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Rhinovirus – New Insights Into a Complex Epidemiology

Rhinovirus – New Insights Into a Complex Epidemiology Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/218/6/845/4976534 by DeepDyve user on 18 July 2022 Rhinovirus – New Insights Into a Complex Epidemiology Martin G Ottolini, Allison M W Malloy Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/218/6/845/4976534 by DeepDyve user on 18 July 2022 The Journal of Infectious Diseases EDITORIAL COMMENT ARY Martin G. Ottolini and Allison M. W. Malloy Department of Pediatrics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD (See the Major Article by Martin et al, on pages 848–55.) Keywords. rhinovirus; daycare; pediatric; transmission; epidemiology; wheezing; genotype; sequencing; PCR; respiratory. especially from younger children, with Many of us recall the excitement early in by the high rates of recovery of HRV from ARI. A European study of children (under this century when advances in molecular asymptomatic individuals, a problem not September 14  years of age) with radiologically con- diagnostics led clinicians to detect sur- addressed in studies that only sample firmed community-acquired pneumonia prisingly high rates of rhinovirus from symptomatic individuals without a sim- ilar asymptomatic comparison group [5]. (CAP) reported 29% with HRV, 40% of patients with serious respiratory dis- Subsequent studies sought to better whom yielded concurrent recovery of 2 or ease. One of the first of these studies was describe the role of the 3 major species of more viruses [8]. Concurrent viral infec- reported by Miller et al, in this journal in HRV (A, B, C) in hospitalized children and tion was most common in infants under 2007, where human rhinovirus (HRV) adults, comparing recovery rates to similar a year of age, although clinical severity was identified by culture and polymerase asymptomatic control groups, while look- was not increased in those subjects. HRV chain reaction (PCR) of respiratory spec- ing for differences in severity of clinical dis- was the most commonly identified patho- imens in 26% of children under the age ease among the species. A large multicenter gen in the Etiology of Pneumonia in the of 5  years hospitalized with acute respi- study of 1947 hospitalizations in children Community Study (EPIC), supported by ratory infection (ARI) or fever [1]. The for ARI found nearly 4-fold higher rates of the Centers for Disease Control, where it authors also suggested an important HRV-A detection in ill 24 to 59 month olds, was recovered in 9% of hospitalized adults association of serious illness with HRV and 2-fold higher rates of HRV-C in ill 6 to with CAP, yet was rarely identified in an in patients with a history of wheezing 59-month-old children, compared to 784 asymptomatic control group [9]. In con- or asthma. e Th ability of HRV to alter children sampled at well-child visits [6]. trast, similar rates of HRV were identi- innate immune responses may contrib- es Th e findings supported a role for HRV in fied in children <18 years of age admitted ute to more-severe disease in asthmat- clinical disease and again noted an associ- for radiographically proven CAP (22%), ics, and play a role in the development GOVERNMENT ation with asthma or wheezing, although compared to asymptomatic controls of subsequent wheezing, particularly in clinical presentations were similar across all (17%), adjusted for age and enrolled at the those genetically predisposed to allergic 3 species. A Spanish study reported that the same study sites [10]. A nested EPIC study phenotypes [2, 3]. An accompanying edi- A and C species of rhinovirus were associ- analyzed the 13 most common respiratory torial suggested that rhinovirus should ated more specifically with wheezing and viruses, and noted a 24.4% isolation rate for now be recognized as “more than just a asthma, while B was more associated with 1 or more viruses from asymptomatic chil- common cold virus,” because of similar pneumonia [7]. e Th association of disease dren [11]. Additionally, a recent single-site observations replicated globally in sev- severity and wheezing with HRV species study documented a 10.7% recovery rate eral studies [4]. However, attempts to link and genotype has relied primarily upon of HRV in children with CAP, which was HRV with clinical disease are challenged sequencing of VP1, a capsid gene, which lower than the 22.4% in controls [12]. The has a very high rate of mutation, rather authors of that study, as well as others, have Received 13 April 2018; editorial decision 13 April 2018; than the entire genome. This limits com- suggested that the initial excitement over accepted 18 April 2018; published online April 19, 2018. parison between studies and results in very the contribution of HRV to respiratory dis- Correspondence: M.  G. Ottolini, MD, Department of Pediatrics, F.  Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed divergent genotype associations. ease might be overestimated. Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Expanding use of multiplex diagnostic e ra Th nge of these studies, and their Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799 (mottolini@usuhs.edu). platforms has enabled further insight into mixed findings, underscore the need to The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2018;218:845–7 Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases the association of disease with rhinovi- develop a better understanding of the basic Society of America 2018. This work is written by (a) US rus, as epidemiologic studies now rou- epidemiology of rhinoviruses in children Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US. tinely identify additional “copathogens,” and adults. This cannot be accomplished by DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy233 EDITORIAL COMMENTARY • JID 2018:218 (15 September) • 845 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/218/6/845/4976534 by DeepDyve user on 18 July 2022 sampling symptomatic individuals alone, epidemiologic results. Samples obtained that will require careful study design and or by identifying the relative distribution were a heterologous mix of 41 differ - considerable resources for future studies of the 3 species in unrelated populations. ent predominantly A and C genotypes. of the epidemiology, transmission, clini- In this issue of eTh Journal of Infectious Eleven different clusters of like geno- cal disease, and the role of coinfection in Diseases, Martin et  al bring much more types occurred, in patterns suggesting respiratory disease associated with HRV clarity into the epidemiology of baseline easy person-to-person spread within and [13]. Future studies must identify rates of rhinovirus shedding, and recovery during between classrooms. However, the mix- recovery from a comparison group from clinical disease, through their longitudinal ture in the smallest classroom, as well as the same population, when making con- study of children enrolled in a set of day- among the entire population, changed clusions about any subset of symptomatic care center classrooms [13]. This popu- dynamically every week, with cocircu- individuals. Additionally, complete viral lation (5 weeks to 30  months of age) was lation of multiple genotypes. The lack of genome sequencing will be necessary to sampled at enrollment, establishing a rele- evidence for any protection against serial make meaningful observations regard- vant comparison group from the popula- and subsequent infection was dramatic. ing patterns of transmission and cluster- tion being studied, in addition to obtaining Children rarely shed the same genotype ing of infections. Determining when the weekly longitudinal sampling information for more than 2 weeks, yet in at least 7 presence of HRV indicates asymptomatic from symptomatic children with ARI, longer sequential illnesses, the recovered shedding as opposed to symptomatic dis- until illness resolution or negative PCRs. genotypes changed over time from the ease may be clarified by analysis of the host Furthermore, the authors were able to same individual. In summary, the cha- response, requiring increased biological determine genotypes for nearly half of the otic and unpredictable spread of such a sample acquisition and detailed analysis human rhinoviruses identified through heterotypic mix of viruses sheds consid- of immune responsiveness. A recent study full-length sequencing rather than single erable light on the very fluid diversity of reported that whole-blood RNA transcrip- or paired gene analysis. From this informa- this virus in a situation with “family-like” tomes revealed a relative increased innate tion they generated assessments regarding groupings of individuals. immune “signature” in infants and children circulation in the small classrooms envi- In 2 recent studies, including 1 of the with symptomatic HRV infections com- ronment of the childcare center. A  previ- larger studies of hospitalized children pared to asymptomatic individuals [17]. ous publication about this cohort reported discussed above [6], and an emergency Finally, elucidation of the role of copatho- that rhinovirus was the most frequent virus room sampling from children with ARI gens will require both longitudinal observa- isolated, but commonly in conjunction [15], results of genetic sequencing of tion and sampling, along with delineation with another virus (66% as coinfections), hundreds of the samples recovered from of immune responses to distinct patho- similar to other studies of infants [14]. unrelated individuals did not permit gens. As with many advances in our clin- HRV was identified by PCR in 49% of 455 many conclusions to be drawn regarding ical knowledge through the application of ARIs. Recurrent infection was common, patterns of circulation or transmission new and advanced methodologies, more occurring in nearly half of those with HRV of HRV. A  study of hospitalized HRV- questions and challenges are raised with infection. HRV was found in 41% of the positive children, however, found 2-fold each new level of understanding! initial swabs in asymptomatic enrollees, higher rates of HRV recovery from sib- Notes and in 30% of those