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<h2>Introduction</h2> Disease prevalence rates differ for men and women; this comes as news neither to physicians nor to laypersons. Likewise, women's life expectancies differ from those of men. Among some populations, this difference is dramatic. For example, the National Center for Health Statistics reports that, in 2001, the life expectancy of a black American woman was 75.5 years and that of a black American man was just 68.6 years 1 . Worldwide, women live, on the average, between four and ten years longer than men do. Historically, studies that have examined differences in men's and women's health have assumed that women were "little men," 2 and were limited to topics associated with the reproductive system, e.g., breast cancer and menopause, and that sex differences outside the reproductive system could be explained by variations in height, weight, body fat percentage, etc. Until the past decade, it was not possible to explore the basis of the differences in disease prevalence and morbidity and mortality between men and women at the genetic and cellular levels. Today, however, emerging information from such studies provides a compelling case for the existence of innate, and heretofore unexamined, differences between men and women. Medical researchers
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery – Wolters Kluwer Health
Published: Jul 1, 2005
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