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- Publisher
- Hindawi Publishing Corporation
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- Copyright © 2018 Mohd Nasarudin Harith et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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- 1687-8477
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- 1687-8485
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- 10.1155/2018/8047029
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Abstract
Hindawi International Journal of Zoology Volume 2018, Article ID 8047029, 6 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8047029 Research Article Holothuria leucospilota Population in Satang Besar Island, Sarawak, Malaysia 1 1 2 Mohd Nasarudin Harith , Muhammad Hasanol Isyraf Md Desa, and Zaidnuddin Ilias Aquatic Resource Science and Management Programme, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia Marine Culture Research Division, Fisheries Research Institute Langkawi, Bukit Malut, 07000 Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia Correspondence should be addressed to Mohd Nasarudin Harith; hmnasarudin@unimas.my Received 29 March 2018; Revised 9 July 2018; Accepted 14 July 2018; Published 5 August 2018 Academic Editor: Marco Cucco Copyright © 2018 Mohd Nasarudin Harith et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Holothuria leucospilota or locally known as “Patola” is currently considered the most abundant sea cucumber species in Malaysia. This coral reef-dwelling species is not in danger of extinction in comparison to commercial sea cucumbers such as “gamat.” However, overfishing activities in addition to lack of fishing regulations in Malaysia could put this species at risk of extinction in the future. It is important to conduct research on the sea cucumber community in Sarawak because the data can be used as reliable information for future research. er Th efore, this study is carried out to quantify and estimate the Holothuria leucospilota population from an intertidal area of Satang Besar Island, Sarawak, Malaysia. Ten stations surrounding the island were selected as the location for this study. A total number of 203 individuals of Holothuria leucospilota were recorded and estimation of the population that inhabits the island’s intertidal area was 609 individuals. RELATE test showed relationships between species population and water parameters, namely, temperature, salinity, and pH. Results from this study are important as a baseline data that might contribute to the sustainable management of Sarawak, Malaysia’s sea cucumber in the future. Future work suggestions include addition of subtidal samples and other factors, namely, seawater nutrients and feeding environment, that should be done to better understand the population. 1. Introduction fine protuberances. This species has shield-shaped tentacles which are placed under the order of Aspidochirotida from Holothuria leucospilota or locally known as Patola or bat the family of Holothuriidae. To further confirm the species puntil is currently considered as the most abundant sea identity, ossicle shape from dorsal cuticles of the sample was cucumber species in Malaysia [1]. This species is usually observed. found in coral reefs’ sandy area. This species is tolerant to This coral reef-dwelling species is not in danger of extinc- airexposure overa long periodof time andmight be found tion like the commercial Stichopus species such as Stichopus in the area closest to the coast [2]. This species can be found horrens that are locally known as gamat [2]. However, due to inhabiting the coastal areas of subtropical and tropical oceans their widespread and high economic value [6], sea cucumbers [3]. Holothuria leucospilota is commonly found at the edge of in many countries are overfished due to the ease by which sea reef flat shore in the intertidal area, where it occupies tidal cucumbers can be collected from shallow reef flats during low pool with the depths ranging from several centimetres to a half metre or being fully exposed [4]. The posterior body of tide [7]. Global exploitation of sea cucumbers to meet con- Holothuria leucospilota possesses the capability of extension sumer demand is motivating a rising conservation concern from under rock or a hole in the reef floor where it anchors [8–11]. Most tropical sea cucumber fisheries have come under for feeding [5]. intense shin fi g pressure in China due to growing human Morphologically, Holothuria leucospilota has uniformly populations that lead to the increase in the demand of sea black colour body. It is soft-bodied and equipped with cucumber product [12]. Moreover, Holothuria leucospilota is 2 International Journal of Zoology South China Sea Sabah Peninsular Malaysia Sarawak Figure 1: A map of Malaysia showing the location of Sarawak and the 10 sampling sites of Satang Besar Island. listed as one of the edible species with functional ingredients in medicinal sector and also has low toxic effect [13]. The lack of sfi hing regulations in Malaysia such as the minimum legal permittedsize for harvesting, closedseason, andcatch quota 10 m are potentially putting this species on threat in the future. 