, 110.0607, 82.0664, 80.0551, 69.0355, 68.0516 33 C11H8N2 Norharman 5.61 −1.2 2.559 + 169.0760 169.0758 142.0649, 115.0546 34 C10H13N5O4 Adenosine 1.05 1.1 −2.158 + 268.1040 268.1043 152.0566, 136.0623, 119.0353 35 C29H50O2 Stigmast-5-ene-3β, 7α-diol 21.99 0.7 8.040 + 431.3884 431.3887 317.2086, 233.1533, 215.1428, 191.1072, 187.1471, 177.0905, 173.0963, 159.0804, 145.0999, 131.0853, 97.0655 36 C30H50O Fridelin 23.13 −0.7 10.74 + 427.3934 427.3931 409.1083, 331.0528 37 C18H21NO4 Commelinins A 14.90 2.2 1.631 + 316.1543 316.1550 138.0917, 137.0604, 121.0658 38 C17H17NO3 (E-N [4-(2-hydroxyethyl) phenyl]-3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-acrylamide) 16.00 3.5 2.188 + 284.1281 284.1291 164.0632, 147.0447, 121.0651, 119.0497, 103.0552, 91.0553 39 C28H32O16 Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside 4.37 4.7 −0.9160 − 623.1618 623.1647 479.1477, 315.0516, 300.0291, 284.0376 40 C28H32O16 Flavocommelin 14.96 4.7 −0.06143 − 623.1618 623.1647 461.1120, 299.0539, 284.0428 41 C28H32O15 Flavocommelinin A 4.44 4.3 −0.08969 − 607.1668 607.1694 487.1245, 445.1138, 283.1032 42 C28H32O14 2′′-O-α-l-rhamnosylswertisin 16.14 1.7 0.4616 − 591.1719 591.1729 545.1798, 445.2241, 427.1032, 412.0905, 283.0117 43 C21H20O9 Isofurcatain 16.16 1.0 1.355 − 415.1035 415.1039 341.0663, 323.0214, 311.0574, 283.0621, 269.0446 44 C15H10O6 Luteolin 16.49 0.7 2.311 − 285.0405 285.0407 241.0503, 217.0503, 199.0393, 174.9560, 151.0036, 149.0248, 133.0289, 121.0294, 112.9236, 107.0135, 61.9033 45 C15H10O5 Apigenin 17.10 1.8 2.905 − 269.0456 269.0461 225.0449, 201.0532, 151.0030, 149.0248, 117.0346, 112.9854 46 C15H10O6 Kaempferol 17.20 0.4 2.100 − 285.0405 285.0406 284.0334, 256.0374, 229.1443, 211.1022, 183.1382, 171.0833, 151.0455, 139.1124, 117.0238, 112.9858, 93.0358 47 C16H12O5 Acacetin 18.47 3.5 3.486 − 283.0612 283.0622 268.0356, 240.0398, 236.1052, 221.1540, 211.0425, 151.0233, 112.9857 48 C6H4O4 Cumaric acid 1.08 2.9 0.1578 − 139.0037 139.0041 111.0100, 94.0312, 67.0218 49 C7H6O4 Protocatechuate 2.07 3.9 1.062 − 153.0193 153.0199 110.0328, 109.0300, 108.0213, 91.0192 50 C7H6O3 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde 3.14 4.4 1.030 − 137.0244 137.0250 119.0148, 109.0301, 108.0225, 92.0277, 81.0358, 61.9912 51 C7H6O3 р-Hydroxybenzoic acid 3.42 3.6 1.557 − 137.0244 137.0249 112.9851, 93.0363, 75.0098, 61.9911 52 C9H8O4 Caffeic acid 4.42 3.9 0.9750 − 179.0350 179.0357 136.0497, 135.0460, 134.0371, 121.0301, 112.9870, 107.0404, 88.9892, 72.9950, 61.9909 53 C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 4.91 3.3 1.885 − 121.0295 121.0299 120.0214, 93.0347, 92.0278, 75.0138, 61.9912 54 C9H8O3 р-Hydroxycinnamic acid 6.98 3.7 1.572 − 163.0401 163.0407 119.0513, 103.0109, 93.0356, 61.9910 55 C9H16O4 Azelaic acid 13.93 2.7 1.563 − 187.0976 187.0981 142.0039, 141.0923, 125.0972, 112.9861, 97.0673, 61.9909 56 C29H48O Stigmasterol 24.66 −1.0 9.445 − 411.3632 411.3628 393.3393, 349.3472 57 C6H14O6 d-Mannose 0.79 1.1 −2.046 − 181.0718 181.0720 163.0560, 101.0241, 89.0247, 85.0308, 75.0109, 61.9913 58 C9H7NO2 3-Carboxyl-indole 9.99 4.4 2.131 − 160.0404 160.0411 155.1074, 116.0509, 112.9854, 61.9906 59 C21H24O9 Rhaponticin 13.21 −1.2 1.366 − 419.1348 419.1343 373.0822, 341.1208, 297.0628, 208.0933 60 C32H38O17 4,4′-Dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-β-truxinic acid 14.02 −1.2 −2.243 − 739.2185 739.2176 693.2124, 387.0905, 369.0991, 323.0988, 271.0980 61 C14H20O6 2-Phenylethyl-β-d-glycoside 15.92 −2.1 0.3710 − 283.1187 283.1181 147.1172, 121.1021, 95.0877 62 C38H40N2O10 Commelinin B 16.66 5.0 3.472 − 683.2610 683.2644 520.2025, 504.1712, 352.1187 Peak no. Formula Name TR (min) Error (ppm) Clog P Electrospray ionization mode Extraction mass (Da) Found at mass (Da) MS/MS 1 C21H20O11 Iso-orientin 7.80 1.3 0.2098 + 449.1078 449.1084 431.0982, 413.0879, 395.0775, 353.0666, 329.0667, 299.0560, 287.0553 2 C21H20O11 Orientin 8.25 0.9 0.2598 + 449.1078 449.1082 431.0981, 413.0862, 395.0756, 383.0768, 353.0672, 329.0662, 299.0549, 287.1056, 243.0282, 137.0332 3 C21H20O11 Luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside 12.20 −0.2 0.8148 + 449.1078 449.1077 287.0553 4 C21H20O11 Luteolin-5-O-β-d-glucoside 14.75 −1.1 −0.08523 + 449.1078 449.1073 287.0565 5 C21H20O11 Luteolin-4′-O-β-d-glucoside 15.09 0.2 0.6672 + 449.1078 449.1079 287.0548 6 C22H22O11 Chrysoeriol-7-O-β-d-glucoside 8.36 1.9 0.7019 + 463.1235 463.1244 445.1344, 427.1322, 367.0823, 343.0766, 313.1264, 301.0719, 286.0477 7 C22H22O11 Flavocommelitin 12.32 2.6 0.7780 + 463.1235 463.1247 445.1028, 397.0918, 367.0836, 343.1066, 313.0966, 285.1092 8 C22H22O11 Luteolin-7-methylether-4′-O-glucoside 15.49 0.2 1.253 + 463.1235 463.1236 445.1344, 427.1322, 409.1033, 367.0832, 343.0766, 313.1264 301.0122, 287.0605 9 C21H20O10 Vitexin 10.34 0.7 0.8540 + 433.1129 433.1132 415.1030, 397.0926, 379.0813, 367.0818, 351.0866, 323.0935, 313.0715, 283.0612, 121.0284 10 C21H20O10 Iso-vitexin 10.92 0.5 0.8040 + 433.1129 433.1131 415.1018, 397.0927, 379.0795, 367.1211, 351.0884, 349.1022, 337.0704, 313.0708, 283.0605 11 C21H20O12 Hyperin 11.15 0.2 −0.3355 + 465.1028 465.1029 303.0507 12 C21H20O12 Isoquercitrin 11.94 0.9 −0.3355 + 465.1028 465.1032 303.0507 13 C27H30O16 Rutin 11.15 0.5 −1.361 + 611.1607 611.1610 465.1020, 303.0517 14 C22H22O10 Swertisin 11.90 0.4 0.9163 + 447.1286 447.1288 429.1066, 411.1089, 393.0824, 351.0871, 