La Ferrassie 1: New perspectives on a “classic” Neandertal

La Ferrassie 1: New perspectives on a “classic” Neandertal The La Ferrassie 1 (LF1) skeleton, discovered over a century ago, is one of the most important Neandertal individuals both for its completeness and due to the role it has played historically in the interpretation of Neandertal anatomy and lifeways. Here we present new skeletal remains from this individual, which include a complete right middle ear ossicular chain (malleus, incus, and stapes), three vertebral fragments, and two costal remains. Additionally, the study of the skeleton has allowed us to identify new pathological lesions, including a congenital variant in the atlas, a greenstick fracture of the left clavicle, and a lesion in a mid-thoracic rib of unknown etiology. In addition, we have quantified the amount of vertebral pathology, which is greater than previously appreciated. We have complemented the paleopathological analysis with a taphonomic analysis to identify any potential perimortem fractures. The taphonomic analysis indicates that no surface alteration is present in the LF1 skeleton and that the breakage pattern is that of bone that has lost collagen, which would be consistent with the intentional burial of this individual proposed by previous researchers. In this study, we used CT and microCT scans in order to discover new skeletal elements to better characterize the pathological lesions and to quantify the fracture orientation of those bones in which the current plaster reconstruction did not allow its direct visualization, which underlines the broad potential of imaging technologies in paleoanthropological research. A century after its discovery, LF1 is still providing new insights into Neandertal anatomy and behavior. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Journal of Human Evolution Elsevier

La Ferrassie 1: New perspectives on a “classic” Neandertal

20 pages
Read Article

Loading next page...
 
/lp/elsevier/la-ferrassie-1-new-perspectives-on-a-classic-neandertal-i8TVmYoEDs
Publisher
Elsevier
Copyright
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
ISSN
0047-2484
eISSN
1095-8606
D.O.I.
10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.12.004
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

The La Ferrassie 1 (LF1) skeleton, discovered over a century ago, is one of the most important Neandertal individuals both for its completeness and due to the role it has played historically in the interpretation of Neandertal anatomy and lifeways. Here we present new skeletal remains from this individual, which include a complete right middle ear ossicular chain (malleus, incus, and stapes), three vertebral fragments, and two costal remains. Additionally, the study of the skeleton has allowed us to identify new pathological lesions, including a congenital variant in the atlas, a greenstick fracture of the left clavicle, and a lesion in a mid-thoracic rib of unknown etiology. In addition, we have quantified the amount of vertebral pathology, which is greater than previously appreciated. We have complemented the paleopathological analysis with a taphonomic analysis to identify any potential perimortem fractures. The taphonomic analysis indicates that no surface alteration is present in the LF1 skeleton and that the breakage pattern is that of bone that has lost collagen, which would be consistent with the intentional burial of this individual proposed by previous researchers. In this study, we used CT and microCT scans in order to discover new skeletal elements to better characterize the pathological lesions and to quantify the fracture orientation of those bones in which the current plaster reconstruction did not allow its direct visualization, which underlines the broad potential of imaging technologies in paleoanthropological research. A century after its discovery, LF1 is still providing new insights into Neandertal anatomy and behavior.

