Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
H. Koopman, D. A. Pabst, W. A. McLellan, R. Dillaman, A. J. Read (2002)
Changes in Blubber Distribution and Morphology Associated with Starvation in the Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): Evidence for Regional Differences in Blubber Structure and FunctionPhysiological and Biochemical Zoology, 75
G. Rau, D. Ainley, J. Bengston, J. Torres, T. Hopkins (1992)
N-15/N-14 and C-13/C-12 in Weddell Sea Birds, Seals, and Fish: Implications for Diet and Trophic StructureMarine Ecology Progress Series, 84
M. Gurr, A. James (1971)
Lipid Biochemistry: An Introduction
S. Iverson, Je McDonald, L. Smith (2001)
Changes in the diet of free-ranging black bears in years of contrasting food availability revealed through milk fatty acidsCanadian Journal of Zoology, 79
S. Hooper, M. Paradis, R. Ackman (1973)
Distribution oftrans-6-hexadecenoic acid, 7-methyl-7-hexadecenoic acid and common fatty acids in lipids of the ocean sunfishMola molaLipids, 8
D. Coltman, W. Bowen, D. Boness, S. Iverson (1997)
Balancing foraging and reproduction in the male harbour seal, an aquatically mating pinnipedAnimal Behaviour, 54
R. Paine (1980)
Food webs : linkage, interaction strength and community infrastructureJournal of Animal Ecology, 49
S. Iverson, S. Iverson, Olav Oftedal, W. Bowen, D. Boness, Joseph Sampugna (2004)
Prenatal and postnatal transfer of fatty acids from mother to pup in the hooded sealJournal of Comparative Physiology B, 165
S. Iverson, O. Oftedal (1995)
B – Philogenetic and Ecological Variation in the Fatty Acid Composition of Milks
J. Folch, M. Lees, G. Stanley (1957)
A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues.The Journal of biological chemistry, 226 1
Stephen Smith, S. Iverson, W. Bowen (1997)
Fatty acid signatures and classification trees: new tools for investigating the foraging ecology of sealsCanadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 54
G. Pierce, P. Boyle (1991)
A Review of Methods for Diet Analysis in Piscivorous Marine MammalsOceanography and Marine Biology, 29
Ackman Ackman, Eaton Eaton (1966)
Lipids of the fin whale ( Balaenoptera physalus ) from North Atlantic waters. III. Occurrence of eicosenoic and docosenoic fatty acids in the zooplankton Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars) and their effect on whale oil compositionCanadian Journal of Biochemistry, 44
R. Ackman, C. Eaton (1966)
LIPIDS OF THE FIN WHALE (BALAENOPTERA PHYSALUS) FROM NORTH ATLANTIC WATERS: III. OCCURRENCE OF EICOSENOIC AND DOCOSENOIC FATTY ACIDS IN THE ZOOPLANKTER MEGANYCTIPHANES NORVEGICA (M. SARS) AND THEIR EFFECT ON WHALE OIL COMPOSITIONBiochemistry and Cell Biology, 44
A. Sih, G. Englund, D. Wooster (1998)
Emergent impacts of multiple predators on prey.Trends in ecology & evolution, 13 9
B. Walker, W. Bowen (1993)
Changes in body mass and feeding behaviour in male harbour seals, Phoca vitulina, in relation to female reproductive statusJournal of Zoology, 231
P. Boyle, G. Pierce, J. Diack (1990)
Sources of evidence for salmon in the diet of sealsFisheries Research, 10
R. Jandacek, E. Hollenbach, B. Holcombe, C. Kuehlthau, J. Peters, J. Taulbee (1991)
REDUCED STORAGE OF DIETARY EICOSAPENTAENOIC AND DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACIDS IN THE WEANLING RATJournal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2
C. Pond (2000)
Adipose tissue: quartermaster to the lymph node garrisons.Biologist, 47 3
S. Iverson, K. Frost, Shelley Lang (2002)
Fat content and fatty acid composition of forage fish and invertebrates in Prince William Sound, Alaska: factors contributing to among and within species variabilityMarine Ecology Progress Series, 241
R. Ackman, C. Eaton, S. Hooper (1968)
Lipids of the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus from North Atlantic waters. IV. Fin whale milk.Canadian journal of biochemistry, 46 3
K. Rouvinen, T. Kiiskinen (1989)
Influence of dietary fat source on the body fat composition of mink (Mustela vison) and blue fox (Alopex lagopus)Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, 39
D. Carss, S. Parkinson (1996)
Errors associated with otter Lutra lutra faecal analysis. I. Assessing general diet from spraintsJournal of Zoology, 238
J. Kelly (2000)
Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the study of avian and mammalian trophic ecologyCanadian Journal of Zoology, 78
A. Gaston, D. Noble (1985)
The diet of Thick-billed Murres (Uria lomvia) in west Hudson Strait and northeast Hudson BayCanadian Journal of Zoology, 63
T. Raclot, R. Groscolas (1995)
Selective mobilization of adipose tissue fatty acids during energy depletion in the rat.Journal of lipid research, 36 10
M. Jobling (1987)
Marine mammal faeces samples as indicators of prey importance - A source of error in bioenergetics studiesSarsia, 72
S. Wamberg, C. Olesen, H. Hansen (1992)
Influence of dietary sources of fat on lipid synthesis in mink (Mustela vison) mammary tissue.Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Comparative physiology, 103 1
J. Volpe, P. Vagelos (1973)
Saturated fatty acid biosynthesis and its regulation.Annual review of biochemistry, 42
T. Schoener (1971)
Theory of Feeding StrategiesAnnual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 2
Scotian Shelf, Georges Bank, St Lawrence, S. Budge, S. Iverson, W. Bowen, R. Ackman (2002)
Among- and within-species variability in fatty acid signatures of marine fish and invertebrates on the Scotian Shelf, Georges Bank, and southern Gulf of St. LawrenceCanadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 59
T. Raclot, R. Groscolas, Y. Cherel (1998)
Fatty acid evidence for the importance of myctophid fishes in the diet of king penguins, Aptenodytes patagonicusMarine Biology, 132
H. Koopman, S. Iverson, A. Read (2003)
High concentrations of isovaleric acid in the fats of odontocetes: variation and patterns of accumulation in blubber vs. stability in the melonJournal of Comparative Physiology B, 173
Penny Kirsch, S. Iverson, W. Bowen, S. Kerr, R. Ackman (1998)
Dietary effects on the fatty acid signature of whole Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55
L. Gannes, D. O'Brien, C. Rio (1997)
STABLE ISOTOPES IN ANIMAL ECOLOGY: ASSUMPTIONS, CAVEATS, AND A CALL FOR MORE LABORATORY EXPERIMENTSEcology, 78
S. Iverson, J. Arnould, I. Boyd (1997)
Milk fatty acid signatures indicate both major and minor shifts in the diet of lactating Antarctic fur sealsCanadian Journal of Zoology, 75
W. Bowen, G. Harrison (1994)
Offshore diet of grey seals Halichoerus grypus near Sable Island, CanadaMarine Ecology Progress Series, 112
Sargent, R. Parkes, I. Mueller-Harvey, R. Henderson, Parkes (1987)
Lipid biomarkers in marine ecology
S. Johnson, G. West (1973)
Fat content, fatty acid composition and estimates of energy metabolism of adèlie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) during the early breeding season fast.Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B, Comparative biochemistry, 45 3
Penny Kirsch, S. Iverson, W. Bowen (2000)
Effect of a Low‐Fat Diet on Body Composition and Blubber Fatty Acids of Captive Juvenile Harp Seals (Phoca groenlandica)Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 73
W. Bowen, D. Tully, D. Boness, B. Bulheier, G. Marshall (2002)
Prey-dependent foraging tactics and prey profitability in a marine mammalMarine Ecology Progress Series, 244
H. Cook (1996)
Fatty acid desaturation and chain elongation in eukaryotes
I. Gilmour, M. Johnston, C. Pillinger, C. Pond, C. Mattacks, P. Prestrud (1995)
The Carbon Isotopic Composition of Individual Fatty Acids as Indicators of Dietary History in Arctic Foxes on SvalbardPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 349
R. Käkelä, H. Hyvärinen, P. Vainiotalo (1993)
Fatty acid composition in liver and blubber of the Saimaa ringed seal (Phoca hispida saimensis) compared with that of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida botnica) and grey seal (Halichoerus grypus from the Baltic.Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B, Comparative biochemistry, 105 3-4
H. Morii, T. Kaneda (1982)
Biosynthesis of branched-chain fatty acids from branched-chain amino acids in subcutaneous tissue of the marine little toothed whale, Stenella caeruleo-alba.Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B, Comparative biochemistry, 71 3
H. Koopman, S. Iverson, D. Gaskin (2004)
Stratification and age-related differences in blubber fatty acids of the male harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 165