327.0870, 297.0732, 285.1330, 267.0654 15 C19H18O6 3,3′,4′,7-tetramethoxyflavone 13.59 1.7 2.770 + 343.1176 343.1182 302.1431, 301.1374, 283.1034, 215.0128, 148.0391 16 C22H22O12 Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside 15.09 1.5 0.1092 + 479.1184 479.1191 317.0665, 302.0454 17 C22H22O12 Isorhamnetin-7-O-β-d-glucoside 15.30 1.0 0.5109 + 479.1184 479.1189 317.0655 18 C15H10O7 Quercetin 16.56 0.6 1.504 + 303.0499 303.0501 257.0449, 229.0491, 201.0543, 165.0191, 153.0182, 137.0224 19 C16H12O6 Diosmetin 17.25 1.0 2.750 + 301.0707 301.0710 286.0490, 258.0534, 229.0521, 153.0193 20 C16H12O7 Isorhamnetin 17.35 0 1.951 + 317.0656 317.0656 302.0413, 285.0363, 274.0431, 273.0409, 257.0482, 245.0457, 229.0451, 217.0596, 153.0174, 121.0459 21 C8H8O5 Methyl gallate 1.12 −3.2 0.9314 + 185.0445 185.0439 170.1081, 142.0798, 141.0322, 97.0303 22 C16H18O9 Chlorogenic acid 3.57 1.1 −1.433 + 355.1024 355.1028 193.0462, 192.0390, 185.0413, 163.0329, 145.0288, 135.0445, 117.0340 23 C9H10O5 4-Hydroxy-2,6-dimethoxyl-benzoic acid 1.75 0.5 0.7078 + 199.0601 199.0602 181.0489, 155.0733, 140.0468, 136.0021, 125.0236, 111.0330, 95.0506, 77.0404 24 C9H10O5 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxy-benzoic acid 3.09 −1.0 0.9678 + 199.0601 199.0599 184.0332, 153.0615, 141.0724, 116.9284, 109.0667, 105.0693 25 C9H10O5 Syringic acid 3.83 0.5 1.068 + 199.0601 199.0602 153.0556, 139.0393, 137.0608, 125.0594, 121.0278, 111.0445, 95.0499, 79.0551 26 C8H8O4 Vanillic acid 4.30 −1.2 1.355 + 169.0495 169.0493 151.0399, 141.0778, 136.0158, 126.0396, 125.0624, 123.0435, 110.0379, 93.0359, 65.0413 27 C7H6O2 р-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 5.06 0.8 1.885 + 123.0441 123.0442 95.0516, 77.0402, 51.0265 28 C10H10O4 Ferulic acid 8.79 0.5 1.421 + 195.0652 195.0653 177.1155, 149.0588, 145.0300, 134.0362, 117.0440, 89.0418, 77.0385 29 C10H10O3 Methyl 4-hydroxycinnamate 22.18 0 1.798 + 179.0703 179.0703 161.0590, 133.0659, 118.0412, 90.0475 30 C13H25NO10 7-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-α-homonojirmycin 0.73 4.2 −3.028 + 356.1551 356.1566 194.1032, 176.0924, 158.0817, 140.0817, 127.0396, 85.0299 31 C7H15NO5 α-Homonojirmycin 0.76 0 −1.451 + 194.1023 194.1023 176.0909, 158.0823, 140.0720, 85.0399, 82.0666 32 C6H13NO4 1-Deoxynojirimycin 0.78 1.8 −1.424 + 164.0917 164.0920 146.0814, 128.0709, 110.0607, 82.0664, 80.0551, 69.0355, 68.0516 33 C11H8N2 Norharman 5.61 −1.2 2.559 + 169.0760 169.0758 142.0649, 115.0546 34 C10H13N5O4 Adenosine 1.05 1.1 −2.158 + 268.1040 268.1043 152.0566, 136.0623, 119.0353 35 C29H50O2 Stigmast-5-ene-3β, 7α-diol 21.99 0.7 8.040 + 431.3884 431.3887 317.2086, 233.1533, 215.1428, 191.1072, 187.1471, 177.0905, 173.0963, 159.0804, 145.0999, 131.0853, 97.0655 36 C30H50O Fridelin 23.13 −0.7 10.74 + 427.3934 427.3931 409.1083, 331.0528 37 C18H21NO4 Commelinins A 14.90 2.2 1.631 + 316.1543 316.1550 138.0917, 137.0604, 121.0658 38 C17H17NO3 (E-N [4-(2-hydroxyethyl) phenyl]-3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-acrylamide) 16.00 3.5 2.188 + 284.1281 284.1291 164.0632, 147.0447, 121.0651, 119.0497, 103.0552, 91.0553 39 C28H32O16 Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside 4.37 4.7 −0.9160 − 623.1618 623.1647 479.1477, 315.0516, 300.0291, 284.0376 40 C28H32O16 Flavocommelin 14.96 4.7 −0.06143 − 623.1618 623.1647 461.1120, 299.0539, 284.0428 41 C28H32O15 Flavocommelinin A 4.44 4.3 −0.08969 − 607.1668 607.1694 487.1245, 445.1138, 283.1032 42 C28H32O14 2′′-O-α-l-rhamnosylswertisin 16.14 1.7 0.4616 − 591.1719 591.1729 545.1798, 445.2241, 427.1032, 412.0905, 283.0117 43 C21H20O9 Isofurcatain 16.16 1.0 1.355 − 415.1035 415.1039 341.0663, 323.0214, 311.0574, 283.0621, 269.0446 44 C15H10O6 Luteolin 16.49 0.7 2.311 − 285.0405 285.0407 241.0503, 217.0503, 199.0393, 174.9560, 151.0036, 149.0248, 133.0289, 121.0294, 112.9236, 107.0135, 61.9033 45 C15H10O5 Apigenin 17.10 1.8 2.905 − 269.0456 269.0461 225.0449, 201.0532, 151.0030, 149.0248, 117.0346, 112.9854 46 C15H10O6 Kaempferol 17.20 0.4 2.100 − 285.0405 285.0406 284.0334, 256.0374, 229.1443, 211.1022, 183.1382, 171.0833, 151.0455, 139.1124, 117.0238, 112.9858, 93.0358 47 C16H12O5 Acacetin 18.47 3.5 3.486 − 283.0612 283.0622 268.0356, 240.0398, 236.1052, 221.1540, 211.0425, 151.0233, 112.9857 48 C6H4O4 Cumaric acid 1.08 2.9 0.1578 − 139.0037 139.0041 111.0100, 94.0312, 67.0218 49 C7H6O4 Protocatechuate 2.07 3.9 1.062 − 153.0193 153.0199 110.0328, 109.0300, 108.0213, 91.0192 50 C7H6O3 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde 3.14 4.4 1.030 − 137.0244 137.0250 119.0148, 109.0301, 108.0225, 92.0277, 81.0358, 61.9912 51 C7H6O3 р-Hydroxybenzoic acid 3.42 3.6 1.557 − 137.0244 137.0249 112.9851, 93.0363, 75.0098, 61.9911 52 C9H8O4 Caffeic acid 4.42 3.9 0.9750 − 179.0350 179.0357 136.0497, 135.0460, 134.0371, 121.0301, 112.9870, 107.0404, 88.9892, 72.9950, 61.9909 53 C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 4.91 3.3 1.885 − 121.0295 121.0299 120.0214, 93.0347, 92.0278, 75.0138, 61.9912 54 C9H8O3 р-Hydroxycinnamic acid 6.98 3.7 1.572 − 163.0401 163.0407 119.0513, 103.0109, 93.0356, 61.9910 55 C9H16O4 Azelaic acid 13.93 2.7 1.563 − 187.0976 187.0981 142.0039, 141.0923, 125.0972, 112.9861, 97.0673, 61.9909 56 C29H48O Stigmasterol 24.66 −1.0 9.445 − 411.3632 411.3628 393.3393, 349.3472 57 C6H14O6 d-Mannose 0.79 1.1 −2.046 − 181.0718 181.0720 163.0560, 101.0241, 89.0247, 85.0308, 75.0109, 