with mild ARI symp- lings and parents (with half symptom- Disclaimer. e o Th pinions contained toms on enrollment. Species A, B, and atic), and frequently isolated the same herein are those of the authors and do not C were mixed among the asymptomatic genotype, suggesting efficient intrafa- necessarily reflect those of the Uniformed enrollees, while A and C predominated in mily transmission [16]. Yet even within Services University or the Department of symptomatic children. Overall, no signif- these immediate contacts, a variety of Defense icant differences in severity of illness, or unrelated rhinoviruses were also iso- Potential conifl cts of interest. Both even wheezing, were noted between A, B, lated, again demonstrating the extreme authors: No reported conflicts of inter - or C species; though children with C infec- heterogeneity of HRV. Further trans- est. Both authors have submitted the tion were observed to be less active, this mission studies will be challenging, as ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential did not result in a difference in school days the continued circulation of heterotypic Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the missed. The study noted that full sequence viruses is, as suggested by Martin et  al, editors consider relevant to the content of data were obtained from too few numbers very robust, and viral diversity will con- the manuscript have been disclosed. of symptomatic children to assess the asso- tinue to make identification of patterns ciation of genotype and sequence variation of spread difficult, even with powerful References with severity of disease. sequencing tools. e m Th ost interesting informa- This new work by Martin et al, coupled 1. Miller EK, Lu X, Erdman DD, et  al. tion gained was from the molecular with previous studies, identify challenges Rhinovirus-associated hospitaliza 846 • JID 2018:218 (15 September) • EDITORIAL COMMENTARY Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/218/6/845/4976534 by DeepDyve user on 18 July 2022 tions in young children. J Infect Dis infections in sick and healthy chil- pneumonia over-estimated? Eur J 2007; 195:773–81. dren in Spain. Pediatr Infect Dis J Pediatr 2016; 175:1951–8. 2. Durrani SR, Montville DJ, Pratt 2010; 29:717–20. 13. Martin ET, Kuypers J, Chu HY, et al. AS, et  al. Innate immune responses 8. Esposito S, Daleno C, Tagliabue C, Heterotypic infection and spread of to rhinovirus are reduced by the et al. Impact of rhinoviruses on pediat- rhinovirus A, B, and C among child- high-affinity IgE receptor in allergic ric community-acquired pneumonia. care attendees. J Infect Dis 2018. asthmatic children. J Allergy Clin Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 14. Martin ET, Fairchok MP, Stednick ZJ, Immunol 2012; 130:489–95. 31:1637–45. Kuypers J, Englund JA. Epidemiology 3. Turunen R, Jartti T, Bochkov YA, 9. Jain S, Self WH, Wunderink RG, et al.; of multiple respiratory viruses in Gern JE, Vuorinen T. Rhinovirus spe- CDC EPIC Study Team. Community- childcare attendees. J Infect Dis 2013; cies and clinical characteristics in the acquired pneumonia requiring hos- 207:982–9. first wheezing episode in children. J pitalization among U.S.  adults. N 15. Martin EK, Kuypers J, Chu HY, et al. Med Virol 2016; 88:2059–68. Engl J Med 2015; 373:415–27. Molecular epidemiology of human 4. Turner RB. Rhinovirus: more than 10. Jain S, Williams DJ, Arnold SR, et al.; rhinovirus infections in the pediatric just a common cold virus. J Infect Dis CDC EPIC Study Team. Community- emergency department. J Clin Virol 2007; 195:765–6. acquired pneumonia requiring hos- 2015; 62:25–31. 5. Hasegawa K, Linnemann RW, pitalization among U.S.  children. N 16. Peltola V, Waris M, Osterback R, Susi Avadhanula V, et  al. Detection of Engl J Med 2015; 372:835–45. P , Ruuskanen O, Hyypiä T. Rhinovirus respiratory syncytial virus and rhi- 11. Self WH, Williams DJ, Zhu Y, et  al. transmission within families with novirus in healthy infants. BMC Res Respiratory viral detection in chil- children: incidence of symptomatic Notes 2015; 8:718. dren and adults: comparing asymp- and asymptomatic infections. J Infect 6. Iwane MK, Prill MM, Lu X, et  al. tomatic controls and patients with Dis 2008; 197:382–9. Human rhinovirus species associated community-acquired pneumonia. J 17. Heinonen S, Jartti T, Garcia C, et  al. with hospitalizations for acute respi- Infect Dis 2016; 213:584–91. Rhinovirus detection in symptom- ratory illness in young US children. J 12. Spichak TV, Yatsyshina SB, Кatosova atic and asymptomatic children: Infect Dis 2011; 204:1702–10. LК, Kim SS, Korppi MO. Is the role value of host transcriptome analysis. 7. Calvo C, Casas I, García-García ML, of rhinoviruses as causative agents Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; et al. Role of rhinovirus C respiratory of pediatric community-acquired 193:772–82. EDITORIAL COMMENTARY • JID 2018:218 (15 September) • 847 http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png The Journal of Infectious Diseases Oxford University Press

Rhinovirus – New Insights Into a Complex Epidemiology