Journal

Journal of Human Evolution – Elsevier

Published: Apr 1, 2018

References

  • Neanderthal burials. Excavations of the Dederiyeh cave (Afrin, Syria)
  • Surface modifications of the Sima de los Huesos fossil humans
    Andrews, P.; Fernández-Jalvo, Y.
  • Observations on a notch in the short (superior or posterior) process of the incus
    Arensburg, B.; Nathan, H.
  • A propos de deux osselets de l'oreille moyenne d'un néandertaloïde trouvés a Qafzeh (Israel)
    Arensburg, B.; Nathan, H.
  • Taphonomical analysis of the human sample from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site (Atapuerca/Ibeas, Spain)
    Arsuaga, J.L.; Carretero, J.M.; Gracia, A.; Martínez, I.
  • Sima de los Huesos (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). The site
    Arsuaga, J.L.; Martínez, I.; Gracia, A.; Carretero, J.M.; Lorenzo, C.; García, N.; Ortega, A.I.
  • Neandertal roots: Cranial and chronological evidence from Sima de los Huesos
    Arsuaga, J.L.; Martínez, I.; Arnold, L.J.; Aranburu, A.; Gracia-Téllez, A.; Sharp, W.D.; Quam, R.M.; Falguères, C.; Pantoja-Pérez, A.; Bischoff, J.; Poza-Rey, E.; Parés, J.M.; Carretero, J.M.; Demuro, M.; Lorenzo, C.; Sala, N.; Martinón-Torres, M.; García, N.; Alcázar de Velasco, A.; Cuenca-Bescós, G.; Gómez-Olivencia, A.; Moreno, D.; Pablos, A.; Shen, C.-C.; Rodríguez, L.; Ortega, A.I.; García, R.; Bonmatí, A.; Bermúdez de Castro, J.M.; Carbonell, E.
  • Postcranial morphology of the middle Pleistocene humans from Sima de los Huesos, Spain
    Arsuaga, J.L.; Carretero, J.-M.; Lorenzo, C.; Gómez-Olivencia, A.; Pablos, A.; Rodríguez, L.; García-González, R.; Bonmatí, A.; Quam, R.M.; Pantoja-Pérez, A.; Martínez, I.; Aranburu, A.; Gracia-Téllez, A.; Poza-Rey, E.; Sala, N.; García, N.; Alcázar de Velasco, A.; Cuenca-Bescós, G.; Bermúdez de Castro, J.M.; Carbonell, E.
  • Applications of imaging methodologies to paleoanthropology: beneficial results relating to the preservation, management and development of collections
    Balzeau, A.; Crevecoeur, I.; Rougier, H.; Froment, A.; Gilissen, E.; Grimaud-Hervé, D.; Mennecier, P.; Semal, P.
  • Shared pattern of endocranial shape asymmetries among great apes, anatomically modern humans, and fossil hominins
    Balzeau, A.; Gilissen, E.; Grimaud-Hervé, D.
  • Variations and asymmetries in regional brain surface in the genus Homo
    Balzeau, A.; Holloway, R.; Grimaud-Hervé, D.
  • Death is just the beginning: a grave offering, burial evidence and Neandertals at La Ferrassie
    Balzeau, A.; Crevecoeur, I.; Gómez-Olivencia, A.
  • New data on the context of the La Ferrassie 8 Neandertal child skeleton (Grand Abri of La Ferrassie, Dordogne, France)
    Balzeau, A.; Aldeias, V.; Bruxelles, L.; Chiotti, L.; Crevecoeur, I.; Daujeard, C.; Dibble, H.; Goldberg, P.; Gómez-Olivencia, A.; Guérin, G.; Madelaine, S.; Sandgathe, D.; Schwab, C.; Talamo, S.; Hublin, J.J.; Turq, A.
  • Restes dentaires isolés de La Ferrassie : nouveaux fossiles, révision des anciennes collections et implications
    Becam, G.; Gómez-Olivencia, A.; Gómez-Robles, A.; Souday, C.; Arnaud, J.; Frelat, M.A.; Madelaine, S.; Turq, A.; Verna, C.; Balzeau, A.
  • The first Neanderthal remains from an open-air Middle Palaeolithic site in the Levant
    Been, E.; Hovers, E.; Ekshtain, R.; Malinski-Buller, A.; Agha, N.; Barash, A.; Mayer, D.E.B.-Y.; Benazzi, S.; Hublin, J.-J.; Levin, L.; Greenbaum, N.; Mitki, N.; Oxilia, G.; Porat, N.; Roskin, J.; Soudack, M.; Yeshurun, R.; Shahack-Gross, R.; Nir, N.; Stahlschmidt, M.C.; Rak, Y.; Barzilai, O.
  • L'homme fossile de la Chapelle aux Saints
    Boule, M.