61.9913 58 C9H7NO2 3-Carboxyl-indole 9.99 4.4 2.131 − 160.0404 160.0411 155.1074, 116.0509, 112.9854, 61.9906 59 C21H24O9 Rhaponticin 13.21 −1.2 1.366 − 419.1348 419.1343 373.0822, 341.1208, 297.0628, 208.0933 60 C32H38O17 4,4′-Dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-β-truxinic acid 14.02 −1.2 −2.243 − 739.2185 739.2176 693.2124, 387.0905, 369.0991, 323.0988, 271.0980 61 C14H20O6 2-Phenylethyl-β-d-glycoside 15.92 −2.1 0.3710 − 283.1187 283.1181 147.1172, 121.1021, 95.0877 62 C38H40N2O10 Commelinin B 16.66 5.0 3.472 − 683.2610 683.2644 520.2025, 504.1712, 352.1187 Figure 2. View largeDownload slide UHPLC–Q-TOF-MS total ion chromatogram of positive (A) and negative (B) of Commelina communis Linn. Figure 2. View largeDownload slide UHPLC–Q-TOF-MS total ion chromatogram of positive (A) and negative (B) of Commelina communis Linn. Identification of 62 Compounds by UHPLC–Q-TOF-MS-MS The positive ESI+ mode Flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides Compounds 1–5 turned up at 7.80, 8.25, 12.20, 14.75 and 15.09 min, respectively. The protonated molecular ions [M + H]+ were at m/z 449.1084, 449.1082, 449.1077, 449.1073 and 449.1079, and they had same fragment ion at m/z 287.0553 ([M-C6H10O5+H]+). Compounds 1, 2 and 3 were identified as iso-orientin, orientin and luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside through comparison with relevant reference substances (15–17, 25). However, compounds 4 and 5 were concluded as luteolin-5-O-β-d-glucoside and luteolin-4′-O-β-d-glucoside on the basis of the MS/MS data at m/z 287.0565, which were firstly detected in C. communis Linn. Compounds 6–8 had identifical protonated molecule ions [M + H]+ at m/z 463.1244, 463.1247 and 463.1236, which were detected at 8.36, 12.32 and 15.49 min. They were judged as chrysoeriol-7-O-β-d-glucoside (3), flavocommelitin (25) and luteolin-7-methylether-4′-O-glucoside in accordance with the secondary fragment ions at m/z 301.0122 ([M-C6H10O5+H]+) and 287.0605 ([M-C6H10O5-CH2+H]+). Among of them, luteolin-7-methylether-4′-O-glucoside was firstly isolated from C. communis Linn. Compounds 9 and 10 were eluted at 10.34 and 10.92 min, showing the protonated molecule ions [M + H]+ at m/z 433.1132 and 433.1131. And their fragment ions were same as that of reference substances. So they were confirmed to be vetexin (15, 16, 25) and iso-vetexin (15, 16), and the characteristic fragment ions all were detected at m/z 397.0927, 379.0795, 351.0884, 313.0708 and 283.0605. Compounds 11 and 12 eluted at 11.15 and 11.94 min were observed in the XIC at m/z 465.1029 and 465.1032 ([M + H]+). They had parallel characteristic fragment ion at m/z 303.0507 ([M-C6H10O5+H]+), which was consistent with MS/MS data of reference substance. Therefore, they were ensured to be hyperin and isoquercitrin (3). Among of them, hyperin was firstly gained in C. communis Linn. Compound 13 was eluted at 11.15 min with the prontonated molecule ion of m/z 611.1610 ([M + H]+). The characteristic product ions at m/z 465.1020 ([M-C6H10O4+H]+) and 303.0517 ([M-C12H20O9+H]+) appeared in the MS/MS spectrum, which were the same as the fragment ions of reference substance. As a consequence, it was ascertain as rutin (25). The protonated molecule of m/z 447.1288 ([M + H]+, compound 14), eluted at 11.90 min, showed a series of distinctive fragment ions at m/z 285.1330 and 267.0654 by loss of C6H10O5 and H2O. According to these characteristic fragments, it was identified to be swertisin (17). The protonated molecule ion of m/z 343.1182 (compound 15) was eluted at 13.59 min. It showed a series of distinctive fragment ions at m/z 301.1374 and 283.1034 by loss of CO, CH2 and 2CH2O. Then it was deduced as 3,3′,4′,7-tetramethoxyflavone (14). Compounds 16 and 17 with the protonated molecule ions at m/z 479.1191 and 479.1189 ([M + H])+ were detected 15.09 and 15.30 min. The MS/MS were found at m/z 317.0665([M-C6H10O5+H]+) and 302.0454 ([M-C6H10O5-CH3+H]+) in the XIC of compounds 16 and 17. According to the characteristic fragments, compounds 16 and 17 were deduced as isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside (3) and isorhamnetin-7-O-β-d-glucoside. The compound 17 was deduced on the basis of the MS/MS information. Compounds 18–20 were detected at m/z 303.0501, 301.0710 and 317.0656 ([M + H]+), eluted at 16.56, 17.25 and 17.35 min, respectively. They were determined as quercetin, diosmetin and isorhamnetin (3) according to the fact that their MS/MS fragment ions were well matched with the corresponding standard substances. What is more, quercetin and disometin were found under the experiment conditions for the first time. Phenolic acids Compounds 21, 29 appeared at 1.12 and 22.18 min with protonated molecule ions ([M + H]+) at m/z 185.0439 and 179.0703. The distinctive fragments of compound 21 were observed at m/z 170.1081 and 142.0798 by loss of CH3 and CO. So it was inferred as methyl gallate (17). The MS/MS of compound 29 were gained at m/z 161.0590, 133.0659, 118.0412 and 90.0475 through loss of H2O, CH2O, O, CO, CH3 and CH = CH. Therefore, compound 29 was concluded as methyl 4-hydroxycinnamate (15, 16, 19). Compounds 22, 26–28 were showed at 3.57, 4.30, 5.06 and 8.79 min. The protonated molecule ions ([M + H]+) were showed at m/z 355.1028, 169.0493, 123.0442 and 195.0653, respectively. Their fragment ions were same as that of reference