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Publisher
Oxford University Press
Copyright
Copyright © 2022 Infectious Diseases Society of America
ISSN
0022-1899
eISSN
1537-6613
DOI
10.1093/infdis/jiy233
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/218/6/845/4976534 by DeepDyve user on 18 July 2022 Rhinovirus – New Insights Into a Complex Epidemiology Martin G Ottolini, Allison M W Malloy Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/218/6/845/4976534 by DeepDyve user on 18 July 2022 The Journal of Infectious Diseases EDITORIAL COMMENT ARY Martin G. Ottolini and Allison M. W. Malloy Department of Pediatrics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD (See the Major Article by Martin et al, on pages 848–55.) Keywords. rhinovirus; daycare; pediatric; transmission; epidemiology; wheezing; genotype; sequencing; PCR; respiratory. especially from younger children, with Many of us recall the excitement early in by the high rates of recovery of HRV from ARI. A European study of children (under this century when advances in molecular asymptomatic individuals, a problem not September 14  years of age) with radiologically con- diagnostics led clinicians to detect sur- addressed in studies that only sample firmed community-acquired pneumonia prisingly high rates of rhinovirus from symptomatic individuals without a sim- ilar asymptomatic comparison group [5]. (CAP) reported 29% with HRV, 40% of patients with serious respiratory dis- Subsequent studies sought to better whom yielded concurrent recovery of 2 or ease. One of the first of these studies was describe the role of the 3 major species of more viruses [8]. Concurrent viral infec- reported by Miller et al, in this journal in HRV (A, B, C) in hospitalized children and tion was most common in infants under 2007, where human rhinovirus (HRV) adults, comparing recovery rates to similar a year of age, although clinical severity was identified by culture and polymerase asymptomatic control groups, while look- was not increased in those subjects. HRV chain reaction (PCR) of respiratory spec- ing for differences in severity of clinical dis- was the most commonly identified patho- imens in 26% of children under the age ease among the species. A large multicenter gen in the Etiology of Pneumonia in the of 5  years hospitalized with acute respi- study of 1947 hospitalizations in children Community Study (EPIC), supported by ratory infection (ARI) or fever [1]. The for ARI found nearly 4-fold higher rates of the Centers for Disease Control, where it authors also suggested an important HRV-A detection in ill 24 to 59 month olds, was recovered in 9% of hospitalized adults association of serious illness with HRV and 2-fold higher rates of HRV-C in ill 6 to with CAP, yet was rarely identified in an in patients with a history of wheezing 59-month-old children, compared to 784 asymptomatic control group [9]. In con- or asthma. e Th ability of HRV to alter children sampled at well-child visits [6]. trast, similar rates of HRV were identi- innate immune responses may contrib- es Th e findings supported a role for HRV in fied in children <18 years of age admitted ute to more-severe disease in asthmat- clinical disease and again noted an associ- for radiographically proven CAP (22%), ics, and play a role in the development GOVERNMENT ation with asthma or wheezing, although compared to asymptomatic controls of subsequent wheezing, particularly in clinical presentations were similar across all (17%), adjusted for age and enrolled at the those genetically predisposed to allergic 3 species. A Spanish study reported that the same study sites [10]. A nested EPIC study phenotypes [2, 3]. An accompanying edi- A and C species of rhinovirus were associ- analyzed the 13 most common respiratory torial suggested that rhinovirus should ated more specifically with wheezing and viruses, and noted a 24.4% isolation rate for now be recognized as “more than just a asthma, while B was more associated with 1 or more viruses from asymptomatic chil- common cold virus,” because of similar pneumonia [7]. e Th association of disease dren [11]. Additionally, a recent single-site observations replicated globally in sev- severity and wheezing with HRV species study documented a 10.7% recovery rate eral studies [4]. However, attempts to link and genotype has relied primarily upon of HRV in children with CAP, which was HRV with clinical disease are challenged sequencing of VP1, a capsid gene, which lower than the 22.4% in controls [12]. The has a very high rate of mutation, rather authors of that study, as well as others, have Received 13 April 2018; editorial decision 13 April 2018; than the entire genome. This limits com- suggested that the initial excitement over accepted 18 April 2018; published online April 19, 2018. parison between studies and results in very the contribution of HRV to respiratory dis- Correspondence: M.  G. Ottolini, MD, Department of Pediatrics, F.  Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed divergent genotype associations. ease might be overestimated. Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Expanding use of multiplex diagnostic e ra Th nge of these studies, and their Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799 (mottolini@usuhs.edu). platforms has enabled further insight into mixed findings, underscore the need to The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2018;218:845–7 Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases the association of disease with rhinovi- develop a better understanding of the basic Society of America 2018. This work is written by (a) US rus, as epidemiologic studies now rou- epidemiology of rhinoviruses in children Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US. tinely identify additional “copathogens,” and adults. This cannot be accomplished by DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy233 EDITORIAL COMMENTARY • JID 2018:218 (15 September) • 845 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/218/6/845/4976534 by DeepDyve user on 18 July 2022 sampling symptomatic individuals alone, epidemiologic results. Samples obtained that will require careful study design and or by identifying the relative distribution were a heterologous mix of 41 differ - considerable resources for future studies of the 3 species in unrelated populations. ent predominantly A and C genotypes. of the epidemiology, transmission, clini- In this issue of eTh Journal of Infectious Eleven different clusters of like geno- cal disease, and the role of coinfection in Diseases, Martin et  al bring much more types occurred, in patterns suggesting respiratory disease associated with HRV clarity into the epidemiology of baseline easy person-to-person spread within and [13]. Future studies must identify rates of rhinovirus shedding, and recovery during between classrooms. However, the mix- recovery from a comparison group from clinical disease, through their longitudinal ture in the smallest classroom, as well as the same population, when making con- study of children enrolled in a set of day- among the entire population, changed clusions about any subset of symptomatic care center classrooms [13]. This popu- dynamically every week, with cocircu- individuals. Additionally, complete viral lation (5 weeks to 30  months of age) was lation of multiple genotypes. The lack of genome sequencing will be necessary to sampled at enrollment, establishing a rele- evidence for any protection against serial make meaningful observations regard- vant comparison group from the popula- and subsequent infection was dramatic. ing patterns of transmission and cluster- tion being studied, in addition to obtaining Children rarely shed the same genotype ing of infections. Determining when the weekly longitudinal sampling information for more than 2 weeks, yet in at least 7 presence of HRV indicates asymptomatic from symptomatic children with ARI, longer sequential illnesses, the recovered shedding as opposed to symptomatic dis- until illness resolution or negative PCRs. genotypes changed over time from the ease may be clarified by analysis of the host Furthermore, the authors were able to same individual. In summary, the cha- response, requiring increased biological determine genotypes for nearly half of the otic and unpredictable spread of such a sample acquisition and detailed analysis human rhinoviruses identified through heterotypic mix of viruses sheds consid- of immune responsiveness. A recent study full-length sequencing rather than single erable light on the very fluid diversity of reported that whole-blood RNA transcrip- or paired gene analysis. From this informa- this virus in a situation with “family-like” tomes revealed a relative increased innate tion they generated assessments regarding groupings of individuals. immune “signature” in infants and children circulation in the small classrooms envi- In 2 recent studies, including 1 of the with symptomatic HRV infections com- ronment of the childcare center. A  previ- larger studies of hospitalized children pared to asymptomatic individuals [17]. ous publication about this cohort reported discussed above [6], and an emergency Finally, elucidation of the role of copatho- that rhinovirus was the most frequent virus room sampling from children with ARI gens will require both longitudinal observa- isolated, but commonly in conjunction [15], results of genetic sequencing of tion and sampling, along with delineation with another virus (66% as coinfections), hundreds of the samples recovered from of immune responses to distinct patho- similar to other studies of infants [14]. unrelated individuals did not permit gens. As with many advances in our clin- HRV was identified by PCR in 49% of 455 many conclusions to be drawn regarding ical knowledge through the application of ARIs. Recurrent infection was common, patterns of circulation or transmission new and advanced methodologies, more occurring in nearly half of those with HRV of HRV. A  study of hospitalized HRV- questions and challenges are raised with infection. HRV was found in 41% of the positive children, however, found 2-fold each new level of understanding! initial swabs in asymptomatic enrollees, higher rates of HRV