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Die ersten Fälle des durch das humane Immunschwäche- Virus (HIV) verursachten, erworbenen Immunschwächesyndroms (AIDS) wurden 1981 diagnostiziert. Inzwischen sind weltweit schätzungsweise 39 Millionen Menschen mit dem Virus infiziert. Während derzeit 64% dieser Menschen in den armen Regionen Subsahara-Afrikas leben, wird die schnellste Ausbreitung der Pandemie inzwischen in den grössten Ländern Asiens verzeichnet. Ernährungssicherheit besteht dann, wenn alle Menschen jederzeit physisch und wirtschaftlich Zugang zu einer ausreichenden Menge gesundheitlich unbedenklicher und nahrhafter Nahrung haben, um ihre Ernährungsbedürfnisse und Nahrungsmittelpräferenzen für ein aktives und gesundes Leben befriedigen zu können. Im Rahmen der HIV/AIDS-Pandemie ergaben sich aufgrund der hinlänglich bekannten, gesetzmässigen Wechselwirkung zwischen Mangelernährung und Infektion Bedenken hinsichtlich der Ernährungssicherheit. Schlechter ernährte Menschen leiden stärker unter Krankheitserregern und die verheerenden Auswirkungen der Infektionskrankheiten haben in der Tendenz einen Abbau der Nährstoffreserven zur Folge. Die sozialen und klinischen Folgen von HIV/AIDS gefährden die Nahrungsversorgung in den bereits von Armut und Umweltschädigung betroffenen Regionen. Interventionen, die auf landwirtschaftliche Produktivität, Einkommensgenerierung und Nahrungsmittelhilfe abzielen, müssen sowohl entwickelt als auch an die lokalen, gemeindespezifischen Gegebenheiten angepasst werden, und man muss sich vor Augen führen, dass diese Interventionen notwendig sind, um die negativen Auswirkungen von HIV/AIDS auf die Ernährungssicherheit abzuschwächen. Die UNICEF hat die Betreuung und Versorgung zu einem Teil ihrer Bemühungen gemacht, das Überleben von Kindern zu sichern, wobei Betreuung und Versorgung wie folgt definiert werden: Die auf Haushalts- und Gemeindeebene aufgewendete Zeit, Aufmerksamkeit und Unterstützung, um die körperlichen, geistigen und sozialen Bedürfnisse des heranwachsenden Kindes und anderer Haushaltsmitglieder zu erfüllen. Die Betreuung und Versorgung umfasst die medizinische Versorgung von Frauen, Stillen und Fütterungsmethoden von Kindern, psychosoziale Betreuung, Nahrungszubereitung sowie Hygiene- und Gesundheitspraktiken im Haushalt. Bei HIV-positiven Kindern bedient man sich inzwischen der positiven Abweichung, d.h. man identifiziert auf Haushaltsebene die Betreuungs- und Versorgungsmethoden, mit denen die besten Ergebnisse bezüglich des Wachstums, der Gesundheit und der Entwicklung der Kinder erzielt werden. Die Stigmatisierung ist ein vorherrschender Faktor, der tendenziell zur Ausgrenzung von Haushalten mit mindestens einem HIV-positiven Mitglied führt und so den sozialen Zusammenhang erschwert, in dem für Ernährungssicherheit gesorgt und Betreuungsinterventionen implementiert werden können. Die Lücken in unserem Wissen bezüglich der Beziehung von Ernährungssicherheit und HIV/AIDS wurden inzwischen identifiziert. Noch zu erforschen ist u.a. wie wirksam die Nahrungsmittelhilfe tatsächlich die Folgen einer HIV-Infektion abschwächen kann und welche Wechselwirkungen zwischen der Ernährungssicherheit und der Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit der antiretroviralen Therapie bestehen. Forschungsarbeiten sind jedoch angesichts der knappen Finanzmittel ein gewisser Luxus, so dass die Erhebung und Kodifizierung nützlicher praktischer Erfahrungen, die auf den Erfahrungen beruhen, die derzeit von den vor Ort tätigen Mitarbeitern und Gemeinden gesammelt werden, für diese Interventionen von unschätzbarem Wert sind.
Annales Nestlé (Deutsche Ausg.) – Karger
Published: Jun 1, 2008
Keywords: Ernährungssicherheit; Entwicklungsländer; Landwirtschaft; Nahrungsmittelhilfe; Opportunistische Infektionen; Armut; Humanes Immunschwäche-Virus (HIV); Erworbenes Immunschwächesyndrom; Ernährungsunsicherheit
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