substances. So they were ascertained as chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid (25), р-hydroxybenzaldehyde and ferulic acid. Moreover, compounds 22, 27 and 28 were recognized for the first time. The protonated molecule ions ([M + H]+) of compounds 23–25 (14, 25) were detected at m/z 199.0602, 199.0599 and 199.0602, eluted at 1.75, 3.09 and 3.83 min. The MS/MS of compound 23 were found at m/z 181.0489, 155.0733, 140.0468, 125.0236, 111.0330, 95.0506 and 77.0404. The secondary fragment ions of compound 24 were detected at m/z 184.0332, 153.0615, 141.0724 and 109.0667. The typical fragment ions of compound 25 were observed at m/z 153.0556, 139.0393, 125.0594, 111.0445, 95.0499 and 79.0551, so it was deduced as syringic acid. The structures of compounds 23 and 24 were shown in the Figure S1. The fragmentation pathways of compounds 23, 24 and 25 were same, getting the fragment ions by successful loss of H2O, CO2, CH3, CH2, CH2O and O. Alkaloids The alkaloidal compounds were detected in ESI+ mode. The compounds 30–33 with protonated molecule ions ([M + H]+) at m/z 356.1566, 194.1023, 164.0920 and 169.0758 were inferred as 7-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-α-homonojirmycin (6, 15, 16), α-homonojirmycin (6, 15, 16), 1-deoxynojirimycin (6, 15, 16) and norharman (15, 16), respectively, and they were showed at 0.73, 0.76, 0.78 and 5.61 min. The MS/MS of compound 30 were received at m/z 194.1032, 176.0924, 158.0817 and 140.0817, which lost C6H10O5, H2O, H2O and H2O. The secondary fragments of compound 31 were gained at m/z 176.0909 ([M-H2O+H]+), 158.0823 ([M-2H2O+H]+) and 140.0720 ([M-3H2O+H]+). The characteristic fragment ions of compound 32 were observed at m/z 146.0814, 128.0709, 110.0607 and 82.0664 by loss of H2O, H2O, H2O and CO. The typical fragment ions of compound 33 were acquired at m/z 142.0649 ([M-CHN + H]+) and 115.0546 ([M-2CHN+H]+). Pyrimidine alkaloids Compound 34 was detected with precursor ion at m/z 268.1043 ([M + H]+), and was eluted at 1.05 min. A series of distinctive fragment ions (26) were received at m/z 152.0566 ([M-C5H8O3+H]+), 136.0623 ([M-C5H8O4+H]+) and 119.0353 ([M-C5H8O4-NH2+H]+). The compound 34 was named as adenosine (15, 16). Sterols Sterols compounds were detected in the positive ESI mode, which included stigmast-5-ene-3β, 7α-diol (compound 35) (15, 16) and fridelin (compound 36) (15, 16). Their protonated molecule ions ([M + H]+) were detected at m/z 431.3887 and 427.3931, and they were eluted at 21.99 and 23.13 min, respectively. The MS/MS of compound 35 were showed at m/z 317.2086, 233.1533 and 215.1428 by loss of C8H18, C5H6, H2O and H2O, and the fragment ions of compound 36 were obtained at m/z 409.1083 ([M-H2O+H]+) and 331.0528 ([M-H2O-C6H5+H]+). Fatty acid and others Compound 37 was detected at 14.90 min with precursor ions at m/z 316.1550 ([M + H]+). The major fragment ions were showed at m/z 138.0917 ([M-C10H10O3+H]+) and 121.0658 ([M-C10H10O3-OH + H]+). And it was inferred as commelinins A (15, 16). Compound 38 was judged as (E-N [4-(2-hydroxyethyl) phenyl]-3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-acrylamide) (17) in light of the distinctive fragment ions at m/z 164.0632, 147.0447, 119.0497 and 103.0552 by missing C8H9N, OH, CO and O. The precursor ion was at m/z 284.1291 ([M + H]+), and it was eluted at 16.00 min. The negative ESI mode Flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides Compounds 39 and 40 eluted at 4.37 and 14.96 min, respectively, showed deprotonated molecule ions [M−H]– at m/z 623.1647 and 623.1647. The typical fragments of compound 39 appeared at m/z 479.1477 and 315.0516 by loss of C6H8O4 and C12H20O9. Moreover, the characteristic fragment ions of compound 40 were gained at m/z 461.1120 and 299.0539 by loss of C6H10O5 and C12H20O10. Therefore, they were inferred to be isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (3) and flavocommelin (15, 16). Compound 41 with deprotonated molecular ion [M−H]− at m/z 607.1694 was detected at 4.44 min. The characteristic fragment ions were acquired at m/z 445.1138 and 283.1032 by loss of C6H10O5 and C12H20O10. The compound 41 was deduced as flavocommelinin A (15, 16) based on the secondary fragments. Compound 42 was eluted at 16.14 min with a deprotonated molecule ion of m/z 591.1729 ([M−H]−). A series of product ions of compound 42 were detected at m/z 445.2241 ([M-C6H10O4-H]−) and 283.0117 ([M-C12H20O9-H]−), so it was deduced as 2′′-O-α-l-rhamnosylswertisin (16, 17). Compound 43 gave a deprotonated molecule [M−H]– at m/z 415.1039, which was observed at a retention time of 16.16 min. It was judged as isofurcatain (3) in light of product ion at m/z 269.0446 gained through loss of C6H10O4. Compounds 44–47 with deprotonated molecule ions ([M−H]−) at m/z 285.0407, 269.0461, 285.0406 and 283.0622 had the retention time of 16.49, 17.10, 17.20 and 18.47 min, respectively. The chromatogram retention time and MS/MS fragment ions kept consistent with that of reference substances. Their characteristic fragments were showed in the Table II. Hence, it were confirmed that they were luteolin (14, 15), apigenin (14, 15), kaempferol and acacetin according the secondary ions and retention times. Compounds 46 and 47 were observed for the first time. Phenolic acids Compounds 48, 51, 53–55 were showed at 1.08, 3.42, 4.91, 6.98 and 13.93 min. The precursor