  • Vertebral arthritis and physical activities in the prehistoric Southeastern United States
    Bridges, P.S.
  • The emergence of a symbolic behaviour: the sepulchral pit of Sima de los Huesos, Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain
    Carbonell, E.; Mosquera, M.
  • Stature estimation from complete long bones in the Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sima de los Huesos, Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain)
    Carretero, J.M.; Rodríguez, L.; García-González, R.; Arsuaga, J.L.; Gómez-Olivencia, A.; Lorenzo, C.; Bonmatí, A.; Gracia, A.; Martínez, I.; Quam, R.
  • New discovery of an Upper Paleolithic auditory ossicle: The right malleus of Nazlet Khater 2
    Crevecoeur, I.
  • The Spy VI child: A newly discovered Neandertal infant
    Crevecoeur, I.; Bayle, P.; Rougier, H.; Maureille, B.; Higham, T.; van der Plicht, J.; De Clerck, N.; Semal, P.
  • Zur physiologie der hörens; experimentelle untersuchungen über die mechanik der Gehörknöchelchenkette, sowie über deren verhalten auf ton und luftdruck
    Dahmann, H.
  • Zur physiologie der hörens; experimentelle untersuchungen über die mechanik der Gehörknöchelchenkette, sowie über deren verhalten auf ton und luftdruck
    Dahmann, H.
  • Pathologie de quelques Néandertaliens
    Dastugue, J.
  • Vertebral osteoarthritis of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 Neanderthal
    Dawson, J.E.; Trinkaus, E.
  • Neanderthal Cannibalism at Moula-Guercy, Ardéche, France
    Defleur, A.; White, T.D.; Valensi, P.; Slimak, L.; Crégut-Bonnoure, É.
  • A critical look at evidence from La Chapelle-aux-Saints supporting an intentional Neandertal burial
    Dibble, H.L.; Aldeias, V.; Goldberg, P.; McPherron, S.P.; Sandgathe, D.; Steele, T.E.
  • Geological and taphonomic context for the new hominin species Homo naledi from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa
    Dirks, P.H.; Berger, L.R.; Roberts, E.M.; Kramers, J.D.; Hawks, J.; Randolph-Quinney, P.S.; Elliott, M.; Musiba, C.M.; Churchill, S.E.; de Ruiter, D.J.; Schmid, P.; Backwell, L.R.; Belyanin, G.A.; Boshoff, P.; Hunter, K.L.; Feuerriegel, E.M.; Gurtov, A.; Harrison, J.d.G.; Hunter, R.; Kruger, A.; Morris, H.; Makhubela, T.V.; Peixotto, B.; Tucker, S.
  • The archaeology of the dead: Lectures in Archaeothanatology
    Duday, H.
  • Stress and Strain in Bones. Their Relation to Fractures and Osteogenesis
    Evans, F.G.
  • Bilateral femoral and tibial periostitis in the La Ferrassie 1 Neanderthal
    Fennell, K.J.; Trinkaus, E.
  • Human cannibalism in the Early Pleistocene of Europe (Gran Dolina, Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain)
    Fernández-Jalvo, Y.; Díez, J.C.; Cáceres, I.; Rosell, J.
  • The costal skeleton of Shanidar 3 and a reappraisal of Neandertal thoracic morphology
    Franciscus, R.G.; Churchill, S.E.
  • New luminescence dating results based on polymineral fine grains from the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic site of La Ferrassie (Dordogne, SW France)
    Frouin, M.; Guérin, G.; Lahaye, C.; Mercier, N.; Huot, S.; Aldeias, V.; Bruxelles, L.; Chiotti, L.; Dibble, H.L.; Goldberg, P.; Madelaine, S.; McPherron, S.J.P.; Sandgathe, D.; Steele, T.E.; Turq, A.
  • The costal remains of the El Sidrón Neanderthal site (Asturias, northern Spain) and their importance for understanding Neanderthal thorax morphology
    García-Martínez, D.; Bastir, M.; Huguet, R.; Estalrrich, A.; García-Tabernero, A.; Ríos, L.; Cunha, E.; de la Rasilla, M.; Rosas, A.
  • The paleopathology of the Krapina Neandertals
    Gardner, J.C.; Smith, F.H.
  • Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh, Saint-Cesaire, Kebara, Amud, and Dederiyeh