10 m Therefore, it is important to conduct research for the sea cucumber community in Sarawak because the data can be used as reliable information for future research. The information about sea cucumber population and aquatic ecosystem is essential for commercial use and conservation. 100 m The objective of this study is to quantify the population of Holothuria leucospilota sea cucumber from intertidal area of -line transect -quadrat Satang Besar Island, Sarawak, Malaysia. -sea cucumber -shoreline 2. Materials and Methods Figure 2: Illustration of sampling plan. 2.1. Study Site. This study was conducted at the intertidal zone of Satang Besar Island, Sarawak. Satang Besar Island is situated in Talang-Satang National Park (Figure 1). Talang- 10 m× 10 m were placed randomly along the transect line. Satang National Park covers 19,414 hectares and was gazetted Sea cucumbers found within the quadrat were counted, pho- in 1999 to develop marine turtle conservation in Sarawak [14]. tographed, and identified. Basic physicochemical parameters, The boat ride to the park takes 30 minutes from Damai Beach, namely, temperature and pH, were also measured during Sarawak Boat Jetty Club, or Telaga Air Jetty. A total number of sampling using HANNA Instruments (Model HI9146), while 10 stations were selected (Table 1). Global Positioning System salinity was measured using hand refractometer (Model (GPS) was used to record the location of each sampling Milwaukee-MA887). station [1]. The sampling stations covered the intertidal area of Satang Besar Island. 2.3. Storage and Preservation. Fresh specimens of sea cucum- 2.2. Sample Collection. Figure 2 illustrated the line transect bers collected were stored in ice boxes containing seawater of 100 m used in each station [15]. Three quadrats measuring during sampling period. In the laboratories, specimens were International Journal of Zoology 3 Table 1: Coordinates of sampling stations with their habitat description. Station GPS Coordinate Description N01 47’ 17.4” 1 Large rocky shore with intertidal zone of 39 m E 110 09’ 54.1” N01 47’ 23” 2 Medium rocky shore with intertidal zone of 48 m E 110 09’ 50.3” N01 46’ 59.9” 3 Medium to small rocky shore with intertidal zone of 75 m E 110 09’ 48.4” N01 46’ 56.7” 4 Medium to small rocky shore with intertidal zone of 68 m E 110 09’ 46.2” N01 46’ 53.7” 5 Medium to small rocky shore with intertidal zone of 114 m E 110 09’ 44.0” N01 46’ 49.8” 6 Medium to small rocky shore with intertidal zone of 84 m E 110 09’ 37.1” N01 46’ 53.9” 7 Medium to small rocky shore with intertidal zone of 63 m E 110 09’ 23.6” N01 46’ 55.6” 8 Medium to small rocky shore with intertidal zone of 32 m E 110 09’ 21.8” N01 47’ 3.2” 9 Large rocky shore with intertidal zone of 30 m E 110 09’ 13.8” N01 45’ 17.0” 10 Large rocky shore with intertidal zone of 34 m E 110 09’ 34.2” transferred into -20 C fridge freezer for storage and preserved 2.7. Statistical Analysis. Variances of sea cucumber abun- in 70% ethanol [1]. dance, pH, salinity, and water temperature between stations were tested with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), 2.4. Identification. Identification was based on the external using PASW Statistics 18. Significant results (p < 0.05) were morphology such as body shape and body colour and the obtained and followed with a Tukey post hoc multiple range existence of tube feet and tentacles. It was done by referring test [19]. to previous studies by Conand [16], James [17], Kamarudin et A simple RELATE test was also conducted to determine al. [1], and Iliyas [2]. the relationship between species abundance and abiotic parameters. RELATE is the equivalent of a nonparametric 2.5. Estimation of Population. Estimation of population can Mantel test [20]; it assesses the degree of correspondence be determined from collected data such as the size of study between matrices, and, via a randomization test, it provides area, size of quadrat, and the number of sea cucumbers per a measure of statistical significance of the relationship [21]: quadrat [15]. Estimated population size for every station was the matrix of similarities between species abundances was determined using the following formula: compared with a matrix of the similarity between abiotic parameters. The signicfi ance of any correlation between matrices is assessed with a randomization test. This test was (1) N=( )× n carried out using PRIMER 7 (V7.0.13). where N is the estimated total population size. A is the total 3. Results and Discussion study area. a is the area of the quadrat. n is the mean number of sea cucumber per quadrat. 