ions ([M−H]−) were showed at m/z 139.0041, 137.0249, 121.0299, 163.0407 and 187.0981. Secondary fragments of compound 48 were detected at m/z 94.0312 ([M-COOH-H]−) and 67.0218 ([M-COO-CO-H]−). Characteristic fragment ions of compound 51 were acquired at m/z 93.0363 ([M-CO2-H]−) and 75.0098 ([M-CO2-H2O-H]−). MS/MS data of compound 53 were observed at m/z 93.0347 and 75.0138 missing CO and H2O. Typical product ions of compound 54 were received at m/z 119.0513, 103.0109 and 93.0356 losing CO2, O and CH = CH. Distinctive fragment ions of compound 55 were showed at m/z 142.0039 ([M-COOH-H]−), 125.0972 ([M-COOH-OH-H]−) and 97.0673 ([M-2COOH]−). According to fragmentation information, compounds 48, 51, 53–55 were deduced as cumaric acid (14), р-hydroxybenzoic acid (3), benzoic acid (25), р-hydroxycinnamic acid (3) and azelaic acid (25), respectively. Compounds 49, 50 and 52 turned up at 2.07, 3.14 and 4.42 min with the precursor ions ([M−H]−) at m/z 153.0199, 137.0250 and 179.0357. The product ions of compound 49, 50 and 52 were well matched with the related reference substances. Hence, the compound 49, 50 and 52 were confirmed as protocatechuate (25), 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and caffeic acid (3). Sterols Compound 56 was found at 24.66 min with a deprotonated molecule ion ([M−H]−) at m/z 411.3628. The characteristic fragment ions were detected at m/z 393.3393 ([M-H2O-H]−) and 349.3472 ([M-H2O-C3H8-H]−). According to the fragmentation information, the compound 56 was deduced as stigmasterol (14). Fatty acid and others The deprotonated molecule ions ([M−H]−) of compounds 57–59 were showed at m/z 181.0720, 160.0411 and 419.1343 from the XIC, which were eluted at 0.79, 9.99 and 13.21 min. The compound 57 (27) had the MS/MS at m/z 163.0560 ([M-H2O-H]−) and 101.0241 ([M-H2O-C2H6O2-H]−). Compound 58 owed the typical fragment ion at m/z 116.0509 ([M-CO2-H]−). Compound 59 possessed the characteristic fragment ions at m/z 373.0822 and 341.1208, which were received by loss of CH2O, O, O and O. On the basis of the fragment informant, compound 57–59 were inferred as d-mannose (4, 15, 16), 3-carboxy-indole (17) and rhaponticin (17). Compounds 60–62 with the deprontonated molecule ions at m/z 739.2176 ([M+HCOOH-H]−), 283.1181 ([M−H]−) and 683.2644 ([M−H]−) were eluted at 14.02, 15.92 and 16.66 min. Compound 60 showed the MS/MS at m/z 693.2124 and 387.0905 by loss of HCOOH and C12H18O9. Compound 61 had the secondary fragments ion at m/z 121.1021 ([M-C6H10O5-H]−). Compound 62 owed the characteristic fragment ions at m/z 520.2025, 504.1712 and 352.1187 by loss of C8H9N, CH2, CH2O, O, C8H9N and CH3O. Therefore, they were inferred as 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-β-truxinic acid (17), 2-phenylethyl-β-d-glucoside (17) and commelinin B (15, 16). Quantitative study for C. communis Linn. samples by HPLC–MS-MS Linearity, limit of detection and limit of quantification Stock solution containing 13 reference compounds were diluted to appropriate concentrations with methanol–water (80:20, v:v) for establishment of calibration curves. A total of seven concentrations of the solution were analyzed, and then the calibration curves were constructed by plotting the peak area (Y) versus the concentration (X, ng mL−1) for each analyte. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) under the present chromatographic conditions were determined at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of ~3 and 10, respectively. The results were list in Table III. Table III. Regression, LODs and LOQs for the Investigated Compounds Component Regression equationa r Linear range (μg mL−1) LODb (ng mL−1) LOQc (ng mL−1) Orientin Y = 6.394 × 104x − 2.010 × 104 0.999 6 0.9775–62.56 1.57 6.32 Iso-orientin Y = 3.790 × 104x+2.264 × 105 0.999 1 2.050–131.2 0.881 3.52 Vitexin Y = 1.068 × 105x+9.162 × 102 0.999 7 1.212–77.57 7.51 30.3 Isovitexin Y = 6.674 × 104x+1.199 × 103 0.999 5 0.1278–8.175 3.78 15.1 Rutin Y = 5.696 × 104x+1.394 × 105 0.999 2 2.438–156.0 1.67 6.67 Apigenin Y = 3.517 × 106x+5.876 × 103 0.999 4 0.0003595–0.05750 0.00685 0.0264 Protocatechuate Y = 1.019 × 105x−7.882 × 103 0.999 8 0.2040–13.06 13.2 52.8 Vanillic acid Y = 2.188 × 104x−2.386 × 103 0.999 8 0.1778–11.38 27.1 81.2 Caffeic acid Y = 8.547 × 105x−5.968 × 103 0.999 7 0.05015–3.210 3.72 7.43 Ferulic acid Y = 2.642 × 104x−1.030 × 103 0.999 9 0.1882–12.05 7.05 28.2 Luteolin Y = 2.207 × 106x+1.714 × 104 0.999 1 0.008360–0.5350 0.00661 0.0264 Quercetin Y = 2.798 × 106x+8.874 × 103 0.999 7 0.001874–0.1199 0.0132 0.846 Isorhamnetin Y = 2.173 × 106x+6.767 × 102 0.999 7 0.0008225–0.05265 0.0296 0.599 Component Regression equationa r Linear range (μg mL−1) LODb (ng mL−1) LOQc (ng mL−1) Orientin Y = 6.394 × 104x − 2.010 × 104 0.999 6 0.9775–62.56 1.57 6.32 Iso-orientin Y = 3.790 × 104x+2.264 × 105 0.999 1 2.050–131.2 0.881 3.52 Vitexin Y = 1.068 × 105x+9.162 × 102 0.999 7 1.212–77.57 7.51 30.3 Isovitexin Y = 6.674 × 104x+1.199 × 103 0.999 5 0.1278–8.175 3.78 15.1 Rutin Y = 5.696 × 104x+1.394 × 105 0.999 2 2.438–156.0 1.67 6.67 Apigenin Y = 3.517 × 106x+5.876 × 103 0.999 4 0.0003595–0.05750 0.00685 0.0264 Protocatechuate Y = 1.019 × 105x−7.882 × 103 0.999 8 0.2040–13.06 13.2 52.8 Vanillic acid Y = 2.188 × 104x−2.386 × 103 0.999 8 0.1778–11.38 27.1 81.2 Caffeic acid Y = 8.547 × 105x−5.968 × 103 0.999 7 0.05015–3.210 3.72 7.43 Ferulic