    Gargett, R.H.
  • The presacral spine of the La Ferrassie 1 Neandertal: a revised inventory
    Gómez-Olivencia, A.
  • The vertebral column of the Regourdou 1 Neandertal
    Gómez-Olivencia, A.; Couture-Veschambre, C.; Madelaine, S.; Maureille, B.
  • Two newly identified Mousterian human rib fragments from Combe-Grenal (Domme, France)
    Gómez-Olivencia, A.; Garralda, M.D.; Vandermeersch, B.; Madelaine, S.; Arsuaga, J.L.; Maureille, B.
  • La Ferrassie 8 Neandertal child reloaded: New remains and re-assessment of the original collection
    Gómez-Olivencia, A.; Crevecoeur, I.; Balzeau, A.
  • The Neandertal vertebral column 2: The lumbar spine
    Gómez-Olivencia, A.; Arlegi, M.; Barash, A.; Stock, J.T.; Been, E.
  • A multi-method luminescence dating of the Palaeolithic sequence of La Ferrassie based on new excavations adjacent to the La Ferrassie 1 and 2 skeletons
    Guérin, G.; Frouin, M.; Talamo, S.; Aldeias, V.; Bruxelles, L.; Chiotti, L.; Dibble, H.L.; Goldberg, P.; Hublin, J.-J.; Jain, M.; Lahaye, C.; Madelaine, S.; Maureille, B.; McPherron, S.J.P.; Mercier, N.; Murray, A.S.; Sandgathe, D.; Steele, T.E.; Thomsen, K.J.; Turq, A.
  • Les Hommes fossiles de la Ferrassie. I. Le gisement. Les squelettes adultes (crâne et squelette du tronc)
    Heim, J.-L.
  • Les enfants néandertaliens de la Ferrassie. Étude anthropologique et analyse ontogénique des hommes de Néandertal
    Heim, J.-L.
  • Les hommes fossiles de La Ferrassie. II. Les squelettes d'adultes: squelettes des membres
    Heim, J.-L.
  • Analysis of anatomical variations of bone and vascular structures around the posterior atlantal arch using three-dimensional computed tomography angiography
    Hong, J.T.; Lee, S.W.; Son, B.C.; Sung, J.H.; Yang, S.H.; Kim, I.S.; Park, C.K.
  • The Amud 7 skeleton-still a burial. Response to Gargett
    Hovers, E.; Kimbel, W.H.; Rak, Y.
  • Breakage patterns in human cranial bones
    Jordana, F.; Colat-Parros, J.; Bénézech, M.
  • Perimortem fractures in Lucy suggest mortality from fall out of tall tree
    Kappelman, J.; Ketcham, R.A.; Pearce, S.; Todd, L.; Akins, W.; Colbert, M.W.; Feseha, M.; Maisano, J.A.; Witzel, A.
  • La Ferrassie: taphonomie d'un site sépulcral moustérien
    Laville, D.
  • The auditory ossicles
    Lisoněk, P.; Trinkaus, E.
  • Auditory capacities in Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sierra de Atapuerca in Spain
    Martínez, I.; Arsuaga, J.-L.; Quam, R.; Lorenzo, C.; Gracia, A.; Carretero, J.-M.; Rosa, M.; Jarabo, P.; Carbonell, E.; Bermúdez De Castro, J.-M.
  • Communicative capacities in Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sierra de Atapuerca in Spain
    Martínez, I.; Rosa, M.; Quam, R.; Jarabo, P.; Lorenzo, C.; Bonmatí, A.; Gómez-Olivencia, A.; Gracia, A.; Arsuaga, J.L.
  • A lost Neanderthal neonate found
    Maureille, B.
  • Une donnée peu connue sur la sépulture du premier adulte de La Ferrassie (Savignac-de-Miremont, Dordogne)/A little known element concerning the burial of the first adult at La Ferrassie (Savignac-de-Miremont, Dordogne)
    Maureille, B.; Van Peer, P.
  • Nouveaux restes humains provenant du gisement de Regourdou (Montignac-sur-Vézère, Dordogne, France)
    Maureille, B.; Gómez-Olivencia, A.; Couture-Veschambre, C.; Madelaine, S.; Holliday, T.
  • A revised method of age determination using the os pubis, with a review and tests of accuracy of other current methods of pubic symphyseal aging
    Meindl, R.S.; Lovejoy, C.O.; Mensforth, R.P.; Walker, R.A.
  • Variation in the frequency of a notch in the short process of the incus in six different human skeletal populations
    Mutaw, R.
