Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
W. Ong, S. Leong, L. Garey, R. Reynolds, A. Liang (1996)
An immunocytochemical study of glutamate receptors and glutamine synthetase in the hippocampus of rats injected with kainateExperimental Brain Research, 109
A. Schousboe (2003)
Role of Astrocytes in the Maintenance and Modulation of Glutamatergic and GABAergic NeurotransmissionNeurochemical Research, 28
S. Hsu, L. Raine, H. Fanger (1981)
Use of avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) in immunoperoxidase techniques: a comparison between ABC and unlabeled antibody (PAP) procedures.The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society, 29
Jennifer Hellier, P. Patrylo, P. Buckmaster, F. Dudek (1998)
Recurrent spontaneous motor seizures after repeated low-dose systemic treatment with kainate: assessment of a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsyEpilepsy Research, 31
O. Ottersen, N. Zhang, F. Walberg (1992)
Metabolic compartmentation of glutamate and glutamine: Morphological evidence obtained by quantitative immunocytochemistry in rat cerebellumNeuroscience, 46
O. Ottersen, J. Storm-Mathisen, S. Madsen, S. Skumlien, J. Strømhaug (1986)
Evaluation of the immunocytochemical method for amino acids.Medical biology, 64 2-3
R. Racine, V. Okujava, S. Chipashvili (1972)
Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation. 3. Mechanisms.Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 32 3
B. Goldin, Carl Frieden (1971)
L-Glutamate Dehydrogenases*Current Topics in Cellular Regulation, 4
M. Rogawski (2005)
Astrocytes get in the act in epilepsyNature Medicine, 11
H. Fisher (1985)
L-Glutamate dehydrogenase from bovine liver.Methods in enzymology, 113
(2002)
Mixed effects models in S, S-Plus
T. Kang, D. Kim, Sung‐Eun Kwak, Ji-eun Kim, M. Won, Dae‐Won Kim, Soo‐Young Choi, O. Kwon (2006)
Epileptogenic roles of astroglial death and regeneration in the dentate gyrus of experimental temporal lobe epilepsyGlia, 54
N. Danbolt (2001)
Glutamate uptakeProgress in Neurobiology, 65
Jon Laake, T. Slyngstad, F. Haug, O. Ottersen (1995)
Glutamine from Glial Cells Is Essential for the Maintenance of the Nerve Terminal Pool of Glutamate: Immunogold Evidence from Hippocampal Slice CulturesJournal of Neurochemistry, 65
O. Ottersen (2004)
Quantitative electron microscopic immunocytochemistry of neuroactive amino acidsAnatomy and Embryology, 180
M. During, D. Spencer (1993)
Extracellular hippocampal glutamate and spontaneous seizure in the conscious human brainThe Lancet, 341
K. Matthias, F. Kirchhoff, G. Seifert, K. Hüttmann, M. Matyash, H. Kettenmann, C. Steinhäuser (2003)
Segregated Expression of AMPA-Type Glutamate Receptors and Glutamate Transporters Defines Distinct Astrocyte Populations in the Mouse HippocampusThe Journal of Neuroscience, 23
G. Tian, H. Azmi, T. Takano, Qiwu Xu, Weiguo Peng, J. Lin, N. Oberheim, Nanhong Lou, Xiaohai Wang, H Zielke, Jian Kang, M. Nedergaard (2005)
An astrocytic basis of epilepsyNature Medicine, 11
C. Aoki, T. Milner, K. Sheu, J. Blass, V. Pickel (1987)
Regional distribution of astrocytes with intense immunoreactivity for glutamate dehydrogenase in rat brain: implications for neuron-glia interactions in glutamate transmission, 7
A. Represa, J. Niquet, C. Charriaut-Marlangue, Y. Ben-Ari (1993)
Reactive astrocytes in the kainic acid-damaged hippocampus have the phenotypic features of type-2 astrocytesJournal of Neurocytology, 22
Charles Smith, J. Carney, P. Starke-Reed, C. Oliver, E. Stadtman, R. Floyd, W. Markesbery (1991)
Excess brain protein oxidation and enzyme dysfunction in normal aging and in Alzheimer disease.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 88 23
R. Waniewski, D. McFarland (1990)
Intrahippocampal kainic acid reduces glutamine synthetaseNeuroscience, 34
R. Racine (1972)
Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation. II. Motor seizure.Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 32 3
T. Eid, M. Thomas, D. Spencer, E. Rundén-Pran, J. Lai, GV Malthankar, Jh Kim, N. Danbolt, O. Ottersen, N. Lanerolle (2004)
Loss of glutamine synthetase in the human epileptogenic hippocampus: possible mechanism for raised extracellular glutamate in mesial temporal lobe epilepsyThe Lancet, 363
I. Zaganas, H. Waagepetersen, P. Georgopoulos, U. Sonnewald, A. Plaitakis, A. Schousboe (2001)
Differential expression of glutamate dehydrogenase in cultured neurons and astrocytes from mouse cerebellum and cerebral cortexJournal of Neuroscience Research, 66
S. Alvestad, J. Hammer, E. Eyjolfsson, H. Qu, O. Ottersen, U. Sonnewald (2008)
Limbic Structures Show Altered Glial–Neuronal Metabolism in the Chronic Phase of Kainate Induced EpilepsyNeurochemical Research, 33
O. Ottersen (2004)
Postembedding light- and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry of amino acids: description of a new model system allowing identical conditions for specificity testing and tissue processingExperimental Brain Research, 69
Angelika Schmitt, Peter Kugler (1999)
Cellular and regional expression of glutamate dehydrogenase in the rat nervous system: non-radioactive in situ hybridization and comparative immunocytochemistryNeuroscience, 92
J. Leite, N. Garcia-Cairasco, E. Cavalheiro (2002)
New insights from the use of pilocarpine and kainate modelsEpilepsy Research, 50