acid Y = 2.642 × 104x−1.030 × 103 0.999 9 0.1882–12.05 7.05 28.2 Luteolin Y = 2.207 × 106x+1.714 × 104 0.999 1 0.008360–0.5350 0.00661 0.0264 Quercetin Y = 2.798 × 106x+8.874 × 103 0.999 7 0.001874–0.1199 0.0132 0.846 Isorhamnetin Y = 2.173 × 106x+6.767 × 102 0.999 7 0.0008225–0.05265 0.0296 0.599 aY: peak area; X: concentration of compound (ng mL−1). bLOD, limit of detection. cLOQ, limit of quantification. Table III. Regression, LODs and LOQs for the Investigated Compounds Component Regression equationa r Linear range (μg mL−1) LODb (ng mL−1) LOQc (ng mL−1) Orientin Y = 6.394 × 104x − 2.010 × 104 0.999 6 0.9775–62.56 1.57 6.32 Iso-orientin Y = 3.790 × 104x+2.264 × 105 0.999 1 2.050–131.2 0.881 3.52 Vitexin Y = 1.068 × 105x+9.162 × 102 0.999 7 1.212–77.57 7.51 30.3 Isovitexin Y = 6.674 × 104x+1.199 × 103 0.999 5 0.1278–8.175 3.78 15.1 Rutin Y = 5.696 × 104x+1.394 × 105 0.999 2 2.438–156.0 1.67 6.67 Apigenin Y = 3.517 × 106x+5.876 × 103 0.999 4 0.0003595–0.05750 0.00685 0.0264 Protocatechuate Y = 1.019 × 105x−7.882 × 103 0.999 8 0.2040–13.06 13.2 52.8 Vanillic acid Y = 2.188 × 104x−2.386 × 103 0.999 8 0.1778–11.38 27.1 81.2 Caffeic acid Y = 8.547 × 105x−5.968 × 103 0.999 7 0.05015–3.210 3.72 7.43 Ferulic acid Y = 2.642 × 104x−1.030 × 103 0.999 9 0.1882–12.05 7.05 28.2 Luteolin Y = 2.207 × 106x+1.714 × 104 0.999 1 0.008360–0.5350 0.00661 0.0264 Quercetin Y = 2.798 × 106x+8.874 × 103 0.999 7 0.001874–0.1199 0.0132 0.846 Isorhamnetin Y = 2.173 × 106x+6.767 × 102 0.999 7 0.0008225–0.05265 0.0296 0.599 Component Regression equationa r Linear range (μg mL−1) LODb (ng mL−1) LOQc (ng mL−1) Orientin Y = 6.394 × 104x − 2.010 × 104 0.999 6 0.9775–62.56 1.57 6.32 Iso-orientin Y = 3.790 × 104x+2.264 × 105 0.999 1 2.050–131.2 0.881 3.52 Vitexin Y = 1.068 × 105x+9.162 × 102 0.999 7 1.212–77.57 7.51 30.3 Isovitexin Y = 6.674 × 104x+1.199 × 103 0.999 5 0.1278–8.175 3.78 15.1 Rutin Y = 5.696 × 104x+1.394 × 105 0.999 2 2.438–156.0 1.67 6.67 Apigenin Y = 3.517 × 106x+5.876 × 103 0.999 4 0.0003595–0.05750 0.00685 0.0264 Protocatechuate Y = 1.019 × 105x−7.882 × 103 0.999 8 0.2040–13.06 13.2 52.8 Vanillic acid Y = 2.188 × 104x−2.386 × 103 0.999 8 0.1778–11.38 27.1 81.2 Caffeic acid Y = 8.547 × 105x−5.968 × 103 0.999 7 0.05015–3.210 3.72 7.43 Ferulic acid Y = 2.642 × 104x−1.030 × 103 0.999 9 0.1882–12.05 7.05 28.2 Luteolin Y = 2.207 × 106x+1.714 × 104 0.999 1 0.008360–0.5350 0.00661 0.0264 Quercetin Y = 2.798 × 106x+8.874 × 103 0.999 7 0.001874–0.1199 0.0132 0.846 Isorhamnetin Y = 2.173 × 106x+6.767 × 102 0.999 7 0.0008225–0.05265 0.0296 0.599 aY: peak area; X: concentration of compound (ng mL−1). bLOD, limit of detection. cLOQ, limit of quantification. Precision The precision of method was validated by analyzing C. communis Linn. sample, which included intra- and inter-day precision. The intra-day precision was performed by repeating six times within 1 day, while the inter-day precision was consecutively performed on three days. The determination of 13 ingredients investigated was performed from corresponding calibration curve. Relative standard deviation (RSD) values of peak area for each of compound were calculated respectively. The results showed that the RSD values of intra- and inter-day precision were <1.04 and 0.92%, respectively. Accuracy Accuracy of the method was received by spiking the mixed standard solutions with three different concentration levels (low, medium and high) to prepare known amount of C. communis Linn. samples, which were dealt with through the above proposed method. Moreover, triplicate samples were conducted for each level. The result showed that the average recoveries of 13 components measured were in range of 98.64–100.8% and RSD values were in range of 0.11–0.78%. Stability The stability of the sample was analyzed at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h at room temperature, respectively. The results showed that RSD values of all measured peak area were <0.59%, indicating a good stability. Matrix effects The evaluation of matrix effects is a vital issue for the analysis of botanical extracts by HPLC–ESI-MS-MS. Co-eluting compounds originating from matrix can lead to signal enhancement or suppression (28). The matrix effects of 13 components were quantitatively investigated, which was performed by adding known amounts of the mixed standard solution at three levels (low, medium and high) to half of the extraction samples and recording the analyte peak areas of the spiked sample matrix (A), the other half of the extraction samples (B) and the standard solutions (C) (28, 29). Moreover, triplicate samples were prepared at each level. Matrix effects were calculated using the following equation: matrix effect (%) = (A–B)/C × 100%. The matrix effects of 13 components ranged from 93.4 to 103.1% and the values of RSD were in range of 0.34–1.31%, which indicated that the matrix effects had no influence. Repeatability The repeatability experiment was performed by preparing for six independent sample solutions of C. communis Linn. in parallel. The RSD values of 13 compounds were not more than 0.97%, which showed a good reproducibility. The results of precision, repeatability, accuracy, stability and matrix effect were showed in Table S1 and Table IV, respectively. Table IV. Matrix Effects of 13 Components in Commelina communis Linn. Compound Spiked (μg) Matrix effect (%) RSD (%) Compound