# Harmonic Weak Siegel–Maaß Forms I: Preimages of Non-Holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa Lifts

Harmonic Weak Siegel–Maaß Forms I: Preimages of Non-Holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa Lifts Abstract Given a non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift we construct a preimage under the vector-valued lowering operator. In analogy with the case of harmonic weak elliptic Maaß forms, this preimage allows for a natural decomposition into a meromorphic and a non-holomorphic part. In this way every harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß form gives rise to a Siegel mock modular form. More than 10 years ago Zwegers [41] and Bruinier and Funke [8] independently found definitions of harmonic weak Maaß forms. Zwegers focused on mock theta functions whose modular properties had been a long standing miracle since Ramanujan came up with them in 1920 in his death bed letter. Bruinier and Funke were inspired by the Kudla program and they used harmonic weak Maaß forms to describe dualities between theta lifts. Both approaches to harmonic weak Maaß forms together produced a rich and novel research area, leading to the resolution of vital conjectures in combinatorics, topology, and many other fields—see, for example, [29] for an overview and [3, 6, 9, 11] for some of the applications. In this paper, we suggest an extension of the concept of harmonic weak Maaß forms to the case of Siegel modular forms of genus $$2$$, by building up on the ideas of [8]. In order to state some defining formulas, we let $$\tau = x + {\rm i} y \in \mathbb{H}$$ be a variable in the Poincaré upper half plane and $$0 \le k$$ an even integer. Analytic aspects of the theory of harmonic weak Maaß forms have been dominated by two facts. First, the weight-$$k$$ hyperbolic Laplace operator $$\Delta_k$$ can be written as a composition $$-\xi_{2-k} \circ \xi_{k}$$ of two $$\xi$$-operators defined by $$\xi_k(\,f) = 2i y^k \overline{\partial_{\overline\tau}\,f}$$. Second, the $$\xi$$-operator gives rise to a short exact sequence of the space $${}^!{\mathrm{M}}_k$$ of weakly holomorphic modular forms, the space $${\mathrm{S}}_{2-k}$$ of cusp forms, and the space $$\mathbb{S}_k$$ of harmonic weak Maaß forms whose image under $$\xi_k$$ is a cusp form. This sequence puts the operator $$\xi_k$$ into the center of the theory. One can define harmonic weak Maaß forms as the modular preimages of weakly holomorphic modular forms of weight $$2-k$$ under $$\xi_k$$. The kernel of $$\xi_k$$ consists of holomorphic (or meromorphic) modular forms, and by the factorization of the weight-$$k$$ Laplace operator $$\Delta_k = - \xi_{2-k} \circ \xi_k$$, the given definition is indeed equivalent to being harmonic. The above sequence also gives rise to the connection of harmonic weak Maaß forms and mock modular forms, which are their “holomorphic parts.” Finally, note that the $$\xi$$-operator is essentially the Maaß lowering operator $${\mathrm{L}}$$. Concretely, we have $$\xi_k(\,f) = 2 i y^{k-2} \overline{\mathrm{L} f}$$. The Laplace operator for $${\mathrm{SL}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ generates the center of the algebra of invariant differential operators on the Poincaré upper half plane $$\mathbb{H}$$. It is customary in the classical theory of modular forms to normalize it in such a way that holomorphic functions are harmonic. One goal of this paper is to show existence of real-analytic Siegel modular forms (1) that are eigenforms with respect to the center of the algebra of invariant differential operators on the Siegel upper half plane $$\mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$, and (2) that have a holomorphic part, thus producing Siegel mock modular forms. The notion of holomorphic parts is not rigorous so far, and deserves further study. For the purpose of this paper, we content ourselves with the fact that harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms that are constructed in this paper generate a Harish-Chandra module with a holomorphic composition factor. By the theory of $$(\mathfrak{g}, \mathrm{K})$$-modules, the latter implies that eigenvalues under invariant differential operators of every composition factor are the same as those of holomorphic forms. Uniqueness of Bessel models and the theory of Eisenstein series show that harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms already have the same eigenvalues as holomorphic Siegel modular forms. In this sense, it is justified to call them harmonic. Our Section 4 will link them to harmonic weak Maaß forms for $${\mathrm{SL}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ via the Kohnen limit process initially studied in [7]. It also explains how to invoke uniqueness of Bessel models. Recall that every holomorphic representation of $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$ can be viewed as a weight for genus-$$2$$ Siegel modular forms. The classical case of weight $$k$$ modular forms corresponds to the representation $$\det^k :\, {\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C}) {\rightarrow} \mathbb{C},\, g {\mapsto} \det(g)^k$$. In our case of genus-$$2$$ Siegel modular forms, every holomorphic, irreducible representation of $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$ can be written as a (tensor) product $$\det^k{\mathrm{sym}}^l$$ where $${\mathrm{sym}}^l$$ is the $$l$$th symmetric power representation of $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$. It is necessary to introduce vector-valued Siegel modular forms, because the above target space $${\mathrm{S}}_{2-k}$$ of $$\xi_k$$ will be replaced by    SKS(2)(det−k/2symk) :space of non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts of holomorphicweight k cusp forms. We revisit the non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift in Section 1. Non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts do not occur for scalar weights $$\det^k$$ for any $$k$$. The space of harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms is defined as the space of real-analytic functions with possible meromorphic singularities that transform like Siegel modular forms and that are mapped to non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts under the vector-valued lowering operators $${\mathrm{L}}$$. This space contains the space of meromorphic Siegel modular forms $${}^!{\mathrm{M}}^{(2)}\big( \det^{2 - k / 2} {\mathrm{sym}}^{k-2} \big)$$, which are annihilated by the lowering operator. In analogy with the above short exact sequence for harmonic weak elliptic modular forms, we show that every non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift allows for a modular preimage. Theorem I There is an exact sequence of weak Siegel–Maaß forms Elements of $$^\mathrm{sk}\mathbb S^{(2)}\big( \det^{2 - k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^{k-2} \big)$$ will henceforth be called harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms. □ Remark The vector-valued lowering operator defined in [20], which we will use in this paper takes weight-$$\det^k{\mathrm{sym}}^l$$ forms to forms of weight $$\det^{k-2}{\mathrm{sym}}^2{\mathrm{sym}}^l$$, containing the weight $$\det^{k-2}{\mathrm{sym}}^{2+l}$$ as a subrepresentation. The above sequence should be read in such a way that the image of harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms under $${\mathrm{L}}$$ is a priori modular of weight $$\det^{-k / 2}{\mathrm{sym}}^2{\mathrm{sym}}^{k-2}$$ and that this image vanishes outside of $$\det^{-k / 2}{\mathrm{sym}}^{k} \subset \det^{-k / 2} {\mathrm{sym}}^2{\mathrm{sym}}^{k-2}$$. This in particular means that the kernel of the third map vanishes under the actual lowering operator $${\mathrm{L}}$$, which characterizes meromorphic Siegel modular forms. □ Remark The above kind of harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms is by no means the only one that we expect to exist. It is so far unclear how to construct harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms whose image under the raising operator is a Siegel holomorphic modular form. This space would naturally contain Siegel modular forms with singularities whose analytic behavior is analogous with the one of non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts. Even such Siegel modular forms have not yet been explored. □ Remark The following is a heuristic argument on holomorphic parts and why appearance of Saito-Kurokawa lifts is rather natural: our requirement that harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms have a holomorphic part and meromorphic singularities includes, at least, that one composition factor is holomorphic. Restricting to indecomposable Harish-Chandra modules of length $$2$$. We may further require that this holomorphic representation is a quotient, since if it appeared as a subrepresentation, then we would deal with usual meromorphic Siegel modular forms. There are at least three families of holomorphic representations for $${\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$. The holomorphic discrete series are tempered. In addition, there are non-tempered holomorphic representations in some principal series for both the Siegel parabolic and the Klingen parabolic. Let $$f$$ be a “harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß form” in the above vague sense, and assume that it has a holomorphic part. Write $$\varpi(\,f)$$ for the Harish-Chandra module that it generates (see Section 2.2). We have already argued that $$\varpi(\,f) \twoheadrightarrow \varpi^{\mathrm{hol}}$$ for an irreducible holomorphic representation $$\varpi^{\mathrm{hol}}$$. Denote by $$\varpi' \hookrightarrow \varpi(\,f)$$ the irreducible subrepresentation. In analogy with conditions on harmonic weak Maaß forms that were imposed by Bruinier and Funke in [8], we assume that $$\varpi'$$ appears as a component at infinity of some cuspidal automorphic representation. We have $$f \not\in \varpi'$$, since otherwise $$f$$ would only generate $$\varpi' \subsetneq \varpi(\,f)$$. On the other hand, we have $$\frak{m} f \cap \varpi' \neq \emptyset$$, where $$\frak{g}$$ is the Lie algebra of $$G = {\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ and $$\frak{g} = \frak{k} \oplus \frak{m}$$ is its Cartan decomposition. In classical language, the action of $$\frak{m}$$ corresponds to the Maaß lowering and raising operators (again, see Section 2.2). We reformulate this as a condition on the $$K$$-type supports of $$\varpi'$$ and $$\varpi^{\mathrm{hol}}$$. The lowest $$K$$-type of $$\varpi^{\mathrm{hol}}$$ should neighbor the $$K$$-type support of $$\varpi'$$. For the representations in Section 2.5 this is satisfied. It is so far not clear to the author in any of the remaining cases whether extensions with this property exist. For example holomorphic and large discrete series of compatible Harish-Chandra parameter in general do not satisfy this condition. As for Harish-Chandra modules attached to the non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift, after fixing the Harish-Chandra module that appears in the principal series for the Siegel parabolic, we observe that its only automorphic realization is the non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift itself—cf. p. 55 of [30]. □ The occurrence of vector-valued Siegel modular forms cannot be avoided, since non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts do not allow for a scalar-valued realization. However, harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms can be forced into scalar weights by applying the vector-valued raising operator sufficiently often. Denote the space of weight $$k / 2$$ almost meromorphic Siegel modular forms of depth $$k / 2 - 1$$ by $${}^!{\mathrm{M}}^{(2)}\big( (\det^{k / 2})^{[k / 2 - 1]} \big)$$. A definition and study of almost meromorphic Siegel modular forms can be found in [20]. We call a singularity $$f$$ almost meromorphic if locally it can be written as $$f = f_{\mathrm{num}} / f_{\mathrm{den}} + f_{\mathrm{reg}}$$ for a regular function $$f_{\mathrm{reg}}$$, a holomorphic function $$f_{\mathrm{den}}$$, and an almost holomorphic function $$f_{\mathrm{num}}$$. An almost meromorphic Siegel modular form is a function on the upper half space with almost meromorphic singularities that transforms like a Siegel modular form. We define almost harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms of weight $$\det^{k / 2}$$ as real-analytic modular forms with almost meromorphic singularities whose image under $${\mathrm{L}}^{k / 2}$$ is a non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift. We denote the space of such forms by $${}^\mathrm{SK}\mathbb {S}^{(2)}\big( (\det^{k / 2})^{[k / 2 - 1]} \big)$$. Corollary II There is an exact sequence of weak Siegel–Maaß forms □ Remark The power of the lowering operator in the previous statement is a tensor power whose target weight is $$\det^{-k / 2} {\mathrm{sym}}^k \subset \det^{-k / 2} ({\mathrm{sym}}^2)^{k / 2}$$. The exact sequence has to be interpreted as the one in Theorem I. □ One source of interest in harmonic weak Maaß forms for $${\mathrm{SL}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ is their Fourier series expansion and mock modular forms associated with them. Writing $$e(x) = \exp(2 \pi {\rm i}\, x)$$ for $$x \in {\mathbb{C}}$$, any harmonic weak Maaß form $$f$$ can be naturally decomposed as   f(τ)=∑n≫−∞c+(f;n)e(nτ)+∑n≪∞c−(f;n)a−ak(1)⁡(n,y)e(nτ), where, if $$k \ne 1$$, then $$\sideset{^-}{^{(1)}_k}{\mathop{a}}$$ is essentially the $$W$$-Whittaker function if $$n < 0$$, the $$M$$-Whittaker function if $$n > 0$$, and a power of $$y = \Im\frak{m}\tau$$ if $$n = 0$$. The first sum is called the holomorphic part of $$f$$ and the second one is called its non-holomorphic part. The holomorphic part of $$f$$ is a mock modular form and conversely by definition every mock modular form has a modular completion of the above form. Harmonic weak Maaß forms with $$c^-(f;\, n) = 0$$ for $$n \ge 0$$ are best understood. Their image under $$\xi_k$$ is a cusp form that essentially has Fourier coefficients $$c^-(f;\,n)$$. Their Fourier coefficients $$c^+(f;\,n)$$ for $$n \le 0$$ are not completely understood, but they were successfully related to derivatives of twisted $$L$$-values in [5]. To formulate the genus-$$2$$ analogue of the above decomposition, we set $$e(x) = \exp(2 \pi {\rm i}\, \mathrm{trace}(x))$$ for any complex square matrix $$x$$. We put the superscript $$\pm$$ to the left of the analytic part $$a(t, y)$$ of the Fourier coefficient, reserving the right superscript for annotation with regard to the genus (which in our case is $$2$$). Theorem III Every $$f \in ^\mathrm{SK}\mathbb S^{(2)}\big( \det^{2 - k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^{k-2} \big)$$ has a Fourier series expansion of the form   f(τ)=∑tc+(f;t)e(tτ)+∑t indefinitec−(f;t)a−ak(2)⁡(t,y)e(tx), where   ∑t indefinitec−(f;t)aSKak(2)⁡(t,y)e(tx)∈SKS(2)(det−k2symk) for real-analytic functions $$\sideset{^-}{^{(2)}_k}{\mathop{a}}$$ and $$\sideset{^\mathrm{SK}}{^{(2)}_k}{\mathop{a}}$$ defined in Section 4. □ Given the analytic characterization of harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms, it seems justified to call the first summand in Theorem III a Siegel mock modular form. We give a precise definition in Section 4.3. We plan to investigate the Fourier coefficients of Siegel mock modular forms in a sequel to this paper. We discuss the proof of Theorem I. The proof generalizes ideas in [8], but it requires additional input from the theory of $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules. The following description of $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules associated with some harmonic weak Maaß forms was independently found by Ralf Schmidt in an unpublished note. The author was notified that also Schulze-Pillot found similar results in [37]. Recall that in the case of nonpositive, even weight $$k$$, there are two differential operators that map harmonic weak Maaß forms to weakly holomorphic ones. One of them, the $$\xi_k$$-operators, has already been mentioned, and another one arises from Bol’s identity. First note that from the perspective of $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules it is not very natural to include complex conjugation into the above diagram. Rather, one sacrifices holomorphicity and employs the lowering operators $${\mathrm{L}}$$ instead of $$\xi_k$$. This yields a map   Mk⟶y2−kM!M2−k¯, where the right-hand side consists of functions transforming like modular forms of weight $$k-2$$. In other words, the $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module associated with a non-holomorphic $$f \in \mathbb M_k$$ contains the direct sum of holomorphic and antiholomorphic (limits of) discrete series. The quotient is a finite dimensional and irreducible $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module. It corresponds to the images $$\mathrm{R}^j\,f$$ with $$0 \le j \le -k$$ of $$f \in \mathbb M_k$$ under powers of the raising operator. One can phrase the above observation as follows: the $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module associated with a proper harmonic weak Maaß form $$f$$ is isomorphic to a suitable degenerate principal series. This observation guides our proof of existence of harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms. The Harish-Chandra module attached to non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts can be realized as a Langlands quotient. Lee [25] gave a very explicit description of the corresponding principal series. The Saito-Kurokawa lift corresponds to the unique irreducible quotient. The second composition factor is the direct sum of a holomorphic and antiholomorphic representation, whose minimal $$K$$-type corresponds to a vector-valued Siegel modular form. The precise description of the Harish-Chandra module delivered by Lee enables us to extend the argument in [8] to Siegel modular forms of genus-$$2$$. Bruinier and Funke employ sheaf cohomology. Since they dealt with complex curves, the Dolbeault resolution of the structure sheaf is surjective on to $$(0,1)$$-forms. This can be interpreted in such a way that locally for every $$(0,1)$$-form there is a preimage in $$0$$-forms. Translated into classical language, every weakly holomorphic modular form is locally the image of some harmonic $$0$$-form. This is no longer true in the case of complex three-folds, which we deal with in this paper. Vanishing under the Dolbeault derivative $$\overline\partial$$ is necessary for a $$(0,1)$$-form to locally admit a preimage under $$\overline\partial$$. We reformulate this vanishing condition in terms of $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules, and establish it for non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts. The main step in the proof of Bruinier and Funke is the second step in ours. To guarantee global existence of preimages of harmonic weak Maaß forms they prove vanishing of a corresponding obstruction space, constituted by the first cohomology of a certain holomorphic line bundle. Using Serre duality they reduce it to a classical vanishing result for elliptic modular forms. In our case, the obstruction space is the first cohomology of a vector bundle. We employ a vanishing theorem by Grauert–Riemenschneider [13] and Igusa’s study [18] of Siegel modular forms to deduce its vanishing. We start the paper with preliminaries in Section 1. Section 2 contains the theory of Harish-Chandra modules and degenerate principal series that we need in the paper. We proceed to the proof of existence of harmonic weak Siegel modular forms in Section 3. That section contains most of the complex geometry that is important to the paper. The last Section 4 focuses on Siegel mock modular forms, which arise from a natural splitting of the Fourier expansion of harmonic Siegel modular forms. 