W. Bowen, S. Iverson (1998)
Estimation of Total Body Water in Pinnipeds Using Hydrogen‐Isotope DilutionPhysiological Zoology, 71
Kirsch Kirsch, Iverson Iverson, Bowen Bowen (2000)
Effect of a low-fat diet on body composition and blubber fatty acids in captive harp seals ( Phoca groenlandica )Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 73
P. Koch, J. Heisinger, C. Moss, R. Carlson, M. Fogel, A. Behrensmeyer (1995)
Isotopic Tracking of Change in Diet and Habitat Use in African ElephantsScience, 267
J. Navarro, L. McEvoy, F. Amat, J. Sargent (1995)
Effects of diet on fatty acid composition of body zones in larvae of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax: a chemometric studyMarine Biology, 124
M. Graeve, G. Kattner, W. Hagen (1994)
Diet-induced changes in the fatty acid composition of Arctic herbivorous copepods: Experimental evidence of trophic markersJournal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 182
G. Marshall (1998)
Crittercam : An animal-borne imaging and data logging systemMarine Technology Society Journal, 32
T. DiCiccio, Joseph Romano (1990)
Nonparametric confidence limits by resampling methods and least favorable familiesInternational Statistical Review, 58
Michael Jackson (1974)
Transport of short chain fatty acids.Biomembranes, 4B 0
M. John, T. Lund (1996)
Lipid biomarkers: linking the utilization of frontal plankton biomass to enhanced condition of juvenile North Sea codMarine Ecology Progress Series, 131
W. Bowen (2000)
Reconstruction of pinniped diets: accounting for complete digestion of otoliths and cephalopod beaksCanadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 57
S. Iverson, Shelley Lang, M. Cooper (2001)
Comparison of the bligh and dyer and folch methods for total lipid determination in a broad range of marine tissueLipids, 36
Klem Klem (1935)
Studies in the biochemistry of whale oilsHvalradets Skrifter, 11
R. Ackman, W. Ratnayake, B. Olsson (1988)
The “basic” fatty acid composition of atlantic fish oils: Potential similarities useful for enrichment of polyunsaturated fatty acids by urea complexationJournal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 65
S. Iverson, K. Frost, L. Lowry (1997)
Fatty acid signatures reveal fine scale structure of foraging distribution of harbor seals and their prey in Prince William Sound, AlaskaMarine Ecology Progress Series, 151
A. Fraser, J. Sargent, J. Gamble, D. Seaton (1989)
Formation and transfer of fatty acids in an enclosed marine food chain comprising phytoplankton, zooplankton and herring (Clupea harengus L.) larvaeMarine Chemistry, 27
R. Ackman, C. Eaton, John Kinneman, C. Litchfield (2006)
Lipids of freshwater dolphinSotalia fluviatilis: Comparison of odontocete bioacoustic lipids and habitatLipids, 10
H. Layton, K. Rouvinen‐Watt, S. Iverson (2000)
Body composition in mink (Mustela vison) kits during 21-42 days postpartum using estimates of hydrogen isotope dilution and direct carcass analysis.Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology, 126 2
M. Jobling, Anne Breiby (1986)
The use and abuse of fish otoliths in studies of feeding habits of marine piscivoresSarsia, 71
Iverson Iverson (1993)
Milk secretion in marine mammals in relation to foraging: can milk fatty acids predict diet?Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 66
J. Bremer, K. Norum (1982)
Metabolism of very long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (22:1) and the adaptation to their presence in the diet.Journal of lipid research, 23 2
S. Iverson, W. Bowen, D. Boness, O. Oftedal (1993)
The Effect of Maternal Size and Milk Energy Output on Pup Growth in Grey Seals (Halichoerus grypus)Physiological Zoology, 66
C. Pond, C. Mattacks, I. Gilmour, M. Johnston, C. Pillinger, P. Prestrud (1995)
Chemical and carbon isotopic composition of fatty acids in adipose tissue as indicators of dietary history in wild arctic foxes (A lopex lagopus) on SvalbardJournal of Zoology, 236
R. Colby, C. Mattacks, C. Pond (1993)
The gross anatomy, cellular structure, and fatty acid composition of adipose tissue in captive polar bears (Ursus maritimus)Zoo Biology, 12
K. Hobson (1993)
Trophic relationships among high Arctic seabirds: insights from tissue-dependent stable-isotope modelsMarine Ecology Progress Series, 95