Spiked (μg) Matrix effect (%) RSD (%) Orientin 10.33 95.3 0.82 Vanillic acid 4.613 98.3 1.09 13.37 97.1 1.03 5.785 95.9 0.94 15.92 94.3 0.79 6.936 99.6 1.03 Iso-orientin 33.48 96.2 0.48 Caffeic acid 0.4684 97.9 0.39 41.92 94.6 0.34 0.5844 95.1 0.84 50.33 93.4 0.56 0.7003 98.3 0.64 Vitexin 18.45 99.2 1.17 Ferulic acid 3.142 100.5 0.55 23.12 96.6 0.98 3.915 98.9 1.07 27.71 103.1 0.64 4.694 99.2 0.74 Isovitexin 3.170 97.8 1.12 Luteolin 0.2242 96.3 1.19 3.986 99.5 1.01 0.2796 95.8 1.11 4.785 95.6 0.89 0.3349 97.4 0.99 Rutin 40.10 98.4 0.72 Quercetin 0.01615 98.3 0.59 50.06 100.2 0.54 0.02006 96.2 0.48 60.07 99.1 0.76 0.02396 97.5 0.73 Apigenin 0.01922 97.4 0.64 Isorhamnetin 0.01616 96.9 1.27 0.02415 98.3 1.18 0.02003 98.1 1.31 0.02892 99.5 0.92 0.02395 96.3 0.59 Protocatechuate 3.251 102.8 0.76 4.072 101.3 0.91 4.887 99.7 0.85 Compound Spiked (μg) Matrix effect (%) RSD (%) Compound Spiked (μg) Matrix effect (%) RSD (%) Orientin 10.33 95.3 0.82 Vanillic acid 4.613 98.3 1.09 13.37 97.1 1.03 5.785 95.9 0.94 15.92 94.3 0.79 6.936 99.6 1.03 Iso-orientin 33.48 96.2 0.48 Caffeic acid 0.4684 97.9 0.39 41.92 94.6 0.34 0.5844 95.1 0.84 50.33 93.4 0.56 0.7003 98.3 0.64 Vitexin 18.45 99.2 1.17 Ferulic acid 3.142 100.5 0.55 23.12 96.6 0.98 3.915 98.9 1.07 27.71 103.1 0.64 4.694 99.2 0.74 Isovitexin 3.170 97.8 1.12 Luteolin 0.2242 96.3 1.19 3.986 99.5 1.01 0.2796 95.8 1.11 4.785 95.6 0.89 0.3349 97.4 0.99 Rutin 40.10 98.4 0.72 Quercetin 0.01615 98.3 0.59 50.06 100.2 0.54 0.02006 96.2 0.48 60.07 99.1 0.76 0.02396 97.5 0.73 Apigenin 0.01922 97.4 0.64 Isorhamnetin 0.01616 96.9 1.27 0.02415 98.3 1.18 0.02003 98.1 1.31 0.02892 99.5 0.92 0.02395 96.3 0.59 Protocatechuate 3.251 102.8 0.76 4.072 101.3 0.91 4.887 99.7 0.85 Table IV. Matrix Effects of 13 Components in Commelina communis Linn. Compound Spiked (μg) Matrix effect (%) RSD (%) Compound Spiked (μg) Matrix effect (%) RSD (%) Orientin 10.33 95.3 0.82 Vanillic acid 4.613 98.3 1.09 13.37 97.1 1.03 5.785 95.9 0.94 15.92 94.3 0.79 6.936 99.6 1.03 Iso-orientin 33.48 96.2 0.48 Caffeic acid 0.4684 97.9 0.39 41.92 94.6 0.34 0.5844 95.1 0.84 50.33 93.4 0.56 0.7003 98.3 0.64 Vitexin 18.45 99.2 1.17 Ferulic acid 3.142 100.5 0.55 23.12 96.6 0.98 3.915 98.9 1.07 27.71 103.1 0.64 4.694 99.2 0.74 Isovitexin 3.170 97.8 1.12 Luteolin 0.2242 96.3 1.19 3.986 99.5 1.01 0.2796 95.8 1.11 4.785 95.6 0.89 0.3349 97.4 0.99 Rutin 40.10 98.4 0.72 Quercetin 0.01615 98.3 0.59 50.06 100.2 0.54 0.02006 96.2 0.48 60.07 99.1 0.76 0.02396 97.5 0.73 Apigenin 0.01922 97.4 0.64 Isorhamnetin 0.01616 96.9 1.27 0.02415 98.3 1.18 0.02003 98.1 1.31 0.02892 99.5 0.92 0.02395 96.3 0.59 Protocatechuate 3.251 102.8 0.76 4.072 101.3 0.91 4.887 99.7 0.85 Compound Spiked (μg) Matrix effect (%) RSD (%) Compound Spiked (μg) Matrix effect (%) RSD (%) Orientin 10.33 95.3 0.82 Vanillic acid 4.613 98.3 1.09 13.37 97.1 1.03 5.785 95.9 0.94 15.92 94.3 0.79 6.936 99.6 1.03 Iso-orientin 33.48 96.2 0.48 Caffeic acid 0.4684 97.9 0.39 41.92 94.6 0.34 0.5844 95.1 0.84 50.33 93.4 0.56 0.7003 98.3 0.64 Vitexin 18.45 99.2 1.17 Ferulic acid 3.142 100.5 0.55 23.12 96.6 0.98 3.915 98.9 1.07 27.71 103.1 0.64 4.694 99.2 0.74 Isovitexin 3.170 97.8 1.12 Luteolin 0.2242 96.3 1.19 3.986 99.5 1.01 0.2796 95.8 1.11 4.785 95.6 0.89 0.3349 97.4 0.99 Rutin 40.10 98.4 0.72 Quercetin 0.01615 98.3 0.59 50.06 100.2 0.54 0.02006 96.2 0.48 60.07 99.1 0.76 0.02396 97.5 0.73 Apigenin 0.01922 97.4 0.64 Isorhamnetin 0.01616 96.9 1.27 0.02415 98.3 1.18 0.02003 98.1 1.31 0.02892 99.5 0.92 0.02395 96.3 0.59 Protocatechuate 3.251 102.8 0.76 4.072 101.3 0.91 4.887 99.7 0.85 Sample determination Commelina communis Linn. samples (SD-1, SD-2, SD-3 and SD-4) in Qinhuangdao (China) were determined under the above conditions. Representative chromatograms were shown in Figure 1. Peak identify was established by comparing retention time of sample with that of reference compounds. The calibration curves were applied for the quantitative analysis of 13 compounds. The results of 13 analytes in C. communis Linn. samples were summarized in Table V. The results showed that the content of orientin, iso-orientin, vitexin, isovitexin, rutin in SD-3 and SD-4 were higher than that of in SD-1 and SD-2, which indicated that the content of 13 analytes were different according to the different dried methods and source. Table V. Contents of 13 Active Components in Commelina communis Linn. Sample ID Mass fraction (μg g−1) OrientIn Iso-orientin Vitexin Isovitexin Rutin Apigenin Protocatechuate Vanillic acid Caffeic acid Ferulic acid Luteolin Quercetin Isorhamnetin SD-1 24.02 79.26 44.12 5.229 137.4 0.03605 12.32 12.18 1.458 5.364 0.1948 0.06122 0.03720 SD-2 26.64 83.37 45.91 8.032 101.8 0.04835 8.132 11.67 1.169 7.822 0.5639 0.04183 0.04002 SD-3 190.0 344.8 109.1 15.00 641.0 0.02218 7.185 5.680 1.648 4.422 0.6065 0.2626 0.04404 SD-4 120.1 210.0 107.3 23.99 163.7 0.04434 8.152 5.784 1.950 6.194 0.1599 0.06953 0.02544 Sample ID Mass fraction (μg g−1) OrientIn Iso-orientin Vitexin Isovitexin Rutin Apigenin Protocatechuate Vanillic acid Caffeic acid Ferulic acid Luteolin Quercetin Isorhamnetin SD-1 24.02 79.26 44.12 5.229 137.4 0.03605 12.32 12.18 1.458 5.364 0.1948 0.06122 0.03720 SD-2 26.64 83.37 45.91 8.032 101.8 0.04835 8.132 11.67 1.169 7.822 0.5639 0.04183 0.04002 SD-3 190.0 344.8 109.1 15.00 641.0 0.02218 7.185 5.680 1.648 4.422 0.6065 0.2626 0.04404 SD-4 120.1 210.0 107.3 23.99 163.7 