1 Preliminaries 1.1 The symplectic group of genus 2 Throughout, we focus on the group $$G = {\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ with complex Lie algebra $$\frak{g} = \frak{sp}_2$$, whose definitions are   G=Sp2(R) ={g=(abcd)∈Mat4(R):tgJ2g=J2}withJ2=(0−I2I20),I2=(1001),andg0=sp2(R) ={(abc−ta):a∈Mat2(R),b,c∈Mat2t(R)},g=g0⊗RC. A Cartan involution $$\theta$$ of $$\frak{g}_{\mathbb{R}}$$ is given by the map sending $$\left( {a \atop c} \quad {b \atop -\,{}^\mathrm{t}\! a} \right)$$ to $$\left( {-\,{}^\mathrm{t}\! a \atop -b} \quad {-c \atop a} \right)$$. The associated Cartan decomposition is $$\frak{g} = \frak{k} \oplus \frak{m}$$ with   k={(ab−ba):a∈Mat2(C),b∈Mat2t(C),a=−ta}andm={(abb−a):a,b∈Mat2t(C)}. The corresponding compact subgroup $$\mathrm{U}_{2}({\mathbb{R}}) \cong K({\mathbb{R}}) \subset G({\mathbb{R}})$$ consists of matrices $$\left({a \atop -b} \quad {b \atop a} \right) \in {\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ with $$a - {\rm i}b \in \mathrm{U}_{2}({\mathbb{R}})$$. We write $$\frak{g}_0$$ and $$\frak{k}_0$$ for the real Lie algebras of $$G({\mathbb{R}})$$ and $$K({\mathbb{R}})$$. We now fix a bases of $$\frak{k}$$ and of $$\frak{m}$$. Define $$\mathfrak{h}_\mathfrak{c} = -i \left({ \atop I_2} \quad {-I_2 \atop 0}\right)$$ and Names are chosen in such a way that the action of $$\frak{k}$$ is the customary one: $$\big[ \frak{e}_\frak{k}, \frak{e}_\frak{m}^+ \big] = 0$$, $$\big[ \frak{e}_\frak{k}, \frak{h}_\frak{m}^+ \big] = -2 \frak{e}_\frak{m}^+$$, etc. The element $$\frak{h}_\frak{c}$$ acts on $$\frak{m}^\pm$$ by multiplication with $$\pm 2$$. Compact and non-compact roots of $$\frak{g}$$ are   ±2hk∨;±2hc∨,±2(hc∨+hk∨),±2(hc∨−hk∨). Note that $$i \frak{h}_\frak{c}$$ and $$i \frak{h}_\frak{k}$$ span a Cartan subalgebra of both $$\frak{k}_0$$ and $$\frak{g}_0$$. Thus we can, as is customary, identify weights of $$K$$ and $$G$$. 1.2 The upper half space The genus-$$2$$ Siegel upper half space $$\mathbb{H}^{(2)} = \{ \tau = x + {\rm i}y \in \mathrm{Mat}^\mathrm{t}_{2}({\mathbb{C}}) \,:\, y > 0 \}$$ consists of symmetric complex matrices $$\tau$$ with positive definite imaginary part. It carries an action of $${\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ by means of   Sp2(R)↻H(2):(abcd)τ=(aτ+b)(cτ+d)−1. The entries of $$\tau$$, $$x$$, and $$y$$ are given by   τ=(τ1zzτ2),y=(y1vvy2),andx=(x1uux2). We associate with every $$\tau \in \mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$ the element   gτ=(yxy−1y−1)∈Sp2(R), where $$\sqrt{y}$$ is the unique positive definite symmetric square root of $$y$$. 1.3 Weights, types, and slash actions We call a finite-dimensional, holomorphic representation $$\sigma$$ of $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$ a weight for genus-$$2$$ Siegel modular forms. In genus-$$2$$, any weight is isomorphic to a direct sum of representations $$\det^k{\mathrm{sym}}^l$$ for some $$k \in \mathbb{Z}$$ and some $$0 \le l \in \mathbb{Z}$$. The representation space of $$\sigma$$ will be denoted by $$V(\sigma)$$. A finite-dimensional, complex representation of $$\Gamma^{(2)} = {\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}(\mathbb{Z})$$ is called a type. We focus throughout and without further mentioning it on types whose kernel has finite index in $$\Gamma^{(2)}$$. The representation space of $$\rho$$, in analogy with weights, is denoted by $$V(\rho)$$. By slight abuse of notation we denote the trivial weight and trivial type by the same letter $$\mathbb{1}$$. Fix the $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$-valued cocycle given by $$j(g, \tau) = c \tau + d$$ for $$g \in {\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ and $$\tau \in \mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$. For a weight $$\sigma$$ and a type $$\rho$$, we define the slash action of weight $$\sigma$$ and type $$\rho$$ on functions $$f :\, \mathbb{H}^{(2)} {\rightarrow} V(\sigma) \otimes V(\rho)$$ by   f|σ,ργ=σ(cτ+d)−1⊗ρ(γ)−1(f∘γ). If the type is trivial, we suppress it in the notation, writing $$\big|_{\sigma}$$ instead of $$\big|_{\sigma,\rho}$$. 1.4 Lowering and raising operators Order-$$1$$ lowering and raising operators for Siegel modular forms are necessarily vector-valued. Existence and basic properties follow from general work by Helgason [15, 16]. Concrete expressions in classical terms were computed in [20]. As usual, we define the matrix differentials   ∂τ=(∂τ112∂z12∂z∂τ2)and∂τ¯=(∂τ1¯12∂z¯12∂z¯∂τ2¯). The lowering operator can be written independently of the weight. Given a differentiable function $$f :\, \mathbb{H}^{(2)} {\rightarrow} V(\sigma) \otimes V(\rho)$$, we set   Lf=Lσf=yt(y∂τ¯)⊗f. The tensor notation above makes use of the inclusion   C∞(H→V(sym∨2))⊗C∞(H→V(σ))↪C∞(H→V(sym∨2σ)), where $${\mathrm{sym}}^{\vee\,2}$$ denotes the dual representation of $${\mathrm{sym}}^2$$. Throughout, we will use this notation to denote functions with values in tensor products of representation spaces. The raising operator depends on the weight, and we give a formula specific to weights $$\det^k{\mathrm{sym}}^l$$. We define a symmetrization map that was devised in [20]. Observe that elements of $$V({\mathrm{sym}}^l)$$ can be written in terms of (tensor) products of $$l$$ elements in the standard representation $$\mathrm{std}$$ of $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$, which satisfies $$V(\mathrm{std}) \cong {\mathbb{C}}^2$$. For $$0 \le l \in \mathbb{Z}$$, we define   tdetksyml :sym2⊗detksyml ⟶sym2⊗detksyml,v1v2⊗∏j=1lv2+j ⟼12l∑j′=1l(v2+lv2⊗v1∏j=1j≠j′lv2+j+v1v2+l⊗v2∏j=1j≠j′lv2+j). The raising operator on a differentiable function $$f :\, \mathbb{H}^{(2)} {\rightarrow} V(\det^k{\mathrm{sym}}^l) \otimes V(\rho)$$ is given by   Rf=Rdetksymlf=∂τ⊗f−ik2y−1⊗f−il2tdetksyml(y−1⊗f). We will suppress the weight from notation, if it becomes clear from the context. The covariance properties of $${\mathrm{L}}$$ and $$\mathrm{R}$$ define them uniquely up to scalar multiples by proposition 6.9 of [20]. For every $$g \in {\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$, we have   (Lf)|sym∨2σg=L(f|σg)and(Rf)|sym2σg=R(f|σg). (1.1) To simplify stating the next definition, we set $${\mathrm{L}} \sigma = {\mathrm{sym}}^{\vee\,2}\sigma = \det^{-2}{\mathrm{sym}}^2 \sigma$$ and $$\mathrm{R} \sigma = {\mathrm{sym}}^2 \sigma$$. By viewing $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$-representations as $$\mathrm{U}_{2}({\mathbb{R}})$$-representations, we define the following orthogonal projections for $$\sigma = \det^k {\mathrm{sym}}^l$$ if $$l \ge 2$$.   πL,+ :Lσ →detk−2syml+2,πL,0 :Lσ →detk−1syml,πL,− :Lσ →detksyml−2;πR,+ :Rσ →detksyml+2,πR,0 :Rσ →detk+1syml,πR,− :Rσ →detk+2syml−2. It is clear that $$\pi_{{\mathrm{L}},+} \circ {\mathrm{L}}$$ and all analogous differential operators satisfy covariance properties derived from (1.1). 1.5 The non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift Existence of the non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift was first indicated in work of Howe and Piatetski-Shapiro [17]. Piatetski-Shapiro [31] used it to determine cuspidal automorphic representations for $$\mathrm{PGSp}_{2}$$ whose $$L$$-function has a pole. A special case of the Saito-Kurokawa lift that is of particular interest from a geometrical perspective was investigated by Bruinier; see Example 5.13 of [4]. Since the (non-holomorphic) Saito-Kurokawa lift can be expressed as a theta lift (or Weil lifting as Piatetski-Shapiro calls it), it appears in Li’s study of theta lifts [26]. In the present paper, we will focus on the formulation by Schmidt [36], who established functoriality, and Miyazaki [27], who computed Fourier expansions of non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts. Given a real-analytic Siegel modular eigenform $$f$$ of weight $${\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k}$$ with $$k \in 2\mathbb{Z}$$ for some finite index subgroup $$\Gamma' \subseteq \Gamma^{(2)}$$, we say that $$f$$ is a non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift if its spin $$L$$-function has a pole. The linear span of such Saito-Kurokawa lifts is denoted by $${{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k},\, \Gamma' \big)$$. Theorem 1.1 (Piatetski-Shapiro). Given an elliptic modular form $$f$$ of level $$1$$ and weight $$k$$ with $$4 \, | \, k$$, there is a cuspidal, real-analytic Siegel modular form $$g$$ of level $$1$$ and weight $${\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k}$$ whose spin $$L$$-function has a pole and which contains the $$L$$-function of $$f$$ as a factor. In particular, for $$k \ge 12$$ divisible by $$4$$, the space $${{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k},\, \Gamma^{(2)} \big)$$ is not empty. □ Since we work with vector-valued Siegel modular forms for $$\Gamma^{(2)}$$, we now explain how to pass from Saito-Kurokawa lifts in the classical sense to vector-valued ones. The reader who prefers to work in a slightly more classical setting can skip this and assume $$4 \, | \, k$$ and $$\rho = \mathbb{1}$$ in the rest of the paper. None of the steps of our construction involves the type in a crucial way. For a finite index subgroup $$\Gamma' \subseteq \Gamma^{(2)}$$, we denoted the induction of the trivial representation from $$\Gamma'$$ to $$\Gamma^{(2)}$$ by $$\rho_{\Gamma'}$$. Recall the induction map from modular forms for a subgroup $$\Gamma' \subseteq \Gamma^{(2)}$$ to modular forms of type $$\rho_{\Gamma'}$$, which, for example, was spelled out in [40]. With slightly different meaning, induction of vector-valued modular forms also appears in Scheithauer’s work [34]. The image of $${{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( \det^{-k / 2 }{\mathrm{sym}}^{k},\, \Gamma' \big)$$ under the induction map is denoted by $${{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( \det^{-k / 2}{\mathrm{sym}}^{k} \otimes \rho_{\Gamma'} \big)$$. The decomposition $$\bigoplus_j \rho_j$$ of $$\rho_{\Gamma'}$$ into irreducible components yields a natural decomposition   SKS(2)(det−k/2symk⊗ρΓ′)=⨁jSKS(2)(det−k/2symk⊗ρj), which we employ to define the spaces on the right-hand side. Consider Theorem 5.3 of [27]. It tells us that there is a polynomial $$p_k(t,\, \sqrt{y})$$ that takes values in $$V({\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k})$$, and that depends on the entries of indefinite $$t \in \mathrm{Mat}_{2}({\mathbb{R}})$$ and the positive definite square root $$\sqrt{y}$$ of $$y$$ such that any level-$$1$$ Saito-Kurokawa lift has Fourier expansion   ∑tindefinitec~(f;t)SKa~det−k/2symk(2)(t;y)e(tx) (1.2) with coefficients $$\widetilde{c}(f;\,t) \in {\mathbb{C}}$$ and    SKa~det−k/2symk(2)(t,y)=det(y)k+24pk(t,y)Kk/2(trace(ty)2−det(t)det(y))(trace(ty)2−det(t)det(y))k/4, (1.3) where $$K_{k / 2}$$ is the $$K$$-Bessel function. The precise shape of the polynomials $$p_k$$ is irrelevant to use, since later in Section 4 we replace it by a more suitable choice. The coefficients $$\widetilde{c}(f;\,t)$$ grow polynomially in the entries of $$t$$. From the construction of Saito-Kurokawa lifts as theta lifts it becomes clear that for Saito-Kurokawa lifts of nontrivial type $$f \in {{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k} \otimes \rho \big)$$ we have an analogous Fourier expansion with $$\widetilde{c}(f;\,t) \in V(\rho)$$. 2 Harish-Chandra Modules This section contains most of the theory of $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules that we apply in the present paper. We outline some of the basic concepts in Section 2.1, but generally the reader is referred to [21, 39] for details and precise definitions. In Section 2.2 we describe how to pass from functions on the upper half space to $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules and how the behavior under differential operators is connected to $$K$$-types. Section 2.3 contains a description of some Vogan–Zuckerman modules. In Section 2.4, we identify the non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift at the infinite place as a suitable module $$A_\frak{q}(\lambda)$$. In Section 2.5, we consider the composition series of some degenerate generalized principal series. In particular, we recognize the Saito-Kurokawa $$(\frak{g},K)$$-module as a submodule in a specific principle series. 2.1 Preliminaries on Harish-Chandra modules Given a Lie group $$G$$ with complex Lie algebra $$\frak{g}$$ and a maximal compact subgroup $$K \subseteq G$$, a $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module is a $$\frak{g}$$-module which carries a compatible action of $$K$$. The definition is spelled out in Section 3.3.1 of [39]. A $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module is called admissible if it is a unitary $$K$$-module and the $$K$$-isotypical components are finite dimensional. An admissible $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module is called a Harish-Chandra module. It is a theorem by Harish-Chandra (cf. Theorem 3.4.10 in [39]) that every irreducible unitary representation $$\pi$$ of $$G$$ gives rise to an admissible $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module by taking smooth vectors. It is called the Harish-Chandra module associated with $$\pi$$. The $$K$$-types that occur in a $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module and transitions between them are the only feature that we will make use of. It is not necessary but convenient to draw them. As throughout the whole paper, we focus on the case $$G = {\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$. Then irreducible representations of $$K$$ can be parametrized by dominant weights of $$K$$, which can be expressed in terms of roots of $$\frak{g}$$. We denote the weight $$(a+b) \frak{h}_\frak{c}^\vee + (a-b)\frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$ by the pair $$(a,b)$$. As a $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$ representation it corresponds to $$\det^b {\mathrm{sym}}^{a-b}$$. Possible $$K$$-types range in $$\Lambda = \{ (a,b) \in \mathbb{Z}^2 \,:\, a \ge b \}$$. We depict a $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module by an arrangement of circles that correspond to all possible $$(a,b)$$. Filled circles indicate $$K$$-types that occur with multiplicity at least one, and the remaining ones indicate those that do not occur. The two diagrams below are typical such diagrams of $$K$$-types. We read the diagram as if it would continue infinitely to the right and to the bottom without indicating this. In the left diagram we have encircled the $$K$$-isotrivial component, which corresponds to the pair $$(0,0)$$. In general we will assume that our diagram is symmetric and therefore refrain from marking $$(0,0)$$. The action of $$\frak{m} \subset \frak{g}$$ gives rise to transitions of $$K$$-types, whose possible targets can be computed by the Clebsch–Gordan rules. For $$a - b \ge 2$$ the image of a $$K$$-type $$(a,b)$$ under $$\frak{m}^\pm$$ is a direct sum of $$K$$-types $$(a\pm 2,b)$$, $$(a\pm 1,b\pm 1)$$, and $$(a,b\pm 2)$$. The image of $$(a+1,a)$$ under $$\frak{m}^+$$ and $$\frak{m}^-$$ is a direct sum of $$(a+3,a)$$ and $$(a+2,a+1)$$, and $$(a+1,a-2)$$ and $$(a,a-1)$$, respectively. The image of $$(a,a)$$ under $$\frak{m}^+$$ and $$\frak{m}^-$$ is $$(a+2,b)$$ and $$(a,a-2)$$. For a given $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module some of those transition maps might be nonzero. This is obviously the case if they hit an unfilled circle, and no further indication in our diagrams is needed. A second phenomenon, which we call (transition) walls, can occur. A wall is a linear relation $$w_a a + w_b b = w_c$$ for $$(a,b)$$ and a sign $$w_\sigma \in \{\pm 1\}$$ such that every transition from $$(a,b)$$ to $$(a',b')$$ with $$w_a a + w_b b = w_c$$ is zero, if $$w_\sigma \cdot \big(w_a a' + w_b b' - w_c \big) < 0$$. We mark transition walls by a line determined by the linear relation, and a decorating arrow attached to the line that indicates the associated sign. For example, in the right-hand diagram below, the vertical line corresponds to the relation $$a = 2$$ with sign $$+1$$. No $$K$$-type to the left of that line occurs. The horizontal line corresponds to the relation $$b = -2$$ with sign $$-1$$. Presence of $$K$$-types below this line indicates that the depicted $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module is reducible.   2.2 Functions on the upper half space We now explain how to pass back and forth between $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules and functions $$\mathbb{H}^{(2)} {\rightarrow} V(\sigma) \otimes V(\rho)$$. Since the group $$\Gamma^{(2)}$$ and its representation $$\rho$$ do not enter the construction, we can safely assume that $$\rho = \mathbb{1}$$. As for the weight, note that any representation $$\sigma$$ of $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$ defines a representation of $$K$$ by restricting along the map $$K {\rightarrow} \mathrm{U}_{2}({\mathbb{R}}) \subset {\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C}),\, \left({a \atop -b} \quad {b \atop a}\right) {\mapsto} a - i b$$. When referring to a weight as a $$K$$-representation we throughout mean this restriction. Given $$f :\, \mathbb{H}^{(2)} {\rightarrow} V(\sigma)$$ we consider the function $$\mathrm{A}_{{\mathbb{R}}}(\,f) :\, G {\rightarrow} V(\sigma)$$ defined by   AR(f)(g)=AR,σ(f)(g)=σ−1(j(g,iI2))f(gi). Diverging from the common approach, we do not assume any invariance property of $$f$$. Only later it will be crucial to choose a suitable $$\sigma$$ to obtain from slash invariance of $$f$$ a translation invariance of $$\mathrm{A}_{\mathbb{R}}(\,f)(g)$$. By contraction of $$\mathrm{A}_{\mathbb{R}}(\,f)$$ and $$V(\sigma)^\vee$$ we obtain a space $$\overline{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathbb{R}}(\,f)$$ of functions on $$G$$, which under right translation yields a $$K$$-representation that is isomorphic to $$\sigma^\vee$$. More precisely, for any $$v^\vee \in V(\sigma)^\vee$$, we have   v∨(AR(f)(gk))=v∨(σ−1(j(gk,iI2))f(gi))=v∨(σ−1(j(k,iI2))σ−1(j(g,iI2))f(gi)) =(σ(j(k,iI2))v∨)(σ−1(j(g,iI2))f(gi))=(σ(j(k,iI2))v∨)(AR(f)(g)). We refer to the $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules generated by the components of $$\mathrm{A}_{\mathbb{R}}(\,f)$$ as the $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module associated with $$f$$. By the $$G$$-representation associated with $$f$$ we mean the representation which is generated by $$\mathrm{A}_{\mathbb{R}}(\,f)$$ under right translation. Its Harish-Chandra module is the $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module that we have associated with $$f$$. Vice versa it is possible to extract a function on $$\mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$ from any vector in a $$K$$-type of a $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module that is realized by smooth functions on $$G$$. For any such $$\tilde f$$ in a representation isomorphic to $$\sigma^\vee$$, we set   AR−1(f~)(τ)=σ(j(gτ,iI2))f~(gτi). Obviously, we have $$\mathrm{A}_{\mathbb{R}}^{-1} \mathrm{A}_{\mathbb{R}} (\,f) = f$$. We next describe a connection between the differential operators in [20] and transition of $$K$$-types in a $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module associated with $$f :\, \mathbb{H}^{(2)} {\rightarrow} V(\sigma)$$. Covariance of the lowering and raising operator and compatibility of $$\frak{g}$$\nbd\ and $$K$$-actions allows us to focus on values of $$f$$ at $$i I_2 \in \mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$ and values of $$\mathrm{A}_{\mathbb{R}}(\,f)$$ at the identity element $$e \in G$$. Helgason’s formalism [15, 16] implies that the action of $$\mathrm{R}$$ at $$i I_2$$ is given by   H0(k,m+⊗sym∨2)⊗1⊆H0(k,m+⊗sym∨2)⊗H0(k,σ⊗σ∨)⊆H0(k,m+⊗σ⊗(sym2σ)∨), where $$\mathbb{1}$$ refers to the canonical copy of the trivial representation in $$\sigma \otimes \sigma^\vee$$. Analogously, the lowering operator $${\mathrm{L}}$$ is given by $$\frak{k}$$-invariants in $$\frak{m}^- \otimes (\det^{-2}{\mathrm{sym}}^2)^\vee$$. Since the action of $$\frak{m}$$ defines transition of $$K$$-types, we therefore conclude that the following diagrams commute up to nonzero scalar multiples for all $$f \in \mathrm{C}^\infty \big( \mathbb{H}^{(2)} {\rightarrow} V(\sigma) \big)$$.   