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BackgroundPerinatal risk factors are related to persistent and violent criminal outcomes. Prenatal maternal smoking may represent an additional perinatal risk factor for adult criminal outcomes. Our ...
for alcohol- related cognitive damage to children at an average of one drink a day during pregnancy, but emphasized that the effects they had observed were due to much higher exposure than indicated ...
stigma when (re)turning to conventional society, the analysis advances the understanding of individual reform with a focus on relational aspects of desistance from crime. Introduction Recent years have ...
to eliminate narcotics from Japan. This makes individual efforts to take on recovery difficult, as admissions of past use are often met with fear and disdain. Drug Addiction Rehabilitation Center (DARC ...
medical illnesses, addiction has identifiable risk factors , a typical natural history, and an increasingly well-understood pathophysiology. Nevertheless, the care of addicted individuals in any setting ...
. By the late 1970s, “virtually all” people in halfway houses and similar facilities were confined involuntarily and risked incarceration in traditional prisons if they absconded or failed to comply ...
factors , including criminal history, risk classification, available resources and desire to be rehabilitated yet, ultimately, as our as our research suggests, agents’ discretionary knowledge of subjects ...
in relation to the prism of race. We draw, in particular, on the considerable theorising that has emerged around the extremely disparate treatment of African-Americans within the US criminal justice system.8 We ...
in the literature (Brunson and Weitzer 2009). Fundamental to overarching inner-city norms relating to managing police encounters is Anderson’s (1999) ‘code of the street’. Given perceptions of malicious police ...
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