T. Imai (1999)
[Glutamate dehydrogenase].Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 57 Suppl
Andersen Per, M. Richard, D. Amaral, Bliss Tim, O. John (2009)
The Hippocampal Formation
K. Mearow, J. Mill, E. Freese (1990)
Neuron–glial interactions involved in the regulation of glutamine synthetaseGlia, 3
M. Norenberg, A. Martinez‐Hernandez (1979)
Fine structural localization of glutamine synthetase in astrocytes of rat brainBrain Research, 161
G. Seifert, K. Schilling, C. Steinhäuser (2006)
Astrocyte dysfunction in neurological disorders: a molecular perspectiveNature Reviews Neuroscience, 7
Schousboe Schousboe, Sonnewald Sonnewald, Civenni Civenni, Gegelashvili Gegelashvili (1997)
Role of astrocytes in glutamate homeostasis. Implications for excitotoxicityAdv Exp Med Biol, 429
C. Oliver, P. Starke-Reed, E. Stadtman, G. Liu, J. Carney, R. Floyd (1990)
Oxidative damage to brain proteins, loss of glutamine synthetase activity, and production of free radicals during ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury to gerbil brain.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 87 13
H. Fisher (1985)
[3] l-Glutamate dehydrogenase from bovine liverMethods in Enzymology, 113
J. Storm-Mathisen, Alfhild Leknes, Anna Bore, J. Vaaland, P. Edminson, F. Haug, O. Ottersen (1983)
First visualization of glutamate and GABA in neurones by immunocytochemistryNature, 301
Luís Fonseca, Miguel Monteiro, P. Alves, M. Carrondo, H. Santos (2005)
Cultures of rat astrocytes challenged with a steady supply of glutamate: New model to study flux distribution in the glutamate–glutamine cycleGlia, 51
J. Rothstein, M. Dykes‐Hoberg, C. Pardo, L. Bristol, Lin Jin, R. Kuncl, Y. Kanai, M. Hediger, Yanfeng Wang, Jerry Schielke, D. Welty (1996)
Knockout of Glutamate Transporters Reveals a Major Role for Astroglial Transport in Excitotoxicity and Clearance of GlutamateNeuron, 16
P. Williams, Jennifer Hellier, Andrew White, K. Staley, F. Dudek (2007)
Development of Spontaneous Seizures after Experimental Status Epilepticus: Implications for Understanding EpileptogenesisEpilepsia, 48
Ning Kang, Jun Xu, Qiwu Xu, M. Nedergaard, Jian Kang (2005)
Astrocytic glutamate release-induced transient depolarization and epileptiform discharges in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.Journal of neurophysiology, 94 6
A. Schousboe, H. Waagepetersen (2005)
Role of astrocytes in glutamate homeostasis: Implications for excitotoxicityNeurotoxicity Research, 8
D. Binder, C. Steinhäuser (2006)
Functional changes in astroglial cells in epilepsyGlia, 54
Kohichi Tanaka, K. Watase, T. Manabe, Keiko Yamada, Masahiko Watanabe, Katsunobu Takahashi, H. Iwama, T. Nishikawa, N. Ichihara, T. Kikuchi, Shigeru Okuyama, N. Kawashima, S. Hori, M. Takimoto, K. Wada (1997)
Epilepsy and exacerbation of brain injury in mice lacking the glutamate transporter GLT-1.Science, 276 5319
Y. Ben-Ari (1985)
Limbic seizure and brain damage produced by kainic acid: Mechanisms and relevance to human temporal lobe epilepsyNeuroscience, 14
D. Butterfield, K. Hensley, P. Cole, R. Subramaniam, M. Aksenov, M. Aksenova, P. Bummer, B. Haley, J. Carney (1997)
Oxidatively Induced Structural Alteration of Glutamine Synthetase Assessed by Analysis of Spin Label Incorporation Kinetics: Relevance to Alzheimer's DiseaseJournal of Neurochemistry, 68
F. Rothe, M. Brosz, J. Storm-Mathisen (1994)
Quantitative ultrastructural localization of glutamate dehydrogenase in the rat cerebellar cortexNeuroscience, 62
É. Tremblay, O. Ottersen, C. Rovira, Y. Ben-Ari (1983)
Intra-amygdaloid injections of kainic acid: Regional metabolic changes and their relation to the pathological alterationsNeuroscience, 8
L. Hertz, H. Zielke (2004)
Astrocytic control of glutamatergic activity: astrocytes as stars of the showTrends in Neurosciences, 27
M. Norenberg (1982)
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE IN BRAIN TRAUMA: 18Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 41
It has been suggested that astrocytic glutamate release or perturbed glutamate metabolism contributes to the proneness to epileptic seizures. Here we investigated whether astrocytic contents of the major glutamate degrading enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) decreases on moving from the latent phase (prior to seizures) to the chronic phase (after onset of seizures) in the kainate (KA) model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Western blotting and immunogold analysis of hippocampal formation indicated similar levels of GDH in the latent and chronic phases of KA injected rats and in corresponding controls. In contrast, the level of GS was increased in the latent phase compared with controls, as assessed by Western blots of whole hippocampal formation and subregions. The increase in GS paralleled that of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Compared with the latent phase, the chronic phase revealed a lower level of GS (approaching control levels) but an unchanged GFAP content. The decrease in GS from latent to chronic phase was significant in whole hippocampal formation, dentate gyrus and CA3. It is concluded that kainate treated rats show an initial increase in GS, pari passu with the increase in GFAP, and a secondary