The map $$\mathrm{A}_{\mathbb{R}}^{-1}$$ allows us to deduce vanishing statements with respect to lowering and raising operators from the structure of $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules. 2.3 Vogan-Zuckerman modules We recall from [38] the $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules $$A_\frak{q}(\lambda)$$ that are attached to $$\theta$$-stable parabolic subalgebras of $$\frak{g}$$ and central characters $$\lambda \in \frak{h}_{\mathbb{C}}^\vee$$ satisfying specific conditions. According to Theorem 5.4 in [38] such representations are uniquely determined by their $$K$$-types and the central character. The notion of $$A_\frak{q}(\lambda)$$ builds up on $$\theta$$-stable parabolic subalgebras $$\frak{q} \subset \frak{g}$$, whose definition is revisited on page 56 of [38]. As pointed out there, the name is chosen in an unfortunate way, since not every parabolic subalgebra that is stable under the Cartan involution is necessary $$\theta$$-stable in the sense of the following definition. Given $$x$$ in the Cartan subalgebra of $$i \frak{k}_0$$, we attach a parabolic subalgebra to $$x$$ by means of   q=qx=l⊕u,l=ker⁡(ad(x)),u =sum of positive eigenspaces of ad(x). We give details for the parabolic subalgebras corresponding to holomorphic and antiholomorpic representations, and to the non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift. The following choices are suitable elements of $$i \frak{k}_0$$.   xhol=hc,xhol¯=−hc,xSK=hk. For the purpose of studying transitions of $$K$$-types in $$A_\frak{q}(\lambda)$$ it suffices to determine the intersection of $$\frak{u}$$ and $$\frak{m}$$, which is   uhol∩m=span⁡{hm+,em+,fm+},uhol¯∩m=span⁡{hm−,em−,fm−},uSK∩m=span⁡{em+,em−}. (2.1) In particular, the half-sums of weights in $$\frak{u} \cap \frak{m}$$ are $$\rho_{\mathrm{hol}} = 3 \frak{h}_\frak{c}^\vee$$, $$\rho_{\overline{\mathrm{hol}}} = -3 \frak{h}_\frak{c}^\vee$$, and $$\rho_{\mathrm{SK}} = 2 \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$. 2.4 The Saito-Kurokawa lift From Theorem 2.5 of [38], we infer that the minimal $$K$$-type of $$A_\frak{q}(\lambda)$$ has highest weight $$2\rho_\frak{q} + \lambda$$, where $$\rho_\frak{q}$$ is the Weyl vector associated with $$\frak{q}$$. In conjunction with Proposition 7.7 of [27], we find that the Harish-Chandra modules associated with $$f \in {{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k} \otimes \rho \big)$$ are isomorphic to $$A_{\frak{q}_\mathrm{SK}}\big( (k-2) \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee \big) \otimes V(\rho)$$. Note that $$(k-2)\frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$ can and will be written as the pair $$(k / 2 - 1, 1-k / 2)$$. When comparing the Harish-Chandra parameter of $$A_\frak{q}(\lambda)$$ to, for example, what Schmidt found on p. 225 of [36], keep in mind that we normalize weights in a way that is convenient from a classical point of view. Lemma 2.1 Given $$f \in {{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k} \big)$$, the following vanishing results hold:   πL,0Lf=0,πL,−Lf=0,πR,0Rf=0,πR,−Rf=0. □ Proof The $$K$$-type $$\overline{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathbb{R}}(\,f)$$ is the minimal one in the Harish-Chandra module associated with $$f$$. The lowering and raising operators correspond to transitions of $$K$$-types, as explained in Section 2.2. To prove the lemma it therefore suffices to check that the given lowering and raising operators correspond to transitions by $$\frak{h}_\frak{m}^-$$, $$\frak{f}_\frak{m}^-$$, $$\frak{h}_\frak{m}^+$$, and $$\frak{f}_\frak{m}^+$$. None of them occurs in $$\frak{u}_\mathrm{SK} \cap \frak{m}$$, and therefore the $$K$$-types corresponding to target weights of the covariant differential operators in question do not occur in $$A_{\frak{q}_\mathrm{SK}}\big( (k-2) \frak{h}_k^\vee \big)$$. ■ 2.5 Degenerate generalized principle series We determine the composition series of some generalized principal series related to the Eisenstein series that made appearance in [7]. The result that we use is due to Lee [25]. Kudla and Rallis [22] previously studied the same principal series, but they did not arrive at the exact conclusion that we need for our purposes. Note also that we could use Muić’s study of principal series [28], but then again his approach does not yield exactly what we need. The next proposition describes induction from the parabolic subgroup   P={(ab0d)∈G}with|(ab0d)|=det(a), employing unitary normalization. Proposition 2.2 (Kudla–Rallis,Lee). Fix a positive, even $$k \in \mathbb{Z}$$. The induced $$(\frak{g},K)$$-module $$\mathrm{Ind}_P^G |\,\cdot\,|^{k - 1 / 2}$$ has socle series   AqSK(λ),Aqhol(λ)⊕Aqhol¯(λ),V(λ), where $$\lambda = (2k - 2) \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$ and $$V(\lambda)$$ is the finite-dimensional $$G$$-representation with infinitesimal character $$\lambda$$. □ Proof Theorem 5.2 of [25] applies for even $$k$$. We recall some of the notation of Section 5 in [25]. In Lee’s notation we have $$n=2$$, $$m=1$$, and therefore $$r=1$$, and $$\alpha = -1-k$$. He defines subquotients $$L_{p,q}$$ of $$\mathrm{Ind}_P^G |\,\cdot\,|^{k-\frac{1}{2}}$$ with $$1 \le p,q \le 2$$ by   X11 ={(a,b)∈2Λ:a<k},X21 ={(a,b)∈2Λ:a≥k},Y11 ={(a,b)∈2Λ:b≤−k},Y21 ={(a,b)∈2Λ:b>−k}. The definition of $$L_{p,q}$$ comprises four cases   L1,1=X11∩Y11,L1,2=X11∩Y21,L2,1=X21∩Y11,andL2,2=X21∩Y21. Theorem 5.2 of [25] tells us that the socle series of $$\mathrm{Ind}_P^G |\,\cdot\,|^{k - \frac{1}{2}}$$ is $$L_{2,1},\, L_{2,2} \oplus L_{1,1},\ L_{1,2}$$. All $$K$$-types in $$\mathrm{Ind}_P^G |\,\cdot\,|^{k - \frac{1}{2}}$$ occur with multiplicity at most one by what is explained in Section 2 of [25]. More precisely, we have   (IndPG|⋅|k−12)K=⨁a,b∈2ΛVK,(a,b), where $$V_{K, (a,b)}$$ is the finite-dimensional $$K$$-representation with highest weight $$(a,b)$$. With this at hand, consider the following diagram $$\mathrm{Ind}_P^G |\,\cdot\,|^{k - \frac{1}{2}}$$. The minimal $$K$$-type of $$L_{2,1}$$ is encircled; It has weight $$2 k \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$.   To determine the infinitesimal character of $$\mathrm{Ind}_P^G |\,\cdot\,|^{k - \frac{1}{2}}$$, we can use the finite-dimensional representation $$L_{1,2}$$. Its maximal $$K$$-type has weight $$(2k - 4) \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$. The sum of positive roots in $$\frak{g}$$ is $$2 \delta = 2 ( \frak{h}_\frak{c}^\vee + \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee)$$, which is equivalent to $$4 \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$ under the action of the Weyl group. The infinitesimal character of $$L_{1,2}$$ therefore equals   (2k−4)hk∨+δ=(2k−2)hk∨. Notice that $$L_{1,2}$$ is finite dimensional, and therefore determined by its infinitesimal character. To verify that the modules $$L_{1,1}$$, $$L_{2,2}$$, and $$L_{2,1}$$ are the ones that occur in [38], we use Theorem 5.3 in [38]. Condition (5.1) from that paper holds for $$\lambda = (2k - 2) \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$, and Assumption (b) of Theorem 5.3 in [38] is also satisfied. To ease verification of Assumptions (a) and (c), consider the above drawing of $$K$$-types. Inspection of minimal $$K$$-types and possible transitions of $$K$$-types verifies assumptions (a) and (c) in each of the infinite-dimensional cases. ■ 3 Existence of Harmonic Weak Siegel–Maaß Forms The goal of this section is to prove the first main theorem. It is a consequence of the following one. Theorem 3.1. Fix $$g \in {{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k} \otimes \rho \big)$$. Then there is a function $$f :\, \mathbb{H}^{(2)} {\rightarrow} V(\det^{2 - k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^{k-2}) \otimes V(\rho)$$ with possible singularities along a suitable divisor $$D$$ such that: (i) We have $$\pi_{{\mathrm{L}},+} {\mathrm{L}}\, f = g$$, $$\pi_{{\mathrm{L}},0} {\mathrm{L}}\, f = 0$$, and $$\pi_{{\mathrm{L}},-} {\mathrm{L}}\, f = 0$$. (ii) For all $$\gamma \in \Gamma^{(2)}$$ we have $$f \big|_{\det^{2 - k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^{k-2},\rho}\,\gamma = f$$. (iii) Singularities of $$f$$ are meromorphic. That is, for every $$\tau \in \mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$ there is a neighborhood $$U$$ of $$\tau$$ and a meromorphic function $$f_U$$ on $$U$$ such that $$f - f_U$$ extends to $$U$$. □ A function that satisfies the properties in the previous theorem will be called a harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß form. The space of such forms will be denoted by $$^\mathrm{SK}\mathbb S^{(2)}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k} \otimes \rho \big)$$. Remark 3.2. Harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms defined above are not the only generalizations of harmonic weak Maaß forms for $${\mathrm{SL}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ that we expect to exist. Natural candidates arise by searching for preimages under $$\mathrm{R}$$ of holomorphic Siegel modular forms. The methods in this paper, however, do not allow us to construct such preimages, since the correct characterization by means of differential operators would be as follows: given a holomorphic Siegel modular form $$g$$ of weight $$\det^k$$, then a harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms $$f$$ in a suitable sense should exist which satisfies   πR,−Rf=g,πR,0Rf=0,πL,0Lf=0. Such a description by differential operators does not fit into the Dolbeault resolution that we employ in this section. □ 3.1 Toroidal compactifications   Throughout this section, we let $$Y_\Gamma = \Gamma \backslash \mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$ for congruence subgroups $$\Gamma \subset {\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}(\mathbb{Z})$$. If $$\Gamma$$ is neat, then $$Y_\Gamma$$ is a smooth quasi-projective variety. To simplify notation we will abbreviate $$Y_\Gamma$$ by $$Y$$ for one fixed choice of neat $$\Gamma$$. Only these Sections 3.1 and 3.2 contain references to $$Y_\Gamma$$ different from $$Y$$. Recall from [1] that there is a smooth toroidal compactification $$X_\Gamma$$ of $$Y_\Gamma$$ if $$\Gamma$$ is neat. The corresponding compactification of $$Y$$ is denoted by $$X$$. By [33] the fundamental group of $$X_\Gamma$$ coincides with the one of $$Y_\Gamma$$. In the next subsection, we will need to pass between various $$X_\Gamma$$. Therefore, it is important to note that we may choose compactifications in such a way that for $$\Gamma' \subseteq \Gamma$$ there is the following commutative diagram of smooth maps between compactifications and coverings. This follows from the dominance statement in the Main Theorem II of [1] on page 287. 3.2 Weights and types as vector bundles Every representation $$\sigma$$ of $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$ and every representation $$\rho$$ of $${\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}(\mathbb{Z})$$ together define a vector bundle over $$\mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$, denoted by $$\mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho}$$. If the image of $$(-I_2,-I_4)$$ under $$\sigma \otimes \rho$$ is the identity, then it descends to the quotient $$Y_{\Gamma^{(2)}} = {\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}(\mathbb{Z}) \backslash \mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$. We denote the resulting vector bundle and its pullbacks to $$\Gamma \backslash \mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$ for any $$\Gamma \subseteq \Gamma^{(2)}$$ by the same symbol $$\mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho}$$. The holomorphic vector bundles $$\mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho}$$ extend uniquely to any toroidal compactification of $$Y_\Gamma$$. To see this for $$\mathbb V_{\sigma,\mathbb{1}}$$, one employs the Hodge bundle and Schur functors, as is explained, for example, on p. 209 of [2]. As for $$\mathbb V_{\mathbb{1},\rho}$$ it suffices to pass to $$Y_{\ker\,\rho}$$ and pull back a trivial vector bundle to $$X_\Gamma$$ along the morphisms in Section 3.1. Tensoring $$\mathbb V_{\sigma,\mathbb{1}}$$ and $$\mathbb V_{\mathbb{1},\rho}$$ then yields extensions to $$X_\Gamma$$ of all $$\mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho}$$. The dual $$\mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho}^\vee$$ of $$\mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho}$$ is the bundle that corresponds to $$\sigma^\vee$$ and $$\overline\rho$$. In the case of weights, we can make this more concrete: the dual of $$\det^k {\mathrm{sym}}^l$$ is $$\det^{-k-l} {\mathrm{sym}}^l$$. 3.3 Holomorphic $$\boldsymbol{n}$$-forms We determine the isomorphism classes of vector bundles associated with the sheafs $$\mathbb E^{0,1}$$ and $$\mathbb E^{0,2}$$ of differential $$(0,1)$$- and $$(0,2)$$-forms, and of the sheaf $$\Omega^3$$ of holomorphic three-forms. At this occasion we also fix notation $$\cal{O}_X$$ for the structure sheaf of $$X$$, and $$\cal{O}_X(D)$$ for the sheaf of meromorphic functions with divisor bounded from below by $$-D$$. It is quickest to first consider one-forms, which have local basis $$d\!\tau_1$$, $$d\!z$$, and $$d\!\tau_2$$. We use matrix notation for covariant differentials and obtain   dτ=(dτ1dzdzdτ2);d(τ−1)=−τ−1(dτ)τ−1,ℑ(τ−1)−1d(τ¯−1)ℑ(τ−1)−1=−τy−1(dτ¯)y−1τ. This implies that the sheaf of holomorphic one-forms is isomorphic to sections of $$\mathbb V_{{\mathrm{sym}}^2, \mathbb{1}}$$. Differential $$(0,1)$$-forms correspond to the vector bundle $$\mathbb V_{\det^{-2}{\mathrm{sym}}^2}$$. Taking wedge products we get an isomorphism of the sheaf of differential $$(0,2)$$-forms with $$\mathbb E^{0,0} \otimes \mathbb V_{\det^{-3}{\mathrm{sym}}^2}$$. Holomophic three-forms correspond to $$\mathbb V_{\det^{3}}$$. As a consequence of the above computation, we find that   E0,1⊗Vdet2−k/2symk−2,ρ=E0,0⊗(Vdet−k/2symk,ρ⊕Vdet1−k/2symk−1,ρ⊕Vdet2−k/2symk−2,ρ). This implies immediately the next lemma. Lemma 3.3 Given $$f \in {{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k} \big)$$, there is a unique up to scalar multiples global section of the sheaf $$\mathbb E_X^{0,1}\otimes \mathbb V_{\det^{2 - k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^{k-2},\rho}$$ that corresponds to $$f$$ when pulled back to a section over $$\mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$. □ 3.3.1 Differential operators We study the differential $$\overline\partial$$ connecting $$\mathbb E^{0,0} \otimes \mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho}$$, $$\mathbb E^{0,1} \otimes \mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho}$$, and $$\mathbb E^{0,2} \otimes \mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho}$$. Sections of these vector bundles correspond to smooth functions on $$\mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$ that extend to the boundary of $$X$$ and which transform like Siegel modular forms of type $$\rho$$, and weight $$\sigma$$ in the first case, weight $$\det^{-2}{\mathrm{sym}}^2\sigma$$ in the second one, and weight $$\det^{-3}{\mathrm{sym}}^2\sigma$$ in the third one. Lemma 3.4. For fixed $$\sigma$$, there are automorphisms $$\phi_1$$ of $$\det^{-2}{\mathrm{sym}}^2\sigma$$ and $$\phi_2$$ of $$\det^{-3}{\mathrm{sym}}^2\sigma$$ such that the following diagram is commutative.   □ Proof Observe that $$\overline\partial$$ corresponds for functions on $$\mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$ to a differential operator of order $$1$$ that annihilates holomorphic functions. It is covariant with respect to $$\Gamma^{(2)}$$, and by approximation it is therefore covariant with respect to $$G$$. Further, we check that its image separates points by applying it to germs of polynomials. From the uniqueness statement in Proposition 6.9 of [20] we therefore deduce that is a nonzero multiple of constituents of the lowering operator $${\mathrm{L}}$$. ■ Corollary 3.5. The following composition of maps is zero.   □ Proof This follows when combining the previous lemma with Lemma 2.1. ■ 3.4 A vanishing statement Before we can proceed to the proof of Theorem 3.1, we need to establish the following vanishing statement. Lemma 3.6. Let $$D$$ be the divisor on $$X$$ of Igusa’s Siegel modular form $$\chi_{10}$$ (cf. [18]). Fix a weight $$\sigma$$ and a type $$\rho$$. Then for sufficiently large $$n$$, we have   H1(X,Vσ,ρ⊗OX(nD))=0. □ Proof Serre Duality relates the left-hand side to   H2(X,Ω3⊗Vσ∨,ρ¯⊗OX(−nD))=H2(X,Vdet3−10nσ∨,ρ¯). To show that this vanishes, we employ Corollary 5.6 (b) in [12] (formulated originally in [13]). We have to verify that sections of $$\mathbb V_{\det^{10n-3} \sigma,\rho}$$ yield an embedding of $$X$$ into some projective space. By Igusa’s work, the vector bundle $$\mathbb V_{\det^k}$$ is very ample for sufficiently large $$k$$. For fixed $$\sigma$$ and $$\rho$$, a result of Serre (cf. Theorem 5.17 of [14]) implies that for sufficiently large $$k$$ global sections of $$\mathbb V_{\det^k\sigma,\rho}$$ generate the corresponding sheaf. This establishes the lemma. ■ 3.5 A proof of the existence theorem This subsection will be fully occupied by our proof of Theorem 3.1. We start with a sequence of sheafs similar to the one that appears in the proof of Theorem 3.7 of [8]. As opposed to [8] we have to establish local lifting as an intermediate step. Let $$D$$ be the divisor of Igusa’s $$\chi_{10}$$ as in Lemma 3.6, and let $$n$$ be large enough so that the Lemma’s conclusion holds. We start by considering the following exact sheaf sequence over $$X$$, which can be obtained by tensoring the Dolbeault resolution of the structure sheaf $$\cal{O}_X$$ with $$\mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho} \otimes \cal{O}_X(n D)$$. Details on the Dolbeault complex can be found in Section I.3.C of [10].   Given $$f \in {{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k} \otimes \rho \big)$$ we obtain from it a global section in   H0(X,EX0,1⊗Vdet2−k/2symk−2,ρ⊗OX(nD))⊆H0(X,EX0,1⊗Vdet2−k/2symk−2,ρ). Lemma 3.5 says that this section vanishes under $$\overline\partial$$, mapping it to $$(0,2)$$-forms. In conjunction with exactness, this implies that it lies, locally, in the image of $$\overline\partial$$ mapping from $$0$$-forms to $$(0,1)$$-forms. We consider the following image sheaf under $$\overline\partial$$:   We next consider the following short exact sequence.   