0.04434 8.152 5.784 1.950 6.194 0.1599 0.06953 0.02544 Table V. Contents of 13 Active Components in Commelina communis Linn. Sample ID Mass fraction (μg g−1) OrientIn Iso-orientin Vitexin Isovitexin Rutin Apigenin Protocatechuate Vanillic acid Caffeic acid Ferulic acid Luteolin Quercetin Isorhamnetin SD-1 24.02 79.26 44.12 5.229 137.4 0.03605 12.32 12.18 1.458 5.364 0.1948 0.06122 0.03720 SD-2 26.64 83.37 45.91 8.032 101.8 0.04835 8.132 11.67 1.169 7.822 0.5639 0.04183 0.04002 SD-3 190.0 344.8 109.1 15.00 641.0 0.02218 7.185 5.680 1.648 4.422 0.6065 0.2626 0.04404 SD-4 120.1 210.0 107.3 23.99 163.7 0.04434 8.152 5.784 1.950 6.194 0.1599 0.06953 0.02544 Sample ID Mass fraction (μg g−1) OrientIn Iso-orientin Vitexin Isovitexin Rutin Apigenin Protocatechuate Vanillic acid Caffeic acid Ferulic acid Luteolin Quercetin Isorhamnetin SD-1 24.02 79.26 44.12 5.229 137.4 0.03605 12.32 12.18 1.458 5.364 0.1948 0.06122 0.03720 SD-2 26.64 83.37 45.91 8.032 101.8 0.04835 8.132 11.67 1.169 7.822 0.5639 0.04183 0.04002 SD-3 190.0 344.8 109.1 15.00 641.0 0.02218 7.185 5.680 1.648 4.422 0.6065 0.2626 0.04404 SD-4 120.1 210.0 107.3 23.99 163.7 0.04434 8.152 5.784 1.950 6.194 0.1599 0.06953 0.02544 Experiments compared with 50% methanol, 70% methanol, 95% methanol, 100% methanol, 50% ethanol, 70% ethanol, 95% ethanol and 100% ethanol as extraction solvent for C. communis Linn. sample, which showed that the extraction efficiency of 70% ethanol was highest. Afterwards comparing ultrasonic extraction and reflux extraction, the extraction efficiency was similar in two ways. Ultrasonic extraction was chose in this study, because ultrasonic was relatively quick and easy. It also examined ultrasonic frequency (once, twice and three times) and ultrasonic time (30, 40, 60 and 90 min). The results showed that continuous ultrasonic twice, 40 min every time, respectively, had highest extraction efficiency. Methanol–water and acetonitrile–water were chose as mobile phase for gradient eluting during the qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results showed that more compounds were observed using acetonitrile as eluent by UHPLC–Q-TOF-MS-MS. However, elutive power of two different mobile phases was similar for the quantitative analysis by HPLC–MS-MS. Because methanol was cheaper and smaller toxicity than acetonitrile, it was applied for determination of sample. Therefore, acetonitrile–water and methanol–water were served as eluent of qualitative and quantitative analysis, respectively. To improve peak shape, different concentrations of formic acid (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%) in water for qualitative and quantitative analysis study were compared, which showed that peak shape of 0.1% formic acid was best. Moreover, different concentrations of ammonium formate (1, 2 and 3 mmol L−1) and ammonium acetate (1, 2 and 3 mmol L−1) were compared. So acetonitrile–water (0.1% formic acid) was used for qualitative study, and methanol–water (0.1% formic acid, 2 mmol L−1 ammonium acetate) was the mobile phase for quantitative analysis. Conclusion In the present study, a powerful analytical strategy dependent on-line data acquisition combining with multiple post acquisition data processing was employed for fast screening and identification the chemical compositions of C. communis Linn. What is more, luteolin-5-O-β-d-glucoside (compound 4), luteolin-4′-O-β-d-glucoside (compound 5), luteolin-7-methylether-4′-O-glucoside (compound 8), hyperin (compound 11), hyperin (compound 11), isorhamnetin-7-O-β-d-glucoside (compound 17), diosmetin (compound 19), chlorogenic acid (compound 22), 4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethoxyl-benzoic acid (compound 23), 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxy-benzoic acid (compound 24), р-hydroxybenzaldehyde (compound 27), ferulic acid (compound 28), methyl 4-hydroxycinnamate (compound 29), kaempferol (compound 46), acacetin (compound 47) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (compound 50) were firstly gained in C. communis Linn. The fragmentation pathways of flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols and phenolic acid were shown in Figure 3. And 13 compounds exiting in C. communis Linn were firstly determined by HPLC–MS-MS. Many isomers were found in C. communis Linn., which were distinguish through Clog P values This is the first report of simultaneous qualitative and quantitate study of main chemical components of C. communis Linn. by UHPLC–Q-TOF-MS-MS and HPLC–MS-MS. Furthermore, the application of this approach provided essential data for further studies of C. communis Linn. Figure 3. View largeDownload slide The predominant fragmentation pathways of flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols and phenolic acid. Figure 3. View largeDownload slide The predominant fragmentation pathways of flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols and phenolic acid. Supplementary Data Supplementary data are available at Journal of Chromatographic Science online. Acknowledgments Thanks for the instrument support of the Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University. Conflict of interest statement The authors have declared no conflict of interest. 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Journal of Chromatographic Science – Oxford University Press
Published: Apr 11, 2018