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explore complementary approaches to critically assess degradation : the historical record, long - term grazing exclosures, surveys for potentially rare and sensitive plant species, and assessment of water ...
Abstract In East Africa, climate change is predicted to reduce vegetation quality, and pervasive human disturbance has already resulted in significant declines in biodiversity. We studied ...
Abstract Grasslands and savannas worldwide have been dramatically altered by woody-plant encroachment (WPE). Maintaining remnant grasslands and restoring degraded grasslands for the people ...
are removed and stockpiled separately, leading to long - term degradation of the topsoil and its biota (Schuman 2002, Menta 2012). Following drilling and installation of equipment used in the energy extraction ...
wolves, removed in the late 1800s and then reintroduced, regulate the abundance of elk (Cervus elaphus) populations, and consequently reduce herbivory on riparian vegetation . This regulatory role ...
guideline regarding thinning intensity. TE densities are standardized to account for height differences (1 TE = 1.5 m high tree/shrub) (Smit, 2014a). Densities (TE/ha) equivalent to 1.5 times the long - term ...
(such as fresh fruits, vegetables , fish, and meat) do not travel long distances. In such places, markets may only supply locally produced perishable foods, in addition to nonperishable processed foods from ...
by corvids to masting of trees still requires more research, its role as a long -distance dispersal mechanism that enables plants to colonize new habitat and change ecosystem dynamics is well established ...
community ecology has matured due to long - term studies, new perspectives, and advanced analytical approaches. From an initial focus on local communities and ecological time frames, community ecologists now ...
to detect rapid ecological changes that result in long - term soil organic matter accrual (Bach and Hofmockel, 2014). SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Although SOC and its associated soil aggregates have important ...
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