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B. Hay (2019)
6. The Growth, Decline and Resurgence of the City-State
Paurav Shukla, Janice Brown, D. Harper (2006)
Image association and European capital of culture: Empirical insights through the case study of LiverpoolTourism Review, 61
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Sandra Halperin (2017)
The imperial city-state and the national state formThesis Eleven, 139
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Improving tourism destination governance: a complexity science approachTourism Review, 65
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Aspects to justify public tourism promotion: An economic perspectiveTourism Review, 61
E. Añaña, Francisco Anjos, Melise Pereira (2018)
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(2017)
City in the sand that could save a kingdom
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Creation of the intergovernmental world tourism organization
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the sustainability of National Tourism Organisations (NTOs) in light of the increasing power of cities.Design/methodology/approach Based on a review of major societal trends and the author's interpretation of such trends, a tourism futurists’ perspective was applied to better understand the implications of such trends.Findings The future growth of tourism will be constrained by some of the greatest challenges facing society, including unrelenting population growth, ageing demographics, shortages of natural resources, devolution of power and increasing urbanisation. As a result of such trends, this review suggests there will be resurgence in the power of cities, leading to an increase in tourism between not only global cities but also, more importantly, secondary cities.Research limitations/implications The results are limited by selection of the trends and the author's interpretations of such trends.Practical implications The review suggests that city-city marketing will be a key driver in future tourism marketing, over country-country marketing.Originality/value The paper concludes that NTOs are no longer fit for purpose, as power, trust and relevance have shifted in favour of individual city marketing bureaus, over state controlled NTOs.
Tourism Review – Emerald Publishing
Published: Aug 9, 2019
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