Since $$\mathbb E_X^{0,0}$$ is a fine sheaf, its higher cohomology vanishes. We therefore obtain the long exact sequence   Lemma 3.6 implies that the obstruction space $$\mathrm{H}^1\big( X,\, \mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho} \otimes \cal{O}_X(n D) \big)$$ vanishes. In particular, there is a global section of $$\mathbb E_X^{0,0} \otimes \mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho} \otimes \cal{O}_X(nD)$$ that maps under $$\overline\partial$$ to the section corresponding to $$g$$. Passing back to functions on $$\mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$ we finish the proof. 3.6 Scalar-valued almost harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms From the conditions on $${\mathrm{L}}\, f$$ we see that the Harish-Chandra module attached to any harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß form is the extension of $$A_{\frak{q}_{\mathrm{hol}}}(\lambda)$$ by $$A_{\frak{q}_{\mathrm{SK}}}(\lambda)$$ with $$\lambda = (k - 2) \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$, which is a quotient of $$\mathrm{Ind}^G_P |\,\cdot\,|^{(k-1)/ 2}$$ studied in Section 2.5. This implies that there is a nonzero constant $$c_k$$ that depends only on $$k$$ such that   (πL,+L)k/2−1(πR,−R)k/2−1f=ckffor allf∈SKS(2)(det2−k/2symk−2⊗ρ). From this and the characterization of almost meromorphic Siegel modular forms in terms of the lowering operator, we infer Corollary II. 4 Meromorphic and Non-Holomorphic Parts Given the proof of existence of harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms, which we achieved in the previous section, we now study Fourier expansions. In particular, we find a canonical lift of Fourier coefficients of non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts. This allows us to define Siegel mock modular forms as the remaining terms. The canonical lift of Fourier coefficients stems from Eisenstein series that were investigated in [7]. 4.1 Fourier coefficients of some Eisenstein series Recall from Equation (1.2) that non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts have Fourier expansions supported on indefinite coefficients. To phrase (1.2), we employed an ad hoc definition for the analytic part of Fourier coefficients. We are going to replace it by another type of Fourier coefficient that we have better control of. Lemma 4.3 is key in this context. For $$k > 2$$, we consider the classical Eisenstein series   Ek,12(2)=∑γ∈Γ∞(2)∖Γ(2)det(y)12|detkγ. (4.1) Proposition 4.1. For $$k > 2$$ the Eisenstein series $$E^{(2)}_{k,1 / 2}$$ converges. (1) It has Fourier expansion   ∑t∈Mat2(Q)cE(k;t)aEak,12(2)⁡(ty)e(tx), where $$c_E(k;\, t) \in {\mathbb{C}}$$. We have $$c_E(k;\, t) = 0$$, if $$t$$ is negative definite. The analytic part of the Fourier coefficients $$\sideset{^E}{^{(2)}_{k,1 / 2}}{\mathop{a}}(ty)$$ is a function that decays exponentially with respect to the sum of the absolute values of the eigenvalues of $$t y$$. (2) The Harish-Chandra module associated with $$E^{(2)}_{k,1 / 2}$$ is an extension of $$A_{\frak{q}_{\mathrm{hol}}}(\lambda)$$ by $$A_{\frak{q}_\mathrm{SK}}(\lambda)$$ with Harish-Chandra parameter $$\lambda = (2k - 2) \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$. □ Proof Observe that $$E^{(2)}_{k,1 / 2}$$ can be related to the Eisenstein series studied in [7] as follows:   Ek,12(2)=det(y)12∑γ∈Γ∞(2)∖Γ(2)1|k+12,12γ=det(y)12(∑γ∈Γ∞(2)∖Γ(2)1|12,(k+1)−12γ)¯, where the group $$\Gamma^{(2)}_\infty$$ and the slash action on the right-hand side are defined by   Γ∞(2)={(ab0d)∈Γ(2)}and(f|k,k′γ)(τ)=det(cτ+d)−kdet(cτ¯+d)−k′f(gτ). The slash action on the right-hand side of the above equality is the weight $$k+1$$ skew slash action that made appearance in [7]. For the purpose of reference, we set   EskEk+1(2)=∑γ∈Γ∞(2)∖Γ(2)1|12,(k+1)−12γ=∑t∈Mat2(Q)cE,sk(k+1;t)askak+1(2)⁡(ty)e(tx). The Fourier expansion of $${}^\mathrm{sk} E^{(2)}_{k+1}$$ establishes the one of $$E^{(2)}_{k,1 / 2}$$. From Theorem 4 in [7], we see that $$c_{E,\mathrm{sk}}(k+1;\,t) = 0$$, if $$t$$ is positive definite. The relation with $$E_{k,1 / 2}$$ implies that $$c_E(k;\, t) = 0$$ if $$t$$ is negative definite. Exponential decay of the analytic part of the Fourier coefficients follows from Shimura’s study of confluent hypergeometric functions [35]. To obtain the Harish-Chandra module associated with $$E^{(2)}_{k,1 / 2}$$ note that this Eisenstein series yields an intertwining operator from $$I_k = \mathrm{Ind}_P^G\,|\,\cdot\,|^{k-1 / 2}$$ into $$L^2(\Gamma^{(2)} \backslash G)$$. The standard reference for Eisenstein series is [23], but [24] is a survey article which classical readers might find more accessible. The induced representation $$I_k$$ contains all $$K$$-types with multiplicity at most one, and therefore $$\mathrm{A}_{{\mathbb{R}},\det^k}\big( E^{(2)}_{k,1 / 2} \big)$$ generates the $$K$$-type $$\det^k$$ of the image of $$I_k$$ in $$L^2(\Gamma^{(2)} \backslash G)$$. We conclude the proof by applying Proposition 2.2. ■ Remark 4.2. The previous proposition determines the Harish-Chandra module associated with $${}^{\mathrm{sk}}E^{(2)}_{k+1}$$ defined in the course of its proof. In particular, we see that Harish-Chandra modules associated with index $$t$$ Fourier coefficients of $${}^{\mathrm{sk}}E^{(2)}_{k+1}$$ for negative definite $$t$$ are antiholomorphic representations. In other words, for negative definite $$t$$ Fourier coefficients of $${}^{\mathrm{sk}}E^{(2)}_{k+1}$$ can be expressed as the product of $$e(t \overline\tau)$$ and a polynomial of degree $$k / 2$$ in the entries of $$y^{-1}$$. This implies that the Kohnen Limit process studied in [7] can also be defined for Fourier–Jacobi coefficients of negative index. □ 4.2 An analogue to non-holomorphic Eichler integrals We are now ready to define the analytic parts of Fourier coefficients of Saito-Kurokawa lifts. For positive weight $$k$$ with $$4 \, | \, k$$ we set    SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)e(tx) =(πL,+L)k/2−1 (aEak2,12(2)⁡(ty)e(tx)), SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)e(tx) =(πL,+L)k/2 (aEak2,12(2)⁡(ty)e(tx)). As a consequence of Proposition 4.1 and the connection of raising and lowering operators with $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules discussed in Section 2.2, we find that   πL,0L(SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)e(tx))=0,πL,−L(SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)e(tx))=0,andπL,+L(SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)e(tx))=SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)e(tx). (4.2) Lemma 4.3. We have    SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)=ct,kSKa~det−k/2symk(2)(t,y) for nonzero normalizing factors $$c_{t,k} \in {\mathbb{C}}$$. □ Proof We determine the Harish-Chandra modules attached to both Fourier terms. The $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module associated with a Fourier term is a subquotient of the Harish-Chandra module arising from a Siegel–Maaß form. Consider   ϖk:=A¯R,det−k/2symk(SKa~det−k/2symk(2)(t;y)e(tx))andϖ~:=A¯R,det−k/2symk(SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)e(tx)). Lemma 2.1 implies that $$\varpi_k$$ is isomorphic to $$A_{\frak{q}_\mathrm{SK}}\big( (k-2)\frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee \big)$$. From (2) of Proposition 4.1 and by comparing $$K$$-types we also infer that $$\widetilde\varpi_k$$ is isomorphic to $$A_{\frak{q}_\mathrm{SK}}\big( (k-2)\frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee \big)$$. Both $$\varpi_k$$ and $$\widetilde\varpi_k$$ yield Bessel models over $${\mathbb{R}}$$ of the irreducible $${\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ representation that corresponds to $$A_{\frak{q}_\mathrm{SK}}\big( (k-2)\frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee \big)$$. By what is explained in Section 2.6.4 of [32], we can twist $$\varpi_k$$ and $$\widetilde\varpi_k$$ to obtain Bessel models for the same character (denoted by $$\Lambda$$ there). Section 2.6.4 of loc. cit. in particular allows us to assume that the central character of $$\varpi_k$$ and $$\widetilde\varpi_k$$ is trivial on $$\mathbb R_{> 0}$$, that is, is a sign character or trivial. From the realization of $$A_{\frak{q}_\mathrm{SK}}\big( (k-2) \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee \big)$$ as a quotient of $$\mathrm{Ind}_P^G |\,\cdot\,|^{k - \frac{1}{2}}$$ in Section 2.5, we see that the central character is trivial after an appropriate twist. In particular, we obtain a Bessel model for $$\mathrm{PGSp}_{2}({\mathbb{R}})$$ instead of $${\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$. We can now invoke uniqueness of local Bessel models for $$\mathrm{PGSp}_{2}({\mathbb{R}})$$, established in [19]. This implies the above equality for suitable $$c_{t,k}$$. ■ Proposition 4.4. Consider $$f \in {{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k} \otimes \rho \big)$$ with Fourier expansion   f=∑tindefinitec(f;t)SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)e(tx). Then the series   f∗=∑tindefinitec(f;t)SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)e(tx) converges locally absolutely and satisfies   πL,+Lf∗=f,πL,0Lf∗=0,andπL,−Lf∗=0. □ Proof Using exponential decay of $$\sideset{^E}{^{(2)}_{k / 2,1 / 2}}{\mathop{a}}(t y)$$ stated in Proposition 4.1, we find that   ∑tindefinitec(f;t)aEak2,12(2)⁡(ty)e(tx) converges locally absolutely. We can therefore interchange summation and application of lowering operators, to obtain $$f^\ast$$ as the image under the $$(k / 2 - 1)$$\thdash\ power of $$\pi_{{\mathrm{L}},+} {\mathrm{L}}$$. The behavior of $$f^\ast$$ under lowering operators follows from 4.2. ■ 4.3 Meromorphic parts of harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms The analogue of non-holomorphic Eichler integrals allows us to define Siegel mock modular forms. We call a meromorphic function $$f :\, \mathbb{H}^{(2)} {\rightarrow} V( \det^{2 - k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^{k-2} ) \otimes V(\rho)$$ a Siegel mock modular form of weight $$\det^{2 - k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^{k-2}$$ and type $$\rho$$, if there is $$g \in {{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k} \otimes \rho \big)$$ such that   ∀γ∈Γ(2):(f+g∗)|det2−k/2symk−2,ργ=f+g∗. In this case $$g$$ is called the shadow of $$f$$. Conversely, Proposition 4.4 says that any harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß form $$f \in \mathrm{SK}\mathbb S^{(2)}\big( \det^{2 - k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^{k-2} \otimes \rho \big)$$ allows for a decomposition into a meromorphic and a non-holomorphic part. More precisely, we have   f=f++f−withf−=(πL,+Lf)∗andf+=f−f−. (4.3) Funding This work was partially supported by Vetenskapsrådet Grant 2015-04139 to M.W.-R. Acknowledgments The author is grateful to Özlem Imamoğlu and Olav Richter for many helpful discussions about harmonic weak Maaß forms and their generalizations. He thanks Rainer Weissauer for discussions about principal series and endoscopy. He appreciates very much comments on an early version of this paper by Kathrin Bringmann, Jan H. Bruinier, Olav Richter, and Ralf Schmidt. He also thanks one of the referees for his or her many remarks that helped improving the presentation of some statements, and for pinpointing a sign mistake in an earlier version. Communicated by Prof. Valentin Blomer References [1] Ash A. Mumford D. Rapoport M. and Tai. Y. Smooth compactification of locally symmetric varieties. Lie Groups: History, Frontiers and Applications , vol. IV, pp. iv+ 335, Brookline, MA, Math. Sci. Press, 1975. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [2] Bruinier J. H. Borcherds Products on O(2, l) and Chern Classes of Heegner Divisors . vol. 1780. viii+ 152 pp. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Berlin: Springer, 2002. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [3] Bruinier J. H. and Funke. J. “On two geometric theta lifts.” Duke Mathematical Journal  125, no. 1 ( 2004): 45– 90. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [4] Bruinier J. H. and Ono. K. “Heegner divisors, $$L$$-functions and harmonic weakMaass forms.” Annals of Mathematics  172 ( 2010): 2135– 81. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [5] Bruinier J. H. van der Geer G. Harder G. and Zagier. D. B. The 1-2-3 of Modular Forms , pp. x+ 266, edited by Ranestad K. Universitext. Lectures from the Summer School on Modular Forms and their Applications held in Nordfjordeid, June 2004. Berlin: Springer, 2008. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [6] Bringmann K. and Ono. K. “The $$f(q)$$ mock theta function conjecture and partition ranks.” Inventiones Mathematicae  165, no. 2 ( 2006): 243– 66. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [7] Bringmann K. and Ono. K. “Dyson’s ranks and Maass forms.” Annals of Mathematics (2)  171, no. 1 ( 2010): 419– 49. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [8] Bringmann K. Raum M. and Richter. O. K. “Kohnen’s limit process for real-analytic Siegel modular forms.” Advances in Mathematics  231, no. 2 ( 2012): 1100– 18. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [9] Dabholkar A. Murthy S. and Zagier. D. B. Quantum Black Holes, Wall Crossing, and Mock Modular Forms.  arXiv: 1208.4074. 2012, pp. 571. [10] Demailly J.-P. Complex Analytic and Differential Geometry.  Demailly’s webpage, 2012. [11] Duke W. Imamoğlu Ö. and Tóth. Ä. “Cycle integrals of the $$j$$-function and mock modular forms.” Annals of Mathematics (2)  173, no. 2 ( 2011): 947– 81. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [12] Esnault H. and Viehweg. E. Lectures on vanishing Theorems.  vol. 20, vi+ 164, DMV Seminar. Basel: Birkhäuser, 1992. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [13] Grauert H. and Riemenschneider. O. “Verschwindungssätze für analytische Kohomologiegruppen auf komplexen Räumen.” Inventiones Mathematicae  11 ( 1970): 263– 92. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [14] Hartshorne R. Algebraic geometry . Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 52. New York, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1977, pages xvi+ 496. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [15] Helgason S. “Differential operators on homogenous spaces.” Acta Mathematica  102 ( 1959): 239– 99. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [16] Helgason S. Differential Geometry and Symmetric Spaces.  Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. XII. New York, London: Academic Press, 1962, pages xiv+ 486. [17] Howe R. and Piatetski-Shapiro. I. I. “Some examples of automorphic forms on Sp4.” Duke Mathematical Journal  50, no. 1 ( 1983): 55– 106. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [18] Igusa J. “On Siegel modular forms of genus two.” American Journal of Mathematics  84 ( 1962): 175– 200. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [19] Jiang D. Sun B. and Zhu. C.-B. “Uniqueness of Besselmodels: the Archimedean case.” Geometric and Functional Analysis  20, no. 3 ( 2010): 690– 709. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [20] Klemm A. Poretschkin M. Schimannek T. and Westerholt-Raum. M. Direct Integration for Genus Two Mirror Curves , to appear in Communications in Number Theory and Physics, arXiv:1502.00557. 2015. [21] Knapp A. W. Representation Theory of Semisimple Groups . Princeton Landmarks in Mathematics. An overview based on examples, Reprint of the 1986 original. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001, pages xx+773. [22] Kudla S. S. and Rallis. S. “Degenerate principal series and invariant distributions.” Israel Journal of Mathematics  69, no. 1 ( 1990): 25– 45. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [23] Langlands R. P. On the Functional Equations Satisfied by Eisenstein Series.  Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 544, pp. v+337, Berlin, New York: Springer, 1976. [24] Langlands R. P. “Eisenstein series, the trace formula, and the modern theory of Automorphic Forms.” Number Theory, Trace Formulas and Discrete Groups (Oslo, 1987) . Boston, MA: Academic Press, 1989. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [25] Lee S. T. “Degenerate principal series representations of Sp(2n, R).” Compositio Mathematica  103, no. 2 ( 1996): 123– 51. [26] Li J.-S. “Theta lifting for unitary representations with nonzero cohomology.” Duke Mathematical Journal  61, no. 3 ( 1990): 913– 37. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [27] Miyazaki T. “On Saito-Kurokawa lifting to cohomological Siegelmodular forms.” Manuscripta Mathematica  114, no. 2 ( 2004): 139– 63. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [28] Muić G. “Intertwining operators and composition series of generalized and degenerate principal series for Sp(4, R).” Glasnik Matematički. Serija III  44, no. 2 ( 2009): 349– 99. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [29] Ono K. “Unearthing the visions of a master: harmonicMaass forms and number theory.” Current Developments in Mathematics , 2008. Somerville, MA: Int. Press, 2009. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [30] Petersen D. “Cohomology of local systems on the moduli of principally polarized abelian surfaces.” Pacific Journal of Mathematics  275, no. 1 ( 2015): 39– 61. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [31] Pitale A. and Schmidt. R. “Bessel models for lowest weight representations of GSp(4, R).” International Mathematics Research Notices  7 ( 2009): 1159– 212. [32] Piatetski-Shapiro I. I. “On the Saito-Kurokawa lifting.” Inventiones Mathematicae  71, no. 2 ( 1983): 309– 38. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [33] Sankaran G. K. “Fundamental group of locally symmetric varieties.” Manuscripta Mathematica  90, no. 1 ( 1996): 39– 48. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [34] Scheithauer N. “Generalized Kac-Moody algebras, automorphic forms and Conway’s group.” Advances in Mathematics  183, no. 2 ( 2004): 240– 70. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [35] Schulze-Pillot R. “WeakMaaßforms and $$(\mathfrak{g},K)$$-modules.” Ramanujan Journal. An International Journal Devoted to the Areas of Mathematics Influenced by Ramanujan  26, no. 3 ( 2011): 437– 45. [36] Schmidt R. “The Saito-Kurokawa lifting and functoriality.” American Journal of Mathematics  127, no. 1 ( 2005): 209– 40. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [37] Shimura G. “Confluent hypergeometric functions on tube domains.” Mathematische Annalen  260, no. 3 ( 1982): 269– 302. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [38] Vogan D. A., Jr., and Zuckerman. G. J. “Unitary representations with nonzero cohomology.” Compositio Mathematica  53, no. 1 ( 1984): 51– 90. [39] Wallach N. Real Reductive Groups. I. , vol. 132, xx+412 pp. Pure and Applied Mathematics. Boston, MA: Academic Press Inc., 1988. [40] Westerholt-Raum M. Products of Vector Valued Eisenstein Series . arXiv:1411.3877. 2014. [41] Zwegers S. “Mock theta functions.” PhD thesis, Universiteit Utrecht, 2002. © The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permission@oup.com. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/about_us/legal/notices) For permissions, please e-mail: journals. permissions@oup.com http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png International Mathematics Research Notices Oxford University Press