W. Bowen, S. Iverson, D. Boness, O. Oftedal (2001)
Foraging effort, food intake and lactation performance depend on maternal mass in a small phocid sealFunctional Ecology, 15
S. Pimm, J. Lawton, J. Cohen (1991)
Food web patterns and their consequencesNature, 350
S. Wakil, J. Stoops, V. Joshi (1983)
Fatty acid synthesis and its regulation.Annual review of biochemistry, 52
Richard Smith, K. Hobson, H. Koopman, D. Lavigne (1996)
Distinguishing between populations of fresh- and salt-water harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) using stable-isotope ratios and fatty acid profilesCanadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 53
S. Iverson, O. Oftedal (1992)
Fatty acid composition of black bear (Ursus americanus) milk during and after the period of winter dormancyLipids, 27
D. Lin, W. Conner (1990)
Are the n-3 fatty acids from dietary fish oil deposited in the triglyceride stores of adipose tissue?The American journal of clinical nutrition, 51 4
W. Perrin, B. Würsig, J. Thewissen (2001)
Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 83
C. Pond (1998)
The Fats of Life
Accurate estimates of the diets of predators are required in many areas of ecology, but for many species current methods are imprecise, limited to the last meal, and often biased. The diversity of fatty acids and their patterns in organisms, coupled with the narrow limitations on their biosynthesis, properties of digestion in monogastric animals, and the prevalence of large storage reservoirs of lipid in many predators, led us to propose the use of quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA) to study predator diets. We present a statistical model that provides quantitative estimates of the proportions of prey species in the diets of individual predators using fatty acid signatures. We conducted simulation studies using a database of 28 prey species ( n == 954 individuals) from the Scotian Shelf off eastern Canada to investigate properties of the model and to evaluate the reliability with which prey could be distinguished in the model. We then conducted experiments on grey seals ( Halichoerus grypus , n == 25) and harp seals ( Phoca groenlandica , n == 5) to assess quantitative characteristics of fatty acid deposition and to develop calibration coefficients for individual fatty acids to account for predator lipid metabolism. We then tested the model and calibration coefficients by estimating the diets of experimentally fed captive grey seals ( n == 6, switched from herring to a mackerel/capelin diet) and mink kits ( Mustela vison , n == 46, switched from milk to one of three oil-supplemented diets). The diets of all experimentally fed animals were generally well estimated using QFASA and were consistent with qualitative and quantitative expectations, provided that appropriate calibration coefficients were used. In a final case, we compared video data of foraging by individual free- ranging harbor seals ( Phoca vitulina , n == 23) fitted with Crittercams and QFASA estimates of the diet of those same seals using a complex ecosystem-wide prey database. Among the 28 prey species in the database, QFASA estimated sandlance to be the dominant prey species in the diet of all seals (averaging 62%% of diet), followed primarily by flounders, but also capelin and minor amounts of other species, although there was also considerable individual variability among seals. These estimates were consistent with video data showing sandlance to be the predominant prey, followed by flatfish. We conclude that QFASA provides estimates of diets for individuals at time scales that are relevant to the ecological processes affecting survival, and can be used to study diet variability within individuals over time, which will provide important opportunities rarely possible with other indirect methods. We propose that the QFASA model we have set forth will be applicable to a wide range of predators and ecosystems.
Ecological Monographs – Ecological Society of America
Published: May 1, 2004
Keywords: feeding ecology ; food webs ; marine carnivores ; pinnipeds ; predator diets ; predator–– prey relationships ; prey fatty acid composition and signatures ; statistical model
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.