  • Differential diagnosis of skeletal injuries
    Ortner, D.
  • The Paleolithic origins of human burial
    Pettitt, P.B.
  • La Ferrassie. Moustérien, Périgordien, Aurignacien. Préhistoire III
    Peyrony, D.
  • The internal cranial morphology of Oase 2
    Ponce de León, M.; Zollikofer, C.P.E.
  • New evidence from Le Moustier 1: Computer-assisted reconstruction and morphometry of the skull
    Ponce De León, M.S.; Zollikofer, C.P.E.
  • Temporal bone anatomy and the evolution of acoustic capacities in fossil humans
    Quam, R.
  • Auditory ossicles from southwest Asian Mousterian sites
    Quam, R.; Rak, Y.
  • Reassessment of the La Ferrassie 3 Neandertal ossicular chain
    Quam, R.; Martínez, I.; Arsuaga, J.L.
  • Early hominin auditory capacities
    Quam, R.; Martínez, I.; Rosa, M.; Bonmatí, A.; Lorenzo, C.; de Ruiter, D.J.; Moggi-Cecchi, J.; Conde Valverde, M.; Jarabo, P.; Menter, C.G.; Thackeray, J.F.; Arsuaga, J.L.
  • Early hominin auditory ossicles from South Africa
    Quam, R.M.; de Ruiter, D.J.; Masali, M.; Arsuaga, J.-L.; Martínez, I.; Moggi-Cecchi, J.
  • Evolution of the auditory ossicles in extant hominids: metric variation in African apes and humans
    Quam, R.M.; Coleman, M.N.; Martínez, I.
  • Evidence supporting an intentional Neandertal burial at La Chapelle-aux-Saints
    Rendu, W.; Beauval, C.; Crevecoeur, I.; Bayle, P.; Balzeau, A.; Bismuth, T.; Bourguignon, L.; Delfour, G.; Faivre, J.-P.; Lacrampe-Cuyaubère, F.; Tavormina, C.; Todisco, D.; Turq, A.; Maureille, B.
  • Let the dead speak…comments on Dibble et al.'s reply to “Evidence supporting an intentional burial at La Chapelle-aux-Saints”
    Rendu, W.; Beauval, C.; Crevecoeur, I.; Bayle, P.; Balzeau, A.; Bismuth, T.; Bourguignon, L.; Delfour, G.; Faivre, J.-P.; Lacrampe-Cuyaubère, F.; Muth, X.; Pasty, S.; Semal, P.; Tavormina, C.; Todisco, D.; Turq, A.; Maureille, B.
  • Grave markers: Middle and Early Upper Paleolithic burials and the use of chronotypology in contemporary Paleolithic research
    Riel-Salvatore, J.; Clark, G.A.
  • Paleobiology and comparative morphology of a late Neandertal sample from El Sidrón, Asturias, Spain
    Rosas, A.; Martinez-Maza, C.; Bastir, M.; Garcia-Tabernero, A.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; Huguet, R.; Ortiz, J.E.; Julia, R.; Soler, V.; de Torres, T.; Martinez, E.; Canaveras, J.C.; Sanchez-Moral, S.; Cuezva, S.; Lario, J.; Santamaria, D.; de la Rasilla, M.; Fortea, J.
  • Models of external- and middle-ear function
    Rosowski, J.
  • Introduction to the analysis of middle-ear function
    Rosowski, J.
  • Neandertal cannibalism and Neandertal bones used as tools in Northern Europe
    Rougier, H.; Crevecoeur, I.; Beauval, C.; Posth, C.; Flas, D.; Wißing, C.; Furtwängler, A.; Germonpré, M.; Gómez-Olivencia, A.; Semal, P.; van der Plicht, J.; Bocherens, H.; Krause, J.
  • Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo
    Ruff, C.B.; Trinkaus, E.; Holliday, T.W.
  • Taphonomic analysis of the hominin remains from Swabian Jura and their implications for the mortuary practices during the Upper Paleolithic
    Sala, N.; Conard, N.
  • Carnivore activity in the Sima de los Huesos (Atapuerca, Spain) hominin sample
    Sala, N.; Arsuaga, J.L.; Martínez, I.; Gracia-Téllez, A.
  • Breakage patterns in Sima de los Huesos (Atapuerca, Spain) hominin sample
    Sala, N.; Arsuaga, J.L.; Martínez, I.; Gracia-Téllez, A.
  • Lethal Interpersonal Violence in the Middle Pleistocene
    Sala, N.; Arsuaga, J.L.; Pantoja-Pérez, A.; Pablos, A.; Martínez, I.; Quam, R.M.; Gómez-Olivencia, A.; Bermúdez de Castro, J.M.; Carbonell, E.