# Harmonic Weak Siegel–Maaß Forms I: Preimages of Non-Holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa Lifts

, Volume 2018 (5) – Mar 1, 2018
31 pages

/lp/ou_press/harmonic-weak-siegel-maa-forms-i-preimages-of-non-holomorphic-saito-5chNIQRl5T
Publisher
Oxford University Press
ISSN
1073-7928
eISSN
1687-0247
D.O.I.
10.1093/imrn/rnw288
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

### Abstract

Abstract Given a non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift we construct a preimage under the vector-valued lowering operator. In analogy with the case of harmonic weak elliptic Maaß forms, this preimage allows for a natural decomposition into a meromorphic and a non-holomorphic part. In this way every harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß form gives rise to a Siegel mock modular form. More than 10 years ago Zwegers [41] and Bruinier and Funke [8] independently found definitions of harmonic weak Maaß forms. Zwegers focused on mock theta functions whose modular properties had been a long standing miracle since Ramanujan came up with them in 1920 in his death bed letter. Bruinier and Funke were inspired by the Kudla program and they used harmonic weak Maaß forms to describe dualities between theta lifts. Both approaches to harmonic weak Maaß forms together produced a rich and novel research area, leading to the resolution of vital conjectures in combinatorics, topology, and many other fields—see, for example, [29] for an overview and [3, 6, 9, 11] for some of the applications. In this paper, we suggest an extension of the concept of harmonic weak Maaß forms to the case of Siegel modular forms of genus $$2$$, by building up on the ideas of [8]. In order to state some defining formulas, we let $$\tau = x + {\rm i} y \in \mathbb{H}$$ be a variable in the Poincaré upper half plane and $$0 \le k$$ an even integer. Analytic aspects of the theory of harmonic weak Maaß forms have been dominated by two facts. First, the weight-$$k$$ hyperbolic Laplace operator $$\Delta_k$$ can be written as a composition $$-\xi_{2-k} \circ \xi_{k}$$ of two $$\xi$$-operators defined by $$\xi_k(\,f) = 2i y^k \overline{\partial_{\overline\tau}\,f}$$. Second, the $$\xi$$-operator gives rise to a short exact sequence of the space $${}^!{\mathrm{M}}_k$$ of weakly holomorphic modular forms, the space $${\mathrm{S}}_{2-k}$$ of cusp forms, and the space $$\mathbb{S}_k$$ of harmonic weak Maaß forms whose image under $$\xi_k$$ is a cusp form. This sequence puts the operator $$\xi_k$$ into the center of the theory. One can define harmonic weak Maaß forms as the modular preimages of weakly holomorphic modular forms of weight $$2-k$$ under $$\xi_k$$. The kernel of $$\xi_k$$ consists of holomorphic (or meromorphic) modular forms, and by the factorization of the weight-$$k$$ Laplace operator $$\Delta_k = - \xi_{2-k} \circ \xi_k$$, the given definition is indeed equivalent to being harmonic. The above sequence also gives rise to the connection of harmonic weak Maaß forms and mock modular forms, which are their “holomorphic parts.” Finally, note that the $$\xi$$-operator is essentially the Maaß lowering operator $${\mathrm{L}}$$. Concretely, we have $$\xi_k(\,f) = 2 i y^{k-2} \overline{\mathrm{L} f}$$. The Laplace operator for $${\mathrm{SL}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ generates the center of the algebra of invariant differential operators on the Poincaré upper half plane $$\mathbb{H}$$. It is customary in the classical theory of modular forms to normalize it in such a way that holomorphic functions are harmonic. One goal of this paper is to show existence of real-analytic Siegel modular forms (1) that are eigenforms with respect to the center of the algebra of invariant differential operators on the Siegel upper half plane $$\mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$, and (2) that have a holomorphic part, thus producing Siegel mock modular forms. The notion of holomorphic parts is not rigorous so far, and deserves further study. For the purpose of this paper, we content ourselves with the fact that harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms that are constructed in this paper generate a Harish-Chandra module with a holomorphic composition factor. By the theory of $$(\mathfrak{g}, \mathrm{K})$$-modules, the latter implies that eigenvalues under invariant differential operators of every composition factor are the same as those of holomorphic forms. Uniqueness of Bessel models and the theory of Eisenstein series show that harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms already have the same eigenvalues as holomorphic Siegel modular forms. In this sense, it is justified to call them harmonic. Our Section 4 will link them to harmonic weak Maaß forms for $${\mathrm{SL}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ via the Kohnen limit process initially studied in [7]. It also explains how to invoke uniqueness of Bessel models. Recall that every holomorphic representation of $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$ can be viewed as a weight for genus-$$2$$ Siegel modular forms. The classical case of weight $$k$$ modular forms corresponds to the representation $$\det^k :\, {\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C}) {\rightarrow} \mathbb{C},\, g {\mapsto} \det(g)^k$$. In our case of genus-$$2$$ Siegel modular forms, every holomorphic, irreducible representation of $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$ can be written as a (tensor) product $$\det^k{\mathrm{sym}}^l$$ where $${\mathrm{sym}}^l$$ is the $$l$$th symmetric power representation of $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$. It is necessary to introduce vector-valued Siegel modular forms, because the above target space $${\mathrm{S}}_{2-k}$$ of $$\xi_k$$ will be replaced by    SKS(2)(det−k/2symk) :space of non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts of holomorphicweight k cusp forms. We revisit the non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift in Section 1. Non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts do not occur for scalar weights $$\det^k$$ for any $$k$$. The space of harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms is defined as the space of real-analytic functions with possible meromorphic singularities that transform like Siegel modular forms and that are mapped to non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts under the vector-valued lowering operators $${\mathrm{L}}$$. This space contains the space of meromorphic Siegel modular forms $${}^!{\mathrm{M}}^{(2)}\big( \det^{2 - k / 2} {\mathrm{sym}}^{k-2} \big)$$, which are annihilated by the lowering operator. In analogy with the above short exact sequence for harmonic weak elliptic modular forms, we show that every non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift allows for a modular preimage. Theorem I There is an exact sequence of weak Siegel–Maaß forms Elements of $$^\mathrm{sk}\mathbb S^{(2)}\big( \det^{2 - k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^{k-2} \big)$$ will henceforth be called harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms. □ Remark The vector-valued lowering operator defined in [20], which we will use in this paper takes weight-$$\det^k{\mathrm{sym}}^l$$ forms to forms of weight $$\det^{k-2}{\mathrm{sym}}^2{\mathrm{sym}}^l$$, containing the weight $$\det^{k-2}{\mathrm{sym}}^{2+l}$$ as a subrepresentation. The above sequence should be read in such a way that the image of harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms under $${\mathrm{L}}$$ is a priori modular of weight $$\det^{-k / 2}{\mathrm{sym}}^2{\mathrm{sym}}^{k-2}$$ and that this image vanishes outside of $$\det^{-k / 2}{\mathrm{sym}}^{k} \subset \det^{-k / 2} {\mathrm{sym}}^2{\mathrm{sym}}^{k-2}$$. This in particular means that the kernel of the third map vanishes under the actual lowering operator $${\mathrm{L}}$$, which characterizes meromorphic Siegel modular forms. □ Remark The above kind of harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms is by no means the only one that we expect to exist. It is so far unclear how to construct harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms whose image under the raising operator is a Siegel holomorphic modular form. This space would naturally contain Siegel modular forms with singularities whose analytic behavior is analogous with the one of non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts. Even such Siegel modular forms have not yet been explored. □ Remark The following is a heuristic argument on holomorphic parts and why appearance of Saito-Kurokawa lifts is rather natural: our requirement that harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms have a holomorphic part and meromorphic singularities includes, at least, that one composition factor is holomorphic. Restricting to indecomposable Harish-Chandra modules of length $$2$$. We may further require that this holomorphic representation is a quotient, since if it appeared as a subrepresentation, then we would deal with usual meromorphic Siegel modular forms. There are at least three families of holomorphic representations for $${\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$. The holomorphic discrete series are tempered. In addition, there are non-tempered holomorphic representations in some principal series for both the Siegel parabolic and the Klingen parabolic. Let $$f$$ be a “harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß form” in the above vague sense, and assume that it has a holomorphic part. Write $$\varpi(\,f)$$ for the Harish-Chandra module that it generates (see Section 2.2). We have already argued that $$\varpi(\,f) \twoheadrightarrow \varpi^{\mathrm{hol}}$$ for an irreducible holomorphic representation $$\varpi^{\mathrm{hol}}$$. Denote by $$\varpi' \hookrightarrow \varpi(\,f)$$ the irreducible subrepresentation. In analogy with conditions on harmonic weak Maaß forms that were imposed by Bruinier and Funke in [8], we assume that $$\varpi'$$ appears as a component at infinity of some cuspidal automorphic representation. We have $$f \not\in \varpi'$$, since otherwise $$f$$ would only generate $$\varpi' \subsetneq \varpi(\,f)$$. On the other hand, we have $$\frak{m} f \cap \varpi' \neq \emptyset$$, where $$\frak{g}$$ is the Lie algebra of $$G = {\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ and $$\frak{g} = \frak{k} \oplus \frak{m}$$ is its Cartan decomposition. In classical language, the action of $$\frak{m}$$ corresponds to the Maaß lowering and raising operators (again, see Section 2.2). We reformulate this as a condition on the $$K$$-type supports of $$\varpi'$$ and $$\varpi^{\mathrm{hol}}$$. The lowest $$K$$-type of $$\varpi^{\mathrm{hol}}$$ should neighbor the $$K$$-type support of $$\varpi'$$. For the representations in Section 2.5 this is satisfied. It is so far not clear to the author in any of the remaining cases whether extensions with this property exist. For example holomorphic and large discrete series of compatible Harish-Chandra parameter in general do not satisfy this condition. As for Harish-Chandra modules attached to the non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift, after fixing the Harish-Chandra module that appears in the principal series for the Siegel parabolic, we observe that its only automorphic realization is the non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift itself—cf. p. 55 of [30]. □ The occurrence of vector-valued Siegel modular forms cannot be avoided, since non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts do not allow for a scalar-valued realization. However, harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms can be forced into scalar weights by applying the vector-valued raising operator sufficiently often. Denote the space of weight $$k / 2$$ almost meromorphic Siegel modular forms of depth $$k / 2 - 1$$ by $${}^!{\mathrm{M}}^{(2)}\big( (\det^{k / 2})^{[k / 2 - 1]} \big)$$. A definition and study of almost meromorphic Siegel modular forms can be found in [20]. We call a singularity $$f$$ almost meromorphic if locally it can be written as $$f = f_{\mathrm{num}} / f_{\mathrm{den}} + f_{\mathrm{reg}}$$ for a regular function $$f_{\mathrm{reg}}$$, a holomorphic function $$f_{\mathrm{den}}$$, and an almost holomorphic function $$f_{\mathrm{num}}$$. An almost meromorphic Siegel modular form is a function on the upper half space with almost meromorphic singularities that transforms like a Siegel modular form. We define almost harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms of weight $$\det^{k / 2}$$ as real-analytic modular forms with almost meromorphic singularities whose image under $${\mathrm{L}}^{k / 2}$$ is a non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift. We denote the space of such forms by $${}^\mathrm{SK}\mathbb {S}^{(2)}\big( (\det^{k / 2})^{[k / 2 - 1]} \big)$$. Corollary II There is an exact sequence of weak Siegel–Maaß forms □ Remark The power of the lowering operator in the previous statement is a tensor power whose target weight is $$\det^{-k / 2} {\mathrm{sym}}^k \subset \det^{-k / 2} ({\mathrm{sym}}^2)^{k / 2}$$. The exact sequence has to be interpreted as the one in Theorem I. □ One source of interest in harmonic weak Maaß forms for $${\mathrm{SL}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ is their Fourier series expansion and mock modular forms associated with them. Writing $$e(x) = \exp(2 \pi {\rm i}\, x)$$ for $$x \in {\mathbb{C}}$$, any harmonic weak Maaß form $$f$$ can be naturally decomposed as   f(τ)=∑n≫−∞c+(f;n)e(nτ)+∑n≪∞c−(f;n)a−ak(1)⁡(n,y)e(nτ), where, if $$k \ne 1$$, then $$\sideset{^-}{^{(1)}_k}{\mathop{a}}$$ is essentially the $$W$$-Whittaker function if $$n < 0$$, the $$M$$-Whittaker function if $$n > 0$$, and a power of $$y = \Im\frak{m}\tau$$ if $$n = 0$$. The first sum is called the holomorphic part of $$f$$ and the second one is called its non-holomorphic part. The holomorphic part of $$f$$ is a mock modular form and conversely by definition every mock modular form has a modular completion of the above form. Harmonic weak Maaß forms with $$c^-(f;\, n) = 0$$ for $$n \ge 0$$ are best understood. Their image under $$\xi_k$$ is a cusp form that essentially has Fourier coefficients $$c^-(f;\,n)$$. Their Fourier coefficients $$c^+(f;\,n)$$ for $$n \le 0$$ are not completely understood, but they were successfully related to derivatives of twisted $$L$$-values in [5]. To formulate the genus-$$2$$ analogue of the above decomposition, we set $$e(x) = \exp(2 \pi {\rm i}\, \mathrm{trace}(x))$$ for any complex square matrix $$x$$. We put the superscript $$\pm$$ to the left of the analytic part $$a(t, y)$$ of the Fourier coefficient, reserving the right superscript for annotation with regard to the genus (which in our case is $$2$$). Theorem III Every $$f \in ^\mathrm{SK}\mathbb S^{(2)}\big( \det^{2 - k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^{k-2} \big)$$ has a Fourier series expansion of the form   f(τ)=∑tc+(f;t)e(tτ)+∑t indefinitec−(f;t)a−ak(2)⁡(t,y)e(tx), where   ∑t indefinitec−(f;t)aSKak(2)⁡(t,y)e(tx)∈SKS(2)(det−k2symk) for real-analytic functions $$\sideset{^-}{^{(2)}_k}{\mathop{a}}$$ and $$\sideset{^\mathrm{SK}}{^{(2)}_k}{\mathop{a}}$$ defined in Section 4. □ Given the analytic characterization of harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms, it seems justified to call the first summand in Theorem III a Siegel mock modular form. We give a precise definition in Section 4.3. We plan to investigate the Fourier coefficients of Siegel mock modular forms in a sequel to this paper. We discuss the proof of Theorem I. The proof generalizes ideas in [8], but it requires additional input from the theory of $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules. The following description of $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules associated with some harmonic weak Maaß forms was independently found by Ralf Schmidt in an unpublished note. The author was notified that also Schulze-Pillot found similar results in [37]. Recall that in the case of nonpositive, even weight $$k$$, there are two differential operators that map harmonic weak Maaß forms to weakly holomorphic ones. One of them, the $$\xi_k$$-operators, has already been mentioned, and another one arises from Bol’s identity. First note that from the perspective of $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules it is not very natural to include complex conjugation into the above diagram. Rather, one sacrifices holomorphicity and employs the lowering operators $${\mathrm{L}}$$ instead of $$\xi_k$$. This yields a map   Mk⟶y2−kM!M2−k¯, where the right-hand side consists of functions transforming like modular forms of weight $$k-2$$. In other words, the $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module associated with a non-holomorphic $$f \in \mathbb M_k$$ contains the direct sum of holomorphic and antiholomorphic (limits of) discrete series. The quotient is a finite dimensional and irreducible $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module. It corresponds to the images $$\mathrm{R}^j\,f$$ with $$0 \le j \le -k$$ of $$f \in \mathbb M_k$$ under powers of the raising operator. One can phrase the above observation as follows: the $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module associated with a proper harmonic weak Maaß form $$f$$ is isomorphic to a suitable degenerate principal series. This observation guides our proof of existence of harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms. The Harish-Chandra module attached to non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts can be realized as a Langlands quotient. Lee [25] gave a very explicit description of the corresponding principal series. The Saito-Kurokawa lift corresponds to the unique irreducible quotient. The second composition factor is the direct sum of a holomorphic and antiholomorphic representation, whose minimal $$K$$-type corresponds to a vector-valued Siegel modular form. The precise description of the Harish-Chandra module delivered by Lee enables us to extend the argument in [8] to Siegel modular forms of genus-$$2$$. Bruinier and Funke employ sheaf cohomology. Since they dealt with complex curves, the Dolbeault resolution of the structure sheaf is surjective on to $$(0,1)$$-forms. This can be interpreted in such a way that locally for every $$(0,1)$$-form there is a preimage in $$0$$-forms. Translated into classical language, every weakly holomorphic modular form is locally the image of some harmonic $$0$$-form. This is no longer true in the case of complex three-folds, which we deal with in this paper. Vanishing under the Dolbeault derivative $$\overline\partial$$ is necessary for a $$(0,1)$$-form to locally admit a preimage under $$\overline\partial$$. We reformulate this vanishing condition in terms of $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules, and establish it for non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts. The main step in the proof of Bruinier and Funke is the second step in ours. To guarantee global existence of preimages of harmonic weak Maaß forms they prove vanishing of a corresponding obstruction space, constituted by the first cohomology of a certain holomorphic line bundle. Using Serre duality they reduce it to a classical vanishing result for elliptic modular forms. In our case, the obstruction space is the first cohomology of a vector bundle. We employ a vanishing theorem by Grauert–Riemenschneider [13] and Igusa’s study [18] of Siegel modular forms to deduce its vanishing. We start the paper with preliminaries in Section 1. Section 2 contains the theory of Harish-Chandra modules and degenerate principal series that we need in the paper. We proceed to the proof of existence of harmonic weak Siegel modular forms in Section 3. That section contains most of the complex geometry that is important to the paper. The last Section 4 focuses on Siegel mock modular forms, which arise from a natural splitting of the Fourier expansion of harmonic Siegel modular forms. 