recovery from sib- Notes and in 30% of those with mild ARI symp- lings and parents (with half symptom- Disclaimer. e o Th pinions contained toms on enrollment. Species A, B, and atic), and frequently isolated the same herein are those of the authors and do not C were mixed among the asymptomatic genotype, suggesting efficient intrafa- necessarily reflect those of the Uniformed enrollees, while A and C predominated in mily transmission [16]. Yet even within Services University or the Department of symptomatic children. Overall, no signif- these immediate contacts, a variety of Defense icant differences in severity of illness, or unrelated rhinoviruses were also iso- Potential conifl cts of interest. Both even wheezing, were noted between A, B, lated, again demonstrating the extreme authors: No reported conflicts of inter - or C species; though children with C infec- heterogeneity of HRV. Further trans- est. Both authors have submitted the tion were observed to be less active, this mission studies will be challenging, as ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential did not result in a difference in school days the continued circulation of heterotypic Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the missed. The study noted that full sequence viruses is, as suggested by Martin et  al, editors consider relevant to the content of data were obtained from too few numbers very robust, and viral diversity will con- the manuscript have been disclosed. of symptomatic children to assess the asso- tinue to make identification of patterns ciation of genotype and sequence variation of spread difficult, even with powerful References with severity of disease. sequencing tools. e m Th ost interesting informa- This new work by Martin et al, coupled 1. Miller EK, Lu X, Erdman DD, et  al. tion gained was from the molecular with previous studies, identify challenges Rhinovirus-associated hospitaliza 846 • JID 2018:218 (15 September) • EDITORIAL COMMENTARY Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/218/6/845/4976534 by DeepDyve user on 18 July 2022 tions in young children. J Infect Dis infections in sick and healthy chil- pneumonia over-estimated? Eur J 2007; 195:773–81. dren in Spain. Pediatr Infect Dis J Pediatr 2016; 175:1951–8. 2. Durrani SR, Montville DJ, Pratt 2010; 29:717–20. 13. Martin ET, Kuypers J, Chu HY, et al. AS, et  al. Innate immune responses 8. Esposito S, Daleno C, Tagliabue C, Heterotypic infection and spread of to rhinovirus are reduced by the et al. Impact of rhinoviruses on pediat- rhinovirus A, B, and C among child- high-affinity IgE receptor in allergic ric community-acquired pneumonia. care attendees. J Infect Dis 2018. asthmatic children. J Allergy Clin Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 14. Martin ET, Fairchok MP, Stednick ZJ, Immunol 2012; 130:489–95. 31:1637–45. Kuypers J, Englund JA. Epidemiology 3. Turunen R, Jartti T, Bochkov YA, 9. Jain S, Self WH, Wunderink RG, et al.; of multiple respiratory viruses in Gern JE, Vuorinen T. Rhinovirus spe- CDC EPIC Study Team. Community- childcare attendees. J Infect Dis 2013; cies and clinical characteristics in the acquired pneumonia requiring hos- 207:982–9. first wheezing episode in children. J pitalization among U.S.  adults. N 15. Martin EK, Kuypers J, Chu HY, et al. Med Virol 2016; 88:2059–68. Engl J Med 2015; 373:415–27. Molecular epidemiology of human 4. Turner RB. Rhinovirus: more than 10. Jain S, Williams DJ, Arnold SR, et al.; rhinovirus infections in the pediatric just a common cold virus. J Infect Dis CDC EPIC Study Team. Community- emergency department. J Clin Virol 2007; 195:765–6. acquired pneumonia requiring hos- 2015; 62:25–31. 5. Hasegawa K, Linnemann RW, pitalization among U.S.  children. N 16. Peltola V, Waris M, Osterback R, Susi Avadhanula V, et  al. Detection of Engl J Med 2015; 372:835–45. P , Ruuskanen O, Hyypiä T. Rhinovirus respiratory syncytial virus and rhi- 11. Self WH, Williams DJ, Zhu Y, et  al. transmission within families with novirus in healthy infants. BMC Res Respiratory viral detection in chil- children: incidence of symptomatic Notes 2015; 8:718. dren and adults: comparing asymp- and asymptomatic infections. J Infect 6. Iwane MK, Prill MM, Lu X, et  al. tomatic controls and patients with Dis 2008; 197:382–9. Human rhinovirus species associated community-acquired pneumonia. J 17. Heinonen S, Jartti T, Garcia C, et  al. with hospitalizations for acute respi- Infect Dis 2016; 213:584–91. Rhinovirus detection in symptom- ratory illness in young US children. J 12. Spichak TV, Yatsyshina SB, Кatosova atic and asymptomatic children: Infect Dis 2011; 204:1702–10. LК, Kim SS, Korppi MO. Is the role value of host transcriptome analysis. 7. Calvo C, Casas I, García-García ML, of rhinoviruses as causative agents Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; et al. Role of rhinovirus C respiratory of pediatric community-acquired 193:772–82. EDITORIAL COMMENTARY • JID 2018:218 (15 September) • 847

Journal

The Journal of Infectious DiseasesOxford University Press

Published: Aug 14, 2018

There are no references for this article.