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positions 11:1 Spring 2003 The âatmosphere of tolerationâ in the city drew an enormous range of refugees from dictatorships and political struggles throughout Europe: noisy clutches of Italian antifascist intellectuals, a nostalgic menagerie of Russian czarists and aristocrats, political exiles and dissidents from Spain, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Greece, and Yugoslavia. Of course, the decade also marked the high point of European colonial expansion in Africa and Asia, and Baldwin notes that the âmen without a countryâ included âthe groups of black, brown and yellow French colonials who agitate there for freedom of the colonies from French rule, just as our Filipino independence advocates agitate in the United States. But with the difference that in France they may agitate freely what it is illegal to advocate in the colonies themselves.â2 Baldwin considered the scattered colored activists from the French coloniesâincluding soldiers and workers who chose to remain or were stranded in the metropole after the war, students, artists, and driftersâ to be âof far less importance in numbers and activityâ than the European political exiles.3 But the story of the black, brown, and yellow âmen without a countryâ constitutes an important chapter in the history of resistance to
positions asia critique – Duke University Press
Published: Mar 1, 2003
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