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for identifying chemical carcinogens increases the reliance on alternative strategies that are largely based on the somatic mutation theory of cancer . However, evidence accumulated in more than 30 years of testing ...
. These hypotheses for infectious causation may have seemed redundant and unparsimonious, because evidence had documented the presence of such mutations in cells derived from advanced cancers . However, hypotheses ...
that the mutational rate in cancer is ‘due to “bad luck”’, that is, to mutations caused by stress in DNA replication fork randomly incorporated in the genome of dividing, noncancerous stem cells (49,50). According ...
and environmental interactions) ignored another important early observation. Although it had not been made explicit that the two stages envisaged necessarily depended on direct genetic change, a multi- mutation theory ...
sensitive to the UV radiation and developed multiple skin cancers early in life unless they were completely protected from the UV radiation. For the development of cancer , ultimately DNA mutation must occur ...
to the first are followed by objects similar to the second. This says that, to be a cause, A has to be constantly followed by B. This is known as a regularity theory or constant conjunction theory of causation ...
and electrons in inducing cancer in humans is assembled in five fields of study (lines of evidence), namely, microdosimetry, DNA damage, cellular radiobiology, animal studies and human epidemiology. For each line ...
to fully understand disease causation (2). In some cases, specific environmental exposures are associated with increasing mutation rate, with a dose-dependent increase in genetic damage and disease risk (9 ...
leukemia9 in 1960 provided an early confirmation of Theodor Boveri's chromosome theory of cancer .10 Named for the city of residence of its discoverers and patients following the practice of naming hemoglobin ...
consumption of the alternative chewing products gutkha and pan masala. In this review we focus on these commercially available products and summarize what is known about their cancer ‐causing components ...
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