  • The Sima de los Huesos Crania: Analysis of the cranial breakage patterns
    Sala, N.; Pantoja-Pérez, A.; Arsuaga, J.L.; Pablos, A.; Martínez, I.
  • Intergroup cannibalism in the European Early Pleistocene: The range expansion and imbalance of power hypotheses
    Saladié, P.; Huguet, R.; Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A.; Cáceres, I.; Esteban-Nadal, M.; Arsuaga, J.L.; Bermúdez de Castro, J.M.; Carbonell, E.
  • Implications of early hominid labyrinthine morphology for evolution of human bidepal locomotion
    Spoor, F.; Wood, B.; Zonneveld, F.
  • Comparative anatomy of the middle ear ossicles of extant hominids—Introducing a geometric morphometric protocol
    Stoessel, A.; Gunz, P.; David, R.; Spoor, F.
  • Morphology and function of Neandertal and modern human ear ossicles
    Stoessel, A.; David, R.; Gunz, P.; Schmidt, T.; Spoor, F.; Hublin, J.-J.
  • Age changes in the pubic bone: I. The white male pubis
    Todd, T.W.
  • Pathology and the posture of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal
    Trinkaus, E.
  • Postcranial robusticity in Homo. II: humeral bilateral asymmetry and bone plasticity
    Trinkaus, E.; Churchill, S.E.; Ruff, C.B.
  • Reprise des fouilles das la partie ouest du gisement de la Ferrassie, Savignac-de-Miremont, Dordogne : problématique et premiers résultats
    Turq, A.; Dibble, H.; Goldberg, P.; McPherron, S.J.-P.; Sandgathe, D.; Mercier, N.; Brüxelles, L.; Laville, D.; Madelaine, S.
  • Differentiation of perimortem and postmortem trauma using taphonomic indicators
    Ubelaker, D.H.; Adams, B.J.
  • Deliberate body disposal by hominins in the Dinaledi Chamber, Cradle of Humankind, South Africa?
    Val, A.
  • The postcranial remains of the Regourdou 1 Neandertal: the shoulder and arm remains
    Vandermeersch, B.; Trinkaus, E.
  • Breakage patterns of human long bones
    Villa, P.; Mahieu, E.
  • Krapina and other neanderthal clavicles: a peculiar morphology?
    Voisin, J.-L.
  • Hand to mouth in a Neandertal: right-handedness in Regourdou 1
    Volpato, V.; Macchiarelli, R.; Guatelli-Steinberg, D.; Fiore, I.; Bondioli, L.; Frayer, D.W.
  • Broken bones: Anthropological analysis of blunt force trauma
    Wedel, V.L.; Galloway, A.
  • Physiological Acoustics
    Wever, E.; Lawrence, M.

You’re reading a free preview. Subscribe to read the entire article.

Try 2 weeks free now

DeepDyve is your
personal research library

It’s your single place to instantly
discover and read the research
that matters to you.

Enjoy affordable access to
over 18 million articles from more than
15,000 peer-reviewed journals.

All for just $49/month

Explore the DeepDyve Library

or browse the journals available

Search

Query the DeepDyve database, plus search all of PubMed and Google Scholar seamlessly

Organize

Save any article or search result from DeepDyve, PubMed, and Google Scholar... all in one place.

Access

Get unlimited, online access to over 18 million full-text articles from more than 15,000 scientific journals.

Your journals are on DeepDyve

Read from thousands of the leading scholarly journals from SpringerNature, Elsevier, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford University Press and more.

All the latest content is available, no embargo periods.

See the journals in your area

DeepDyve

Freelancer

DeepDyve

Pro

Price

FREE

$49/month
$360/year

Save searches from
Google Scholar,
PubMed

Create lists to
organize your research

Export lists, citations

Read DeepDyve articles

Abstract access only

Unlimited access to over
18 million full-text articles

Print

20 pages / month

PDF Discount

20% off

Sign up
for free
Start 14 day
Free Trial