1 Preliminaries 1.1 The symplectic group of genus 2 Throughout, we focus on the group $$G = {\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ with complex Lie algebra $$\frak{g} = \frak{sp}_2$$, whose definitions are   G=Sp2(R) ={g=(abcd)∈Mat4(R):tgJ2g=J2}withJ2=(0−I2I20),I2=(1001),andg0=sp2(R) ={(abc−ta):a∈Mat2(R),b,c∈Mat2t(R)},g=g0⊗RC. A Cartan involution $$\theta$$ of $$\frak{g}_{\mathbb{R}}$$ is given by the map sending $$\left( {a \atop c} \quad {b \atop -\,{}^\mathrm{t}\! a} \right)$$ to $$\left( {-\,{}^\mathrm{t}\! a \atop -b} \quad {-c \atop a} \right)$$. The associated Cartan decomposition is $$\frak{g} = \frak{k} \oplus \frak{m}$$ with   k={(ab−ba):a∈Mat2(C),b∈Mat2t(C),a=−ta}andm={(abb−a):a,b∈Mat2t(C)}. The corresponding compact subgroup $$\mathrm{U}_{2}({\mathbb{R}}) \cong K({\mathbb{R}}) \subset G({\mathbb{R}})$$ consists of matrices $$\left({a \atop -b} \quad {b \atop a} \right) \in {\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ with $$a - {\rm i}b \in \mathrm{U}_{2}({\mathbb{R}})$$. We write $$\frak{g}_0$$ and $$\frak{k}_0$$ for the real Lie algebras of $$G({\mathbb{R}})$$ and $$K({\mathbb{R}})$$. We now fix a bases of $$\frak{k}$$ and of $$\frak{m}$$. Define $$\mathfrak{h}_\mathfrak{c} = -i \left({ \atop I_2} \quad {-I_2 \atop 0}\right)$$ and Names are chosen in such a way that the action of $$\frak{k}$$ is the customary one: $$\big[ \frak{e}_\frak{k}, \frak{e}_\frak{m}^+ \big] = 0$$, $$\big[ \frak{e}_\frak{k}, \frak{h}_\frak{m}^+ \big] = -2 \frak{e}_\frak{m}^+$$, etc. The element $$\frak{h}_\frak{c}$$ acts on $$\frak{m}^\pm$$ by multiplication with $$\pm 2$$. Compact and non-compact roots of $$\frak{g}$$ are   ±2hk∨;±2hc∨,±2(hc∨+hk∨),±2(hc∨−hk∨). Note that $$i \frak{h}_\frak{c}$$ and $$i \frak{h}_\frak{k}$$ span a Cartan subalgebra of both $$\frak{k}_0$$ and $$\frak{g}_0$$. Thus we can, as is customary, identify weights of $$K$$ and $$G$$. 1.2 The upper half space The genus-$$2$$ Siegel upper half space $$\mathbb{H}^{(2)} = \{ \tau = x + {\rm i}y \in \mathrm{Mat}^\mathrm{t}_{2}({\mathbb{C}}) \,:\, y > 0 \}$$ consists of symmetric complex matrices $$\tau$$ with positive definite imaginary part. It carries an action of $${\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ by means of   Sp2(R)↻H(2):(abcd)τ=(aτ+b)(cτ+d)−1. The entries of $$\tau$$, $$x$$, and $$y$$ are given by   τ=(τ1zzτ2),y=(y1vvy2),andx=(x1uux2). We associate with every $$\tau \in \mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$ the element   gτ=(yxy−1y−1)∈Sp2(R), where $$\sqrt{y}$$ is the unique positive definite symmetric square root of $$y$$. 1.3 Weights, types, and slash actions We call a finite-dimensional, holomorphic representation $$\sigma$$ of $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$ a weight for genus-$$2$$ Siegel modular forms. In genus-$$2$$, any weight is isomorphic to a direct sum of representations $$\det^k{\mathrm{sym}}^l$$ for some $$k \in \mathbb{Z}$$ and some $$0 \le l \in \mathbb{Z}$$. The representation space of $$\sigma$$ will be denoted by $$V(\sigma)$$. A finite-dimensional, complex representation of $$\Gamma^{(2)} = {\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}(\mathbb{Z})$$ is called a type. We focus throughout and without further mentioning it on types whose kernel has finite index in $$\Gamma^{(2)}$$. The representation space of $$\rho$$, in analogy with weights, is denoted by $$V(\rho)$$. By slight abuse of notation we denote the trivial weight and trivial type by the same letter $$\mathbb{1}$$. Fix the $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$-valued cocycle given by $$j(g, \tau) = c \tau + d$$ for $$g \in {\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ and $$\tau \in \mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$. For a weight $$\sigma$$ and a type $$\rho$$, we define the slash action of weight $$\sigma$$ and type $$\rho$$ on functions $$f :\, \mathbb{H}^{(2)} {\rightarrow} V(\sigma) \otimes V(\rho)$$ by   f|σ,ργ=σ(cτ+d)−1⊗ρ(γ)−1(f∘γ). If the type is trivial, we suppress it in the notation, writing $$\big|_{\sigma}$$ instead of $$\big|_{\sigma,\rho}$$. 1.4 Lowering and raising operators Order-$$1$$ lowering and raising operators for Siegel modular forms are necessarily vector-valued. Existence and basic properties follow from general work by Helgason [15, 16]. Concrete expressions in classical terms were computed in [20]. As usual, we define the matrix differentials   ∂τ=(∂τ112∂z12∂z∂τ2)and∂τ¯=(∂τ1¯12∂z¯12∂z¯∂τ2¯). The lowering operator can be written independently of the weight. Given a differentiable function $$f :\, \mathbb{H}^{(2)} {\rightarrow} V(\sigma) \otimes V(\rho)$$, we set   Lf=Lσf=yt(y∂τ¯)⊗f. The tensor notation above makes use of the inclusion   C∞(H→V(sym∨2))⊗C∞(H→V(σ))↪C∞(H→V(sym∨2σ)), where $${\mathrm{sym}}^{\vee\,2}$$ denotes the dual representation of $${\mathrm{sym}}^2$$. Throughout, we will use this notation to denote functions with values in tensor products of representation spaces. The raising operator depends on the weight, and we give a formula specific to weights $$\det^k{\mathrm{sym}}^l$$. We define a symmetrization map that was devised in [20]. Observe that elements of $$V({\mathrm{sym}}^l)$$ can be written in terms of (tensor) products of $$l$$ elements in the standard representation $$\mathrm{std}$$ of $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$, which satisfies $$V(\mathrm{std}) \cong {\mathbb{C}}^2$$. For $$0 \le l \in \mathbb{Z}$$, we define   tdetksyml :sym2⊗detksyml ⟶sym2⊗detksyml,v1v2⊗∏j=1lv2+j ⟼12l∑j′=1l(v2+lv2⊗v1∏j=1j≠j′lv2+j+v1v2+l⊗v2∏j=1j≠j′lv2+j). The raising operator on a differentiable function $$f :\, \mathbb{H}^{(2)} {\rightarrow} V(\det^k{\mathrm{sym}}^l) \otimes V(\rho)$$ is given by   Rf=Rdetksymlf=∂τ⊗f−ik2y−1⊗f−il2tdetksyml(y−1⊗f). We will suppress the weight from notation, if it becomes clear from the context. The covariance properties of $${\mathrm{L}}$$ and $$\mathrm{R}$$ define them uniquely up to scalar multiples by proposition 6.9 of [20]. For every $$g \in {\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$, we have   (Lf)|sym∨2σg=L(f|σg)and(Rf)|sym2σg=R(f|σg). (1.1) To simplify stating the next definition, we set $${\mathrm{L}} \sigma = {\mathrm{sym}}^{\vee\,2}\sigma = \det^{-2}{\mathrm{sym}}^2 \sigma$$ and $$\mathrm{R} \sigma = {\mathrm{sym}}^2 \sigma$$. By viewing $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$-representations as $$\mathrm{U}_{2}({\mathbb{R}})$$-representations, we define the following orthogonal projections for $$\sigma = \det^k {\mathrm{sym}}^l$$ if $$l \ge 2$$.   πL,+ :Lσ →detk−2syml+2,πL,0 :Lσ →detk−1syml,πL,− :Lσ →detksyml−2;πR,+ :Rσ →detksyml+2,πR,0 :Rσ →detk+1syml,πR,− :Rσ →detk+2syml−2. It is clear that $$\pi_{{\mathrm{L}},+} \circ {\mathrm{L}}$$ and all analogous differential operators satisfy covariance properties derived from (1.1). 1.5 The non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift Existence of the non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift was first indicated in work of Howe and Piatetski-Shapiro [17]. Piatetski-Shapiro [31] used it to determine cuspidal automorphic representations for $$\mathrm{PGSp}_{2}$$ whose $$L$$-function has a pole. A special case of the Saito-Kurokawa lift that is of particular interest from a geometrical perspective was investigated by Bruinier; see Example 5.13 of [4]. Since the (non-holomorphic) Saito-Kurokawa lift can be expressed as a theta lift (or Weil lifting as Piatetski-Shapiro calls it), it appears in Li’s study of theta lifts [26]. In the present paper, we will focus on the formulation by Schmidt [36], who established functoriality, and Miyazaki [27], who computed Fourier expansions of non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts. Given a real-analytic Siegel modular eigenform $$f$$ of weight $${\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k}$$ with $$k \in 2\mathbb{Z}$$ for some finite index subgroup $$\Gamma' \subseteq \Gamma^{(2)}$$, we say that $$f$$ is a non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift if its spin $$L$$-function has a pole. The linear span of such Saito-Kurokawa lifts is denoted by $${{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k},\, \Gamma' \big)$$. Theorem 1.1 (Piatetski-Shapiro). Given an elliptic modular form $$f$$ of level $$1$$ and weight $$k$$ with $$4 \, | \, k$$, there is a cuspidal, real-analytic Siegel modular form $$g$$ of level $$1$$ and weight $${\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k}$$ whose spin $$L$$-function has a pole and which contains the $$L$$-function of $$f$$ as a factor. In particular, for $$k \ge 12$$ divisible by $$4$$, the space $${{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k},\, \Gamma^{(2)} \big)$$ is not empty. □ Since we work with vector-valued Siegel modular forms for $$\Gamma^{(2)}$$, we now explain how to pass from Saito-Kurokawa lifts in the classical sense to vector-valued ones. The reader who prefers to work in a slightly more classical setting can skip this and assume $$4 \, | \, k$$ and $$\rho = \mathbb{1}$$ in the rest of the paper. None of the steps of our construction involves the type in a crucial way. For a finite index subgroup $$\Gamma' \subseteq \Gamma^{(2)}$$, we denoted the induction of the trivial representation from $$\Gamma'$$ to $$\Gamma^{(2)}$$ by $$\rho_{\Gamma'}$$. Recall the induction map from modular forms for a subgroup $$\Gamma' \subseteq \Gamma^{(2)}$$ to modular forms of type $$\rho_{\Gamma'}$$, which, for example, was spelled out in [40]. With slightly different meaning, induction of vector-valued modular forms also appears in Scheithauer’s work [34]. The image of $${{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( \det^{-k / 2 }{\mathrm{sym}}^{k},\, \Gamma' \big)$$ under the induction map is denoted by $${{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( \det^{-k / 2}{\mathrm{sym}}^{k} \otimes \rho_{\Gamma'} \big)$$. The decomposition $$\bigoplus_j \rho_j$$ of $$\rho_{\Gamma'}$$ into irreducible components yields a natural decomposition   SKS(2)(det−k/2symk⊗ρΓ′)=⨁jSKS(2)(det−k/2symk⊗ρj), which we employ to define the spaces on the right-hand side. Consider Theorem 5.3 of [27]. It tells us that there is a polynomial $$p_k(t,\, \sqrt{y})$$ that takes values in $$V({\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k})$$, and that depends on the entries of indefinite $$t \in \mathrm{Mat}_{2}({\mathbb{R}})$$ and the positive definite square root $$\sqrt{y}$$ of $$y$$ such that any level-$$1$$ Saito-Kurokawa lift has Fourier expansion   ∑tindefinitec~(f;t)SKa~det−k/2symk(2)(t;y)e(tx) (1.2) with coefficients $$\widetilde{c}(f;\,t) \in {\mathbb{C}}$$ and    SKa~det−k/2symk(2)(t,y)=det(y)k+24pk(t,y)Kk/2(trace(ty)2−det(t)det(y))(trace(ty)2−det(t)det(y))k/4, (1.3) where $$K_{k / 2}$$ is the $$K$$-Bessel function. The precise shape of the polynomials $$p_k$$ is irrelevant to use, since later in Section 4 we replace it by a more suitable choice. The coefficients $$\widetilde{c}(f;\,t)$$ grow polynomially in the entries of $$t$$. From the construction of Saito-Kurokawa lifts as theta lifts it becomes clear that for Saito-Kurokawa lifts of nontrivial type $$f \in {{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k} \otimes \rho \big)$$ we have an analogous Fourier expansion with $$\widetilde{c}(f;\,t) \in V(\rho)$$. 2 Harish-Chandra Modules This section contains most of the theory of $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules that we apply in the present paper. We outline some of the basic concepts in Section 2.1, but generally the reader is referred to [21, 39] for details and precise definitions. In Section 2.2 we describe how to pass from functions on the upper half space to $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules and how the behavior under differential operators is connected to $$K$$-types. Section 2.3 contains a description of some Vogan–Zuckerman modules. In Section 2.4, we identify the non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift at the infinite place as a suitable module $$A_\frak{q}(\lambda)$$. In Section 2.5, we consider the composition series of some degenerate generalized principal series. In particular, we recognize the Saito-Kurokawa $$(\frak{g},K)$$-module as a submodule in a specific principle series. 2.1 Preliminaries on Harish-Chandra modules Given a Lie group $$G$$ with complex Lie algebra $$\frak{g}$$ and a maximal compact subgroup $$K \subseteq G$$, a $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module is a $$\frak{g}$$-module which carries a compatible action of $$K$$. The definition is spelled out in Section 3.3.1 of [39]. A $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module is called admissible if it is a unitary $$K$$-module and the $$K$$-isotypical components are finite dimensional. An admissible $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module is called a Harish-Chandra module. It is a theorem by Harish-Chandra (cf. Theorem 3.4.10 in [39]) that every irreducible unitary representation $$\pi$$ of $$G$$ gives rise to an admissible $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module by taking smooth vectors. It is called the Harish-Chandra module associated with $$\pi$$. The $$K$$-types that occur in a $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module and transitions between them are the only feature that we will make use of. It is not necessary but convenient to draw them. As throughout the whole paper, we focus on the case $$G = {\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$. Then irreducible representations of $$K$$ can be parametrized by dominant weights of $$K$$, which can be expressed in terms of roots of $$\frak{g}$$. We denote the weight $$(a+b) \frak{h}_\frak{c}^\vee + (a-b)\frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$ by the pair $$(a,b)$$. As a $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$ representation it corresponds to $$\det^b {\mathrm{sym}}^{a-b}$$. Possible $$K$$-types range in $$\Lambda = \{ (a,b) \in \mathbb{Z}^2 \,:\, a \ge b \}$$. We depict a $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module by an arrangement of circles that correspond to all possible $$(a,b)$$. Filled circles indicate $$K$$-types that occur with multiplicity at least one, and the remaining ones indicate those that do not occur. The two diagrams below are typical such diagrams of $$K$$-types. We read the diagram as if it would continue infinitely to the right and to the bottom without indicating this. In the left diagram we have encircled the $$K$$-isotrivial component, which corresponds to the pair $$(0,0)$$. In general we will assume that our diagram is symmetric and therefore refrain from marking $$(0,0)$$. The action of $$\frak{m} \subset \frak{g}$$ gives rise to transitions of $$K$$-types, whose possible targets can be computed by the Clebsch–Gordan rules. For $$a - b \ge 2$$ the image of a $$K$$-type $$(a,b)$$ under $$\frak{m}^\pm$$ is a direct sum of $$K$$-types $$(a\pm 2,b)$$, $$(a\pm 1,b\pm 1)$$, and $$(a,b\pm 2)$$. The image of $$(a+1,a)$$ under $$\frak{m}^+$$ and $$\frak{m}^-$$ is a direct sum of $$(a+3,a)$$ and $$(a+2,a+1)$$, and $$(a+1,a-2)$$ and $$(a,a-1)$$, respectively. The image of $$(a,a)$$ under $$\frak{m}^+$$ and $$\frak{m}^-$$ is $$(a+2,b)$$ and $$(a,a-2)$$. For a given $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module some of those transition maps might be nonzero. This is obviously the case if they hit an unfilled circle, and no further indication in our diagrams is needed. A second phenomenon, which we call (transition) walls, can occur. A wall is a linear relation $$w_a a + w_b b = w_c$$ for $$(a,b)$$ and a sign $$w_\sigma \in \{\pm 1\}$$ such that every transition from $$(a,b)$$ to $$(a',b')$$ with $$w_a a + w_b b = w_c$$ is zero, if $$w_\sigma \cdot \big(w_a a' + w_b b' - w_c \big) < 0$$. We mark transition walls by a line determined by the linear relation, and a decorating arrow attached to the line that indicates the associated sign. For example, in the right-hand diagram below, the vertical line corresponds to the relation $$a = 2$$ with sign $$+1$$. No $$K$$-type to the left of that line occurs. The horizontal line corresponds to the relation $$b = -2$$ with sign $$-1$$. Presence of $$K$$-types below this line indicates that the depicted $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module is reducible.   2.2 Functions on the upper half space We now explain how to pass back and forth between $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules and functions $$\mathbb{H}^{(2)} {\rightarrow} V(\sigma) \otimes V(\rho)$$. Since the group $$\Gamma^{(2)}$$ and its representation $$\rho$$ do not enter the construction, we can safely assume that $$\rho = \mathbb{1}$$. As for the weight, note that any representation $$\sigma$$ of $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$ defines a representation of $$K$$ by restricting along the map $$K {\rightarrow} \mathrm{U}_{2}({\mathbb{R}}) \subset {\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C}),\, \left({a \atop -b} \quad {b \atop a}\right) {\mapsto} a - i b$$. When referring to a weight as a $$K$$-representation we throughout mean this restriction. Given $$f :\, \mathbb{H}^{(2)} {\rightarrow} V(\sigma)$$ we consider the function $$\mathrm{A}_{{\mathbb{R}}}(\,f) :\, G {\rightarrow} V(\sigma)$$ defined by   AR(f)(g)=AR,σ(f)(g)=σ−1(j(g,iI2))f(gi). Diverging from the common approach, we do not assume any invariance property of $$f$$. Only later it will be crucial to choose a suitable $$\sigma$$ to obtain from slash invariance of $$f$$ a translation invariance of $$\mathrm{A}_{\mathbb{R}}(\,f)(g)$$. By contraction of $$\mathrm{A}_{\mathbb{R}}(\,f)$$ and $$V(\sigma)^\vee$$ we obtain a space $$\overline{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathbb{R}}(\,f)$$ of functions on $$G$$, which under right translation yields a $$K$$-representation that is isomorphic to $$\sigma^\vee$$. More precisely, for any $$v^\vee \in V(\sigma)^\vee$$, we have   v∨(AR(f)(gk))=v∨(σ−1(j(gk,iI2))f(gi))=v∨(σ−1(j(k,iI2))σ−1(j(g,iI2))f(gi)) =(σ(j(k,iI2))v∨)(σ−1(j(g,iI2))f(gi))=(σ(j(k,iI2))v∨)(AR(f)(g)). We refer to the $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules generated by the components of $$\mathrm{A}_{\mathbb{R}}(\,f)$$ as the $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module associated with $$f$$. By the $$G$$-representation associated with $$f$$ we mean the representation which is generated by $$\mathrm{A}_{\mathbb{R}}(\,f)$$ under right translation. Its Harish-Chandra module is the $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module that we have associated with $$f$$. Vice versa it is possible to extract a function on $$\mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$ from any vector in a $$K$$-type of a $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module that is realized by smooth functions on $$G$$. For any such $$\tilde f$$ in a representation isomorphic to $$\sigma^\vee$$, we set   AR−1(f~)(τ)=σ(j(gτ,iI2))f~(gτi). Obviously, we have $$\mathrm{A}_{\mathbb{R}}^{-1} \mathrm{A}_{\mathbb{R}} (\,f) = f$$. We next describe a connection between the differential operators in [20] and transition of $$K$$-types in a $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module associated with $$f :\, \mathbb{H}^{(2)} {\rightarrow} V(\sigma)$$. Covariance of the lowering and raising operator and compatibility of $$\frak{g}$$\nbd\ and $$K$$-actions allows us to focus on values of $$f$$ at $$i I_2 \in \mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$ and values of $$\mathrm{A}_{\mathbb{R}}(\,f)$$ at the identity element $$e \in G$$. Helgason’s formalism [15, 16] implies that the action of $$\mathrm{R}$$ at $$i I_2$$ is given by   H0(k,m+⊗sym∨2)⊗1⊆H0(k,m+⊗sym∨2)⊗H0(k,σ⊗σ∨)⊆H0(k,m+⊗σ⊗(sym2σ)∨), where $$\mathbb{1}$$ refers to the canonical copy of the trivial representation in $$\sigma \otimes \sigma^\vee$$. Analogously, the lowering operator $${\mathrm{L}}$$ is given by $$\frak{k}$$-invariants in $$\frak{m}^- \otimes (\det^{-2}{\mathrm{sym}}^2)^\vee$$. Since the action of $$\frak{m}$$ defines transition of $$K$$-types, we therefore conclude that the following diagrams commute up to nonzero scalar multiples for all $$f \in \mathrm{C}^\infty \big( \mathbb{H}^{(2)} {\rightarrow} V(\sigma) \big)$$.   