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Retinoid signaling plays an important role in the developmental patterning of the hindbrain . Studies of the teratogenic effects of retinoids showed early on that the hindbrain suffered patterning ...
Retinoids play a critical role in patterning , segmentation, and neurogenesis of the posterior hindbrain and it has been proposed that they act as a posteriorising signal during hindbrain development ...
localized role in the hindbrain and anterior spinal cord. There are two theories to explain how RA organizes AP patterning . There could be a head-to-tail gradient, with a high point at the posterior end ...
collinearities and Hox‐Hox auto‐ and cross‐ regulation. The known anterior–posterior morphogens and signaling pathways–– retinoids , FGF's, Cdx, Wnts, Gdf11 and others––interact with this core mechanism at and after ...
signaling pathway, including cellular retinoic acid binding proteins (CRABPs), cellular retinoid binding proteins (CRBPs), retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDHs), catabolic enzymes (CYP26s), and nuclear ...
The requirement of vitamin A (retinol) for successful completion of vertebrate embryogenesis is well established. Retinoid signaling involves a two‐step metabolic event in which retinol is first ...
by a limited number of studies in vivo, in which a deficiency in retinoid signaling produced either by dietary or genetic means has been shown to alter neurite outgrowth from the spinal cord and hindbrain ...
Retinoid signaling is important for patterning the vertebrate hindbrain and midaxial regions. We recently showed that signaling through retinoic acid receptors (RARs) is essential for anteroposterior ...
-posterior axial patterning , forebrain and optic vesicle development, specification of hindbrain rhombomeres, pharyngeal arches and second heart field, somitogenesis, and differentiation of spinal cord neurons ...
, in a region corresponding to hindbrain and probably anterior spinal cord. Although the amphioxus nerve cord appears unsegmented at the gross anatomical level, this pattern reflects segmentation at the cellular ...
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