3.1. Density of Holothuria leucospilota. A total of 203 Holothuria leucospilota have been enumerated from an 2.6. Species Density. Density of sea cucumber was deter- intertidal area of Satang Besar Island (Figure 3). The highest mined from collected data such as the total number of density was from Station 7 with 2.6 individuals found individuals and the total area sampled [18]. Species density in every 1 m (Figure 4). This is because most of the sea of sea cucumber for every station was determined using the cucumber species search for shelter from wave action [22] formula below: and rocky shore is the preferable habitat besides coral reefs. D= (2) The abundance of sea cucumber could be related to the type of food supply availability [23]. There was no sea cucumber where D is density. n is total number of individuals of the found in Stations 1, 9, and 10. This is possibly due to high species. A is total area sampled. wave action where Stations 9 and 10 were located. There was 4 International Journal of Zoology 123456789 10 Station Figure 3: Holothuria leucospilota found from an intertidal area of Figure 5: Population estimate of Holothuria leucospilota from every Satang Besar Island. station. 2.5 1.5 0.5 123456789 10 123456789 10 Station Station Figure 4: Density of Holothuria leucospilota by station. Figure 6: Mean temperature from every station. no sea cucumber found in Station 1 which was characterized by large rocks but lack of seawater (Figure 4). 3.2. Population Estimate of Holothuria leucospilota. Overall, there were approximately 609 Holothuria leucospilota indi- viduals from this survey. The population estimate was con- ducted according to sampling stations that were set up which were located at the intertidal area. This estimation was also based on the collected data of the total area of each station 2 2 (150 m ), thesizeofquadrat (25 m ), and the number of sea cucumbers counted for each station. The estimation of population was not calculated from Stations 1, 9, and 10 since 123456789 10 there were no sea cucumbers found (Figure 5). Station Estimation of population by population surveys cannot Figure 7: Mean salinity from every station. reveal abundance of broad areas. Most of the estimation of population and abundance will be calculated using integrated data with Geographical Information Systems (GIS); however, ∘ ∘ this method can be costly and access to the technology is from 39 Cto 40 C. The optimal temperature for Holothuria limited [24]. leucospilota dieff rs from FAO Corporate Document Repos- ∘ ∘ itory [25] which stated that 5 Cto 15 Cis the optimal 3.3. Water Quality Parameters. Water temperature readings temperature. The dieff rencemay be dueto the dieff renceof ∘ ∘ from all stations ranged from 27.2 C to 40.8 C. The highest geographical locations where the sea cucumber was recorded temperature was from Station 6 with 40.77 Cwhile Station 10 [15]. had the lowest temperature with 27.2 C(Figure 6). One-way Salinity for all sampling stations was recorded in the range ANOVA statistical analysis showed that there was significant of 28.67 to 34.33 PSU. The highest salinity was recorded in difference in the value of temperature in all stations (Tukey Station 7 with salinity value of 34.33 PSU (Figure 7). The Test, p< 0.05). lowest salinity was recorded in Station 10 with salinity value The highest number of sea cucumbers was found in of 28.67 PSU. One-way ANOVA statistical analysis indicated Station 7 has the second highest temperature reading range that there was significant difference in salinity value of all Density (individuals/m ) Estimation of population Salinity (PSU) Temperature ( C) International Journal of Zoology 5 9.8 4. Conclusion 9.6 9.4 A total number of 203 individuals of Holothuria leucospilota 9.2 were recorded from an intertidal area of Satang Besar Island, Sarawak, and the estimation of population that inhabits 8.8 Satang Besar Island intertidal area was 609 individuals. Most 8.6 of the population were found at rocky shores which are 8.4 sheltered from strong waves. Based on the RELATE test, there 8.2 are significant relationships between the species population and water parameters, namely, temperature, salinity, and pH. 7.8 Further study with inclusion of samples from subtidal 123456789 10 area and other factors that influence this species population Station including seawater nutrients and feeding biology could be Figure 8: Mean pH from every station. conducted. Data Availability Rho = 0.63 The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgments This research is supported by UNIMAS in terms of trans- −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 portation and lab facilities. This study would have also been Rho impossible without the unconditional assistance from FRST Figure 9: RELATE test to observe significant relationship between staffs especially Mr. Zaidi Ibrahim, Mr. Mohamad Norazlan Holothuria leucospilota community and environmental data. The Bujang Belly, and Mr. Richard Toh during efi ld work. Our histograms are the null permutation distributions of possible val- appreciation also goes to Sarawak Forestry Department for ues for the RELATE match (Spearman 𝜌 s), in the absence of a Research Permit NCCD.907.4.4(Jld.VI)-179. biota-environment relationship. The observed 𝜌 s=0.63 which is indicated by the dotted line on the right showed presence of the References biota-environment relationship as the line is located outside the histograms. [1] K.R.Kamarudin, A. M.Rehan,A. L. 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Published: Aug 5, 2018