The map $$\mathrm{A}_{\mathbb{R}}^{-1}$$ allows us to deduce vanishing statements with respect to lowering and raising operators from the structure of $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules. 2.3 Vogan-Zuckerman modules We recall from [38] the $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules $$A_\frak{q}(\lambda)$$ that are attached to $$\theta$$-stable parabolic subalgebras of $$\frak{g}$$ and central characters $$\lambda \in \frak{h}_{\mathbb{C}}^\vee$$ satisfying specific conditions. According to Theorem 5.4 in [38] such representations are uniquely determined by their $$K$$-types and the central character. The notion of $$A_\frak{q}(\lambda)$$ builds up on $$\theta$$-stable parabolic subalgebras $$\frak{q} \subset \frak{g}$$, whose definition is revisited on page 56 of [38]. As pointed out there, the name is chosen in an unfortunate way, since not every parabolic subalgebra that is stable under the Cartan involution is necessary $$\theta$$-stable in the sense of the following definition. Given $$x$$ in the Cartan subalgebra of $$i \frak{k}_0$$, we attach a parabolic subalgebra to $$x$$ by means of   q=qx=l⊕u,l=ker⁡(ad(x)),u =sum of positive eigenspaces of ad(x). We give details for the parabolic subalgebras corresponding to holomorphic and antiholomorpic representations, and to the non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lift. The following choices are suitable elements of $$i \frak{k}_0$$.   xhol=hc,xhol¯=−hc,xSK=hk. For the purpose of studying transitions of $$K$$-types in $$A_\frak{q}(\lambda)$$ it suffices to determine the intersection of $$\frak{u}$$ and $$\frak{m}$$, which is   uhol∩m=span⁡{hm+,em+,fm+},uhol¯∩m=span⁡{hm−,em−,fm−},uSK∩m=span⁡{em+,em−}. (2.1) In particular, the half-sums of weights in $$\frak{u} \cap \frak{m}$$ are $$\rho_{\mathrm{hol}} = 3 \frak{h}_\frak{c}^\vee$$, $$\rho_{\overline{\mathrm{hol}}} = -3 \frak{h}_\frak{c}^\vee$$, and $$\rho_{\mathrm{SK}} = 2 \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$. 2.4 The Saito-Kurokawa lift From Theorem 2.5 of [38], we infer that the minimal $$K$$-type of $$A_\frak{q}(\lambda)$$ has highest weight $$2\rho_\frak{q} + \lambda$$, where $$\rho_\frak{q}$$ is the Weyl vector associated with $$\frak{q}$$. In conjunction with Proposition 7.7 of [27], we find that the Harish-Chandra modules associated with $$f \in {{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k} \otimes \rho \big)$$ are isomorphic to $$A_{\frak{q}_\mathrm{SK}}\big( (k-2) \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee \big) \otimes V(\rho)$$. Note that $$(k-2)\frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$ can and will be written as the pair $$(k / 2 - 1, 1-k / 2)$$. When comparing the Harish-Chandra parameter of $$A_\frak{q}(\lambda)$$ to, for example, what Schmidt found on p. 225 of [36], keep in mind that we normalize weights in a way that is convenient from a classical point of view. Lemma 2.1 Given $$f \in {{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k} \big)$$, the following vanishing results hold:   πL,0Lf=0,πL,−Lf=0,πR,0Rf=0,πR,−Rf=0. □ Proof The $$K$$-type $$\overline{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathbb{R}}(\,f)$$ is the minimal one in the Harish-Chandra module associated with $$f$$. The lowering and raising operators correspond to transitions of $$K$$-types, as explained in Section 2.2. To prove the lemma it therefore suffices to check that the given lowering and raising operators correspond to transitions by $$\frak{h}_\frak{m}^-$$, $$\frak{f}_\frak{m}^-$$, $$\frak{h}_\frak{m}^+$$, and $$\frak{f}_\frak{m}^+$$. None of them occurs in $$\frak{u}_\mathrm{SK} \cap \frak{m}$$, and therefore the $$K$$-types corresponding to target weights of the covariant differential operators in question do not occur in $$A_{\frak{q}_\mathrm{SK}}\big( (k-2) \frak{h}_k^\vee \big)$$. ■ 2.5 Degenerate generalized principle series We determine the composition series of some generalized principal series related to the Eisenstein series that made appearance in [7]. The result that we use is due to Lee [25]. Kudla and Rallis [22] previously studied the same principal series, but they did not arrive at the exact conclusion that we need for our purposes. Note also that we could use Muić’s study of principal series [28], but then again his approach does not yield exactly what we need. The next proposition describes induction from the parabolic subgroup   P={(ab0d)∈G}with|(ab0d)|=det(a), employing unitary normalization. Proposition 2.2 (Kudla–Rallis,Lee). Fix a positive, even $$k \in \mathbb{Z}$$. The induced $$(\frak{g},K)$$-module $$\mathrm{Ind}_P^G |\,\cdot\,|^{k - 1 / 2}$$ has socle series   AqSK(λ),Aqhol(λ)⊕Aqhol¯(λ),V(λ), where $$\lambda = (2k - 2) \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$ and $$V(\lambda)$$ is the finite-dimensional $$G$$-representation with infinitesimal character $$\lambda$$. □ Proof Theorem 5.2 of [25] applies for even $$k$$. We recall some of the notation of Section 5 in [25]. In Lee’s notation we have $$n=2$$, $$m=1$$, and therefore $$r=1$$, and $$\alpha = -1-k$$. He defines subquotients $$L_{p,q}$$ of $$\mathrm{Ind}_P^G |\,\cdot\,|^{k-\frac{1}{2}}$$ with $$1 \le p,q \le 2$$ by   X11 ={(a,b)∈2Λ:a<k},X21 ={(a,b)∈2Λ:a≥k},Y11 ={(a,b)∈2Λ:b≤−k},Y21 ={(a,b)∈2Λ:b>−k}. The definition of $$L_{p,q}$$ comprises four cases   L1,1=X11∩Y11,L1,2=X11∩Y21,L2,1=X21∩Y11,andL2,2=X21∩Y21. Theorem 5.2 of [25] tells us that the socle series of $$\mathrm{Ind}_P^G |\,\cdot\,|^{k - \frac{1}{2}}$$ is $$L_{2,1},\, L_{2,2} \oplus L_{1,1},\ L_{1,2}$$. All $$K$$-types in $$\mathrm{Ind}_P^G |\,\cdot\,|^{k - \frac{1}{2}}$$ occur with multiplicity at most one by what is explained in Section 2 of [25]. More precisely, we have   (IndPG|⋅|k−12)K=⨁a,b∈2ΛVK,(a,b), where $$V_{K, (a,b)}$$ is the finite-dimensional $$K$$-representation with highest weight $$(a,b)$$. With this at hand, consider the following diagram $$\mathrm{Ind}_P^G |\,\cdot\,|^{k - \frac{1}{2}}$$. The minimal $$K$$-type of $$L_{2,1}$$ is encircled; It has weight $$2 k \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$.   To determine the infinitesimal character of $$\mathrm{Ind}_P^G |\,\cdot\,|^{k - \frac{1}{2}}$$, we can use the finite-dimensional representation $$L_{1,2}$$. Its maximal $$K$$-type has weight $$(2k - 4) \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$. The sum of positive roots in $$\frak{g}$$ is $$2 \delta = 2 ( \frak{h}_\frak{c}^\vee + \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee)$$, which is equivalent to $$4 \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$ under the action of the Weyl group. The infinitesimal character of $$L_{1,2}$$ therefore equals   (2k−4)hk∨+δ=(2k−2)hk∨. Notice that $$L_{1,2}$$ is finite dimensional, and therefore determined by its infinitesimal character. To verify that the modules $$L_{1,1}$$, $$L_{2,2}$$, and $$L_{2,1}$$ are the ones that occur in [38], we use Theorem 5.3 in [38]. Condition (5.1) from that paper holds for $$\lambda = (2k - 2) \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$, and Assumption (b) of Theorem 5.3 in [38] is also satisfied. To ease verification of Assumptions (a) and (c), consider the above drawing of $$K$$-types. Inspection of minimal $$K$$-types and possible transitions of $$K$$-types verifies assumptions (a) and (c) in each of the infinite-dimensional cases. ■ 3 Existence of Harmonic Weak Siegel–Maaß Forms The goal of this section is to prove the first main theorem. It is a consequence of the following one. Theorem 3.1. Fix $$g \in {{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k} \otimes \rho \big)$$. Then there is a function $$f :\, \mathbb{H}^{(2)} {\rightarrow} V(\det^{2 - k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^{k-2}) \otimes V(\rho)$$ with possible singularities along a suitable divisor $$D$$ such that: (i) We have $$\pi_{{\mathrm{L}},+} {\mathrm{L}}\, f = g$$, $$\pi_{{\mathrm{L}},0} {\mathrm{L}}\, f = 0$$, and $$\pi_{{\mathrm{L}},-} {\mathrm{L}}\, f = 0$$. (ii) For all $$\gamma \in \Gamma^{(2)}$$ we have $$f \big|_{\det^{2 - k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^{k-2},\rho}\,\gamma = f$$. (iii) Singularities of $$f$$ are meromorphic. That is, for every $$\tau \in \mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$ there is a neighborhood $$U$$ of $$\tau$$ and a meromorphic function $$f_U$$ on $$U$$ such that $$f - f_U$$ extends to $$U$$. □ A function that satisfies the properties in the previous theorem will be called a harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß form. The space of such forms will be denoted by $$^\mathrm{SK}\mathbb S^{(2)}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k} \otimes \rho \big)$$. Remark 3.2. Harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms defined above are not the only generalizations of harmonic weak Maaß forms for $${\mathrm{SL}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ that we expect to exist. Natural candidates arise by searching for preimages under $$\mathrm{R}$$ of holomorphic Siegel modular forms. The methods in this paper, however, do not allow us to construct such preimages, since the correct characterization by means of differential operators would be as follows: given a holomorphic Siegel modular form $$g$$ of weight $$\det^k$$, then a harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms $$f$$ in a suitable sense should exist which satisfies   πR,−Rf=g,πR,0Rf=0,πL,0Lf=0. Such a description by differential operators does not fit into the Dolbeault resolution that we employ in this section. □ 3.1 Toroidal compactifications   Throughout this section, we let $$Y_\Gamma = \Gamma \backslash \mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$ for congruence subgroups $$\Gamma \subset {\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}(\mathbb{Z})$$. If $$\Gamma$$ is neat, then $$Y_\Gamma$$ is a smooth quasi-projective variety. To simplify notation we will abbreviate $$Y_\Gamma$$ by $$Y$$ for one fixed choice of neat $$\Gamma$$. Only these Sections 3.1 and 3.2 contain references to $$Y_\Gamma$$ different from $$Y$$. Recall from [1] that there is a smooth toroidal compactification $$X_\Gamma$$ of $$Y_\Gamma$$ if $$\Gamma$$ is neat. The corresponding compactification of $$Y$$ is denoted by $$X$$. By [33] the fundamental group of $$X_\Gamma$$ coincides with the one of $$Y_\Gamma$$. In the next subsection, we will need to pass between various $$X_\Gamma$$. Therefore, it is important to note that we may choose compactifications in such a way that for $$\Gamma' \subseteq \Gamma$$ there is the following commutative diagram of smooth maps between compactifications and coverings. This follows from the dominance statement in the Main Theorem II of [1] on page 287. 3.2 Weights and types as vector bundles Every representation $$\sigma$$ of $${\mathrm{GL}_{2}}(\mathbb{C})$$ and every representation $$\rho$$ of $${\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}(\mathbb{Z})$$ together define a vector bundle over $$\mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$, denoted by $$\mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho}$$. If the image of $$(-I_2,-I_4)$$ under $$\sigma \otimes \rho$$ is the identity, then it descends to the quotient $$Y_{\Gamma^{(2)}} = {\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}(\mathbb{Z}) \backslash \mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$. We denote the resulting vector bundle and its pullbacks to $$\Gamma \backslash \mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$ for any $$\Gamma \subseteq \Gamma^{(2)}$$ by the same symbol $$\mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho}$$. The holomorphic vector bundles $$\mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho}$$ extend uniquely to any toroidal compactification of $$Y_\Gamma$$. To see this for $$\mathbb V_{\sigma,\mathbb{1}}$$, one employs the Hodge bundle and Schur functors, as is explained, for example, on p. 209 of [2]. As for $$\mathbb V_{\mathbb{1},\rho}$$ it suffices to pass to $$Y_{\ker\,\rho}$$ and pull back a trivial vector bundle to $$X_\Gamma$$ along the morphisms in Section 3.1. Tensoring $$\mathbb V_{\sigma,\mathbb{1}}$$ and $$\mathbb V_{\mathbb{1},\rho}$$ then yields extensions to $$X_\Gamma$$ of all $$\mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho}$$. The dual $$\mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho}^\vee$$ of $$\mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho}$$ is the bundle that corresponds to $$\sigma^\vee$$ and $$\overline\rho$$. In the case of weights, we can make this more concrete: the dual of $$\det^k {\mathrm{sym}}^l$$ is $$\det^{-k-l} {\mathrm{sym}}^l$$. 3.3 Holomorphic $$\boldsymbol{n}$$-forms We determine the isomorphism classes of vector bundles associated with the sheafs $$\mathbb E^{0,1}$$ and $$\mathbb E^{0,2}$$ of differential $$(0,1)$$- and $$(0,2)$$-forms, and of the sheaf $$\Omega^3$$ of holomorphic three-forms. At this occasion we also fix notation $$\cal{O}_X$$ for the structure sheaf of $$X$$, and $$\cal{O}_X(D)$$ for the sheaf of meromorphic functions with divisor bounded from below by $$-D$$. It is quickest to first consider one-forms, which have local basis $$d\!\tau_1$$, $$d\!z$$, and $$d\!\tau_2$$. We use matrix notation for covariant differentials and obtain   dτ=(dτ1dzdzdτ2);d(τ−1)=−τ−1(dτ)τ−1,ℑ(τ−1)−1d(τ¯−1)ℑ(τ−1)−1=−τy−1(dτ¯)y−1τ. This implies that the sheaf of holomorphic one-forms is isomorphic to sections of $$\mathbb V_{{\mathrm{sym}}^2, \mathbb{1}}$$. Differential $$(0,1)$$-forms correspond to the vector bundle $$\mathbb V_{\det^{-2}{\mathrm{sym}}^2}$$. Taking wedge products we get an isomorphism of the sheaf of differential $$(0,2)$$-forms with $$\mathbb E^{0,0} \otimes \mathbb V_{\det^{-3}{\mathrm{sym}}^2}$$. Holomophic three-forms correspond to $$\mathbb V_{\det^{3}}$$. As a consequence of the above computation, we find that   E0,1⊗Vdet2−k/2symk−2,ρ=E0,0⊗(Vdet−k/2symk,ρ⊕Vdet1−k/2symk−1,ρ⊕Vdet2−k/2symk−2,ρ). This implies immediately the next lemma. Lemma 3.3 Given $$f \in {{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k} \big)$$, there is a unique up to scalar multiples global section of the sheaf $$\mathbb E_X^{0,1}\otimes \mathbb V_{\det^{2 - k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^{k-2},\rho}$$ that corresponds to $$f$$ when pulled back to a section over $$\mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$. □ 3.3.1 Differential operators We study the differential $$\overline\partial$$ connecting $$\mathbb E^{0,0} \otimes \mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho}$$, $$\mathbb E^{0,1} \otimes \mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho}$$, and $$\mathbb E^{0,2} \otimes \mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho}$$. Sections of these vector bundles correspond to smooth functions on $$\mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$ that extend to the boundary of $$X$$ and which transform like Siegel modular forms of type $$\rho$$, and weight $$\sigma$$ in the first case, weight $$\det^{-2}{\mathrm{sym}}^2\sigma$$ in the second one, and weight $$\det^{-3}{\mathrm{sym}}^2\sigma$$ in the third one. Lemma 3.4. For fixed $$\sigma$$, there are automorphisms $$\phi_1$$ of $$\det^{-2}{\mathrm{sym}}^2\sigma$$ and $$\phi_2$$ of $$\det^{-3}{\mathrm{sym}}^2\sigma$$ such that the following diagram is commutative.   □ Proof Observe that $$\overline\partial$$ corresponds for functions on $$\mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$ to a differential operator of order $$1$$ that annihilates holomorphic functions. It is covariant with respect to $$\Gamma^{(2)}$$, and by approximation it is therefore covariant with respect to $$G$$. Further, we check that its image separates points by applying it to germs of polynomials. From the uniqueness statement in Proposition 6.9 of [20] we therefore deduce that is a nonzero multiple of constituents of the lowering operator $${\mathrm{L}}$$. ■ Corollary 3.5. The following composition of maps is zero.   □ Proof This follows when combining the previous lemma with Lemma 2.1. ■ 3.4 A vanishing statement Before we can proceed to the proof of Theorem 3.1, we need to establish the following vanishing statement. Lemma 3.6. Let $$D$$ be the divisor on $$X$$ of Igusa’s Siegel modular form $$\chi_{10}$$ (cf. [18]). Fix a weight $$\sigma$$ and a type $$\rho$$. Then for sufficiently large $$n$$, we have   H1(X,Vσ,ρ⊗OX(nD))=0. □ Proof Serre Duality relates the left-hand side to   H2(X,Ω3⊗Vσ∨,ρ¯⊗OX(−nD))=H2(X,Vdet3−10nσ∨,ρ¯). To show that this vanishes, we employ Corollary 5.6 (b) in [12] (formulated originally in [13]). We have to verify that sections of $$\mathbb V_{\det^{10n-3} \sigma,\rho}$$ yield an embedding of $$X$$ into some projective space. By Igusa’s work, the vector bundle $$\mathbb V_{\det^k}$$ is very ample for sufficiently large $$k$$. For fixed $$\sigma$$ and $$\rho$$, a result of Serre (cf. Theorem 5.17 of [14]) implies that for sufficiently large $$k$$ global sections of $$\mathbb V_{\det^k\sigma,\rho}$$ generate the corresponding sheaf. This establishes the lemma. ■ 3.5 A proof of the existence theorem This subsection will be fully occupied by our proof of Theorem 3.1. We start with a sequence of sheafs similar to the one that appears in the proof of Theorem 3.7 of [8]. As opposed to [8] we have to establish local lifting as an intermediate step. Let $$D$$ be the divisor of Igusa’s $$\chi_{10}$$ as in Lemma 3.6, and let $$n$$ be large enough so that the Lemma’s conclusion holds. We start by considering the following exact sheaf sequence over $$X$$, which can be obtained by tensoring the Dolbeault resolution of the structure sheaf $$\cal{O}_X$$ with $$\mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho} \otimes \cal{O}_X(n D)$$. Details on the Dolbeault complex can be found in Section I.3.C of [10].   Given $$f \in {{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k} \otimes \rho \big)$$ we obtain from it a global section in   H0(X,EX0,1⊗Vdet2−k/2symk−2,ρ⊗OX(nD))⊆H0(X,EX0,1⊗Vdet2−k/2symk−2,ρ). Lemma 3.5 says that this section vanishes under $$\overline\partial$$, mapping it to $$(0,2)$$-forms. In conjunction with exactness, this implies that it lies, locally, in the image of $$\overline\partial$$ mapping from $$0$$-forms to $$(0,1)$$-forms. We consider the following image sheaf under $$\overline\partial$$:   We next consider the following short exact sequence.   Since $$\mathbb E_X^{0,0}$$ is a fine sheaf, its higher cohomology vanishes. We therefore obtain the long exact sequence   Lemma 3.6 implies that the obstruction space $$\mathrm{H}^1\big( X,\, \mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho} \otimes \cal{O}_X(n D) \big)$$ vanishes. In particular, there is a global section of $$\mathbb E_X^{0,0} \otimes \mathbb V_{\sigma,\rho} \otimes \cal{O}_X(nD)$$ that maps under $$\overline\partial$$ to the section corresponding to $$g$$. Passing back to functions on $$\mathbb{H}^{(2)}$$ we finish the proof. 3.6 Scalar-valued almost harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms From the conditions on $${\mathrm{L}}\, f$$ we see that the Harish-Chandra module attached to any harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß form is the extension of $$A_{\frak{q}_{\mathrm{hol}}}(\lambda)$$ by $$A_{\frak{q}_{\mathrm{SK}}}(\lambda)$$ with $$\lambda = (k - 2) \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$, which is a quotient of $$\mathrm{Ind}^G_P |\,\cdot\,|^{(k-1)/ 2}$$ studied in Section 2.5. This implies that there is a nonzero constant $$c_k$$ that depends only on $$k$$ such that   (πL,+L)k/2−1(πR,−R)k/2−1f=ckffor allf∈SKS(2)(det2−k/2symk−2⊗ρ). From this and the characterization of almost meromorphic Siegel modular forms in terms of the lowering operator, we infer Corollary II. 4 Meromorphic and Non-Holomorphic Parts Given the proof of existence of harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms, which we achieved in the previous section, we now study Fourier expansions. In particular, we find a canonical lift of Fourier coefficients of non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts. This allows us to define Siegel mock modular forms as the remaining terms. The canonical lift of Fourier coefficients stems from Eisenstein series that were investigated in [7]. 4.1 Fourier coefficients of some Eisenstein series Recall from Equation (1.2) that non-holomorphic Saito-Kurokawa lifts have Fourier expansions supported on indefinite coefficients. To phrase (1.2), we employed an ad hoc definition for the analytic part of Fourier coefficients. We are going to replace it by another type of Fourier coefficient that we have better control of. Lemma 4.3 is key in this context. For $$k > 2$$, we consider the classical Eisenstein series   Ek,12(2)=∑γ∈Γ∞(2)∖Γ(2)det(y)12|detkγ. (4.1) Proposition 4.1. For $$k > 2$$ the Eisenstein series $$E^{(2)}_{k,1 / 2}$$ converges. (1) It has Fourier expansion   ∑t∈Mat2(Q)cE(k;t)aEak,12(2)⁡(ty)e(tx), where $$c_E(k;\, t) \in {\mathbb{C}}$$. We have $$c_E(k;\, t) = 0$$, if $$t$$ is negative definite. The analytic part of the Fourier coefficients $$\sideset{^E}{^{(2)}_{k,1 / 2}}{\mathop{a}}(ty)$$ is a function that decays exponentially with respect to the sum of the absolute values of the eigenvalues of $$t y$$. (2) The Harish-Chandra module associated with $$E^{(2)}_{k,1 / 2}$$ is an extension of $$A_{\frak{q}_{\mathrm{hol}}}(\lambda)$$ by $$A_{\frak{q}_\mathrm{SK}}(\lambda)$$ with Harish-Chandra parameter $$\lambda = (2k - 2) \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee$$. □ Proof Observe that $$E^{(2)}_{k,1 / 2}$$ can be related to the Eisenstein series studied in [7] as follows:   Ek,12(2)=det(y)12∑γ∈Γ∞(2)∖Γ(2)1|k+12,12γ=det(y)12(∑γ∈Γ∞(2)∖Γ(2)1|12,(k+1)−12γ)¯, where the group $$\Gamma^{(2)}_\infty$$ and the slash action on the right-hand side are defined by   Γ∞(2)={(ab0d)∈Γ(2)}and(f|k,k′γ)(τ)=det(cτ+d)−kdet(cτ¯+d)−k′f(gτ). The slash action on the right-hand side of the above equality is the weight $$k+1$$ skew slash action that made appearance in [7]. For the purpose of reference, we set   EskEk+1(2)=∑γ∈Γ∞(2)∖Γ(2)1|12,(k+1)−12γ=∑t∈Mat2(Q)cE,sk(k+1;t)askak+1(2)⁡(ty)e(tx). The Fourier expansion of $${}^\mathrm{sk} E^{(2)}_{k+1}$$ establishes the one of $$E^{(2)}_{k,1 / 2}$$. From Theorem 4 in [7], we see that $$c_{E,\mathrm{sk}}(k+1;\,t) = 0$$, if $$t$$ is positive definite. The relation with $$E_{k,1 / 2}$$ implies that $$c_E(k;\, t) = 0$$ if $$t$$ is negative definite. Exponential decay of the analytic part of the Fourier coefficients follows from Shimura’s study of confluent hypergeometric functions [35]. To obtain the Harish-Chandra module associated with $$E^{(2)}_{k,1 / 2}$$ note that this Eisenstein series yields an intertwining operator from $$I_k = \mathrm{Ind}_P^G\,|\,\cdot\,|^{k-1 / 2}$$ into $$L^2(\Gamma^{(2)} \backslash G)$$. The standard reference for Eisenstein series is [23], but [24] is a survey article which classical readers might find more accessible. The induced representation $$I_k$$ contains all $$K$$-types with multiplicity at most one, and therefore $$\mathrm{A}_{{\mathbb{R}},\det^k}\big( E^{(2)}_{k,1 / 2} \big)$$ generates the $$K$$-type $$\det^k$$ of the image of $$I_k$$ in $$L^2(\Gamma^{(2)} \backslash G)$$. We conclude the proof by applying Proposition 2.2. ■ Remark 4.2. The previous proposition determines the Harish-Chandra module associated with $${}^{\mathrm{sk}}E^{(2)}_{k+1}$$ defined in the course of its proof. In particular, we see that Harish-Chandra modules associated with index $$t$$ Fourier coefficients of $${}^{\mathrm{sk}}E^{(2)}_{k+1}$$ for negative definite $$t$$ are antiholomorphic representations. In other words, for negative definite $$t$$ Fourier coefficients of $${}^{\mathrm{sk}}E^{(2)}_{k+1}$$ can be expressed as the product of $$e(t \overline\tau)$$ and a polynomial of degree $$k / 2$$ in the entries of $$y^{-1}$$. This implies that the Kohnen Limit process studied in [7] can also be defined for Fourier–Jacobi coefficients of negative index. □ 4.2 An analogue to non-holomorphic Eichler integrals We are now ready to define the analytic parts of Fourier coefficients of Saito-Kurokawa lifts. For positive weight $$k$$ with $$4 \, | \, k$$ we set    SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)e(tx) =(πL,+L)k/2−1 (aEak2,12(2)⁡(ty)e(tx)), SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)e(tx) =(πL,+L)k/2 (aEak2,12(2)⁡(ty)e(tx)). As a consequence of Proposition 4.1 and the connection of raising and lowering operators with $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-modules discussed in Section 2.2, we find that   πL,0L(SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)e(tx))=0,πL,−L(SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)e(tx))=0,andπL,+L(SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)e(tx))=SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)e(tx). (4.2) Lemma 4.3. We have    SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)=ct,kSKa~det−k/2symk(2)(t,y) for nonzero normalizing factors $$c_{t,k} \in {\mathbb{C}}$$. □ Proof We determine the Harish-Chandra modules attached to both Fourier terms. The $$(\frak{g},\mathrm{K})$$-module associated with a Fourier term is a subquotient of the Harish-Chandra module arising from a Siegel–Maaß form. Consider   ϖk:=A¯R,det−k/2symk(SKa~det−k/2symk(2)(t;y)e(tx))andϖ~:=A¯R,det−k/2symk(SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)e(tx)). Lemma 2.1 implies that $$\varpi_k$$ is isomorphic to $$A_{\frak{q}_\mathrm{SK}}\big( (k-2)\frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee \big)$$. From (2) of Proposition 4.1 and by comparing $$K$$-types we also infer that $$\widetilde\varpi_k$$ is isomorphic to $$A_{\frak{q}_\mathrm{SK}}\big( (k-2)\frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee \big)$$. Both $$\varpi_k$$ and $$\widetilde\varpi_k$$ yield Bessel models over $${\mathbb{R}}$$ of the irreducible $${\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$ representation that corresponds to $$A_{\frak{q}_\mathrm{SK}}\big( (k-2)\frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee \big)$$. By what is explained in Section 2.6.4 of [32], we can twist $$\varpi_k$$ and $$\widetilde\varpi_k$$ to obtain Bessel models for the same character (denoted by $$\Lambda$$ there). Section 2.6.4 of loc. cit. in particular allows us to assume that the central character of $$\varpi_k$$ and $$\widetilde\varpi_k$$ is trivial on $$\mathbb R_{> 0}$$, that is, is a sign character or trivial. From the realization of $$A_{\frak{q}_\mathrm{SK}}\big( (k-2) \frak{h}_\frak{k}^\vee \big)$$ as a quotient of $$\mathrm{Ind}_P^G |\,\cdot\,|^{k - \frac{1}{2}}$$ in Section 2.5, we see that the central character is trivial after an appropriate twist. In particular, we obtain a Bessel model for $$\mathrm{PGSp}_{2}({\mathbb{R}})$$ instead of $${\mathrm{Sp}_{2}}({\mathbb{R}})$$. We can now invoke uniqueness of local Bessel models for $$\mathrm{PGSp}_{2}({\mathbb{R}})$$, established in [19]. This implies the above equality for suitable $$c_{t,k}$$. ■ Proposition 4.4. Consider $$f \in {{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k} \otimes \rho \big)$$ with Fourier expansion   f=∑tindefinitec(f;t)SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)e(tx). Then the series   f∗=∑tindefinitec(f;t)SKadet2−k/2symk−2(2)(t;y)e(tx) converges locally absolutely and satisfies   πL,+Lf∗=f,πL,0Lf∗=0,andπL,−Lf∗=0. □ Proof Using exponential decay of $$\sideset{^E}{^{(2)}_{k / 2,1 / 2}}{\mathop{a}}(t y)$$ stated in Proposition 4.1, we find that   ∑tindefinitec(f;t)aEak2,12(2)⁡(ty)e(tx) converges locally absolutely. We can therefore interchange summation and application of lowering operators, to obtain $$f^\ast$$ as the image under the $$(k / 2 - 1)$$\thdash\ power of $$\pi_{{\mathrm{L}},+} {\mathrm{L}}$$. The behavior of $$f^\ast$$ under lowering operators follows from 4.2. ■ 4.3 Meromorphic parts of harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß forms The analogue of non-holomorphic Eichler integrals allows us to define Siegel mock modular forms. We call a meromorphic function $$f :\, \mathbb{H}^{(2)} {\rightarrow} V( \det^{2 - k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^{k-2} ) \otimes V(\rho)$$ a Siegel mock modular form of weight $$\det^{2 - k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^{k-2}$$ and type $$\rho$$, if there is $$g \in {{}^\mathrm{SK}\mathrm{S}^{(2)}}\big( {\det^{-k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^k} \otimes \rho \big)$$ such that   ∀γ∈Γ(2):(f+g∗)|det2−k/2symk−2,ργ=f+g∗. In this case $$g$$ is called the shadow of $$f$$. Conversely, Proposition 4.4 says that any harmonic weak Siegel–Maaß form $$f \in \mathrm{SK}\mathbb S^{(2)}\big( \det^{2 - k / 2}\mathrm{sym}^{k-2} \otimes \rho \big)$$ allows for a decomposition into a meromorphic and a non-holomorphic part. More precisely, we have   f=f++f−withf−=(πL,+Lf)∗andf+=f−f−. (4.3) Funding This work was partially supported by Vetenskapsrådet Grant 2015-04139 to M.W.-R. Acknowledgments The author is grateful to Özlem Imamoğlu and Olav Richter for many helpful discussions about harmonic weak Maaß forms and their generalizations. He thanks Rainer Weissauer for discussions about principal series and endoscopy. He appreciates very much comments on an early version of this paper by Kathrin Bringmann, Jan H. Bruinier, Olav Richter, and Ralf Schmidt. He also thanks one of the referees for his or her many remarks that helped improving the presentation of some statements, and for pinpointing a sign mistake in an earlier version. Communicated by Prof. Valentin Blomer References [1] Ash A. Mumford D. Rapoport M. and Tai. Y. Smooth compactification of locally symmetric varieties. Lie Groups: History, Frontiers and Applications , vol. IV, pp. iv+ 335, Brookline, MA, Math. Sci. Press, 1975. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [2] Bruinier J. H. Borcherds Products on O(2, l) and Chern Classes of Heegner Divisors . vol. 1780. viii+ 152 pp. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Berlin: Springer, 2002. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [3] Bruinier J. H. and Funke. J. “On two geometric theta lifts.” Duke Mathematical Journal  125, no. 1 ( 2004): 45– 90. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [4] Bruinier J. H. and Ono. K. “Heegner divisors, $$L$$-functions and harmonic weakMaass forms.” Annals of Mathematics  172 ( 2010): 2135– 81. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [5] Bruinier J. H. van der Geer G. Harder G. and Zagier. D. B. The 1-2-3 of Modular Forms , pp. x+ 266, edited by Ranestad K. Universitext. Lectures from the Summer School on Modular Forms and their Applications held in Nordfjordeid, June 2004. Berlin: Springer, 2008. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [6] Bringmann K. and Ono. K. “The $$f(q)$$ mock theta function conjecture and partition ranks.” Inventiones Mathematicae  165, no. 2 ( 2006): 243– 66. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [7] Bringmann K. and Ono. K. “Dyson’s ranks and Maass forms.” Annals of Mathematics (2)  171, no. 1 ( 2010): 419– 49. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [8] Bringmann K. Raum M. and Richter. O. K. “Kohnen’s limit process for real-analytic Siegel modular forms.” Advances in Mathematics  231, no. 2 ( 2012): 1100– 18. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [9] Dabholkar A. Murthy S. and Zagier. D. B. Quantum Black Holes, Wall Crossing, and Mock Modular Forms.  arXiv: 1208.4074. 2012, pp. 571. [10] Demailly J.-P. Complex Analytic and Differential Geometry.  Demailly’s webpage, 2012. [11] Duke W. Imamoğlu Ö. and Tóth. Ä. “Cycle integrals of the $$j$$-function and mock modular forms.” Annals of Mathematics (2)  173, no. 2 ( 2011): 947– 81. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [12] Esnault H. and Viehweg. E. Lectures on vanishing Theorems.  vol. 20, vi+ 164, DMV Seminar. Basel: Birkhäuser, 1992. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [13] Grauert H. and Riemenschneider. O. “Verschwindungssätze für analytische Kohomologiegruppen auf komplexen Räumen.” Inventiones Mathematicae  11 ( 1970): 263– 92. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [14] Hartshorne R. Algebraic geometry . Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 52. New York, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1977, pages xvi+ 496. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [15] Helgason S. “Differential operators on homogenous spaces.” Acta Mathematica  102 ( 1959): 239– 99. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [16] Helgason S. Differential Geometry and Symmetric Spaces.  Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. XII. New York, London: Academic Press, 1962, pages xiv+ 486. [17] Howe R. and Piatetski-Shapiro. I. I. “Some examples of automorphic forms on Sp4.” Duke Mathematical Journal  50, no. 1 ( 1983): 55– 106. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [18] Igusa J. “On Siegel modular forms of genus two.” American Journal of Mathematics  84 ( 1962): 175– 200. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [19] Jiang D. Sun B. and Zhu. C.-B. “Uniqueness of Besselmodels: the Archimedean case.” Geometric and Functional Analysis  20, no. 3 ( 2010): 690– 709. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [20] Klemm A. Poretschkin M. Schimannek T. and Westerholt-Raum. M. Direct Integration for Genus Two Mirror Curves , to appear in Communications in Number Theory and Physics, arXiv:1502.00557. 2015. [21] Knapp A. W. Representation Theory of Semisimple Groups . Princeton Landmarks in Mathematics. An overview based on examples, Reprint of the 1986 original. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001, pages xx+773. [22] Kudla S. S. and Rallis. S. “Degenerate principal series and invariant distributions.” Israel Journal of Mathematics  69, no. 1 ( 1990): 25– 45. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [23] Langlands R. P. On the Functional Equations Satisfied by Eisenstein Series.  Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 544, pp. v+337, Berlin, New York: Springer, 1976. [24] Langlands R. P. “Eisenstein series, the trace formula, and the modern theory of Automorphic Forms.” Number Theory, Trace Formulas and Discrete Groups (Oslo, 1987) . Boston, MA: Academic Press, 1989. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [25] Lee S. T. “Degenerate principal series representations of Sp(2n, R).” Compositio Mathematica  103, no. 2 ( 1996): 123– 51. [26] Li J.-S. “Theta lifting for unitary representations with nonzero cohomology.” Duke Mathematical Journal  61, no. 3 ( 1990): 913– 37. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [27] Miyazaki T. “On Saito-Kurokawa lifting to cohomological Siegelmodular forms.” Manuscripta Mathematica  114, no. 2 ( 2004): 139– 63. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [28] Muić G. “Intertwining operators and composition series of generalized and degenerate principal series for Sp(4, R).” Glasnik Matematički. Serija III  44, no. 2 ( 2009): 349– 99. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [29] Ono K. “Unearthing the visions of a master: harmonicMaass forms and number theory.” Current Developments in Mathematics , 2008. Somerville, MA: Int. Press, 2009. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [30] Petersen D. “Cohomology of local systems on the moduli of principally polarized abelian surfaces.” Pacific Journal of Mathematics  275, no. 1 ( 2015): 39– 61. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [31] Pitale A. and Schmidt. R. “Bessel models for lowest weight representations of GSp(4, R).” International Mathematics Research Notices  7 ( 2009): 1159– 212. [32] Piatetski-Shapiro I. I. “On the Saito-Kurokawa lifting.” Inventiones Mathematicae  71, no. 2 ( 1983): 309– 38. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [33] Sankaran G. K. “Fundamental group of locally symmetric varieties.” Manuscripta Mathematica  90, no. 1 ( 1996): 39– 48. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [34] Scheithauer N. “Generalized Kac-Moody algebras, automorphic forms and Conway’s group.” Advances in Mathematics  183, no. 2 ( 2004): 240– 70. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [35] Schulze-Pillot R. “WeakMaaßforms and $$(\mathfrak{g},K)$$-modules.” Ramanujan Journal. An International Journal Devoted to the Areas of Mathematics Influenced by Ramanujan  26, no. 3 ( 2011): 437– 45. [36] Schmidt R. “The Saito-Kurokawa lifting and functoriality.” American Journal of Mathematics  127, no. 1 ( 2005): 209– 40. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [37] Shimura G. “Confluent hypergeometric functions on tube domains.” Mathematische Annalen  260, no. 3 ( 1982): 269– 302. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   [38] Vogan D. A., Jr., and Zuckerman. G. J. “Unitary representations with nonzero cohomology.” Compositio Mathematica  53, no. 1 ( 1984): 51– 90. [39] Wallach N. Real Reductive Groups. I. , vol. 132, xx+412 pp. Pure and Applied Mathematics. Boston, MA: Academic Press Inc., 1988. [40] Westerholt-Raum M. Products of Vector Valued Eisenstein Series . arXiv:1411.3877. 2014. [41] Zwegers S. “Mock theta functions.” PhD thesis, Universiteit Utrecht, 2002. © The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permission@oup.com. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/about_us/legal/notices) For permissions, please e-mail: journals. permissions@oup.com

### Journal

International Mathematics Research NoticesOxford University Press

Published: Mar 1, 2018

## You’re reading a free preview. Subscribe to read the entire article.

### DeepDyve is your personal research library

It’s your single place to instantly
that matters to you.

over 18 million articles from more than
15,000 peer-reviewed journals.

All for just $49/month ### Explore the DeepDyve Library ### Search Query the DeepDyve database, plus search all of PubMed and Google Scholar seamlessly ### Organize Save any article or search result from DeepDyve, PubMed, and Google Scholar... all in one place. ### Access Get unlimited, online access to over 18 million full-text articles from more than 15,000 scientific journals. ### Your journals are on DeepDyve Read from thousands of the leading scholarly journals from SpringerNature, Elsevier, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford University Press and more. All the latest content is available, no embargo periods. DeepDyve ### Freelancer DeepDyve ### Pro Price FREE$49/month
\$360/year

Save searches from
PubMed

Create lists to

Export lists, citations