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decision in the liability of a particular individual; rather, it is a decision as to who pays the tax. If I pay less tax because I am making a pension payment, then you and the other members of the community have to pay cont. approach to social security funding which provides an aiternat~ve model to that used in France. For a full technical descnption of the UK approach see my National insurance Contributions Handbook (FT Law and Tax, loose-leaf). Specific examples of social security contributions which are undoubtedly such contributions but do not meet the Advocate-General's test are the Class 1A contributions paid by employers and the Class 4 contnbutions p a d by the self-employed in the United Kingdom. The second two states have adopted another contrasting approach as part of what is often called the Nordic model for social security. For a reflective recent account of thls approach, see Bmnn (ed.), Comparative Welfare Benefits, (1996). The Swedish system of income tax and social contributions is Integrated m a different way to the Netherlands system. For example, in Sweden, the employers of those under 6 5 pay over 30 per cent contribution on behalf of their employees
EC Tax Review – Kluwer Law International
Published: Mar 1, 1997
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