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to the nonlocality problem of the Aharonov - Bohm effect and present a new semi-classical explanation for the magnetic flux quantum in superconductivity. This work will also show why the flux quantum should be h/e ...
(2D) quantum Hall systems. It relies on magnetic flux variations that thread the system of interest without penetrating its bulk, in the spirit of Aharonov - Bohm effects. Here we explore a different ...
. The Aharonov – Bohm (AB) effect, described in the following section, would offer the first and most complete experimental evidence for the theory of gauge fields. The Aharanov– Bohm effect and magnetic monopoles ...
) system [1,2]. QHE's voltage has a stepwise dependence on the magnetic field (B), as compared to a linear dependence as in Hall effect. Those step resistances are well-defined plateaus, and quantized as |$h ...
, \;\;\;\;\;\; \text{ as}\,\, \mathbb{Z}_N \,\,\text{charge}\,\, e \,\,\text{condensed on}\, {\Sigma^{d}}. \end{eqnarray} (1.7) By condensations of $$\mathbb{Z}_N$$ flux (i.e., the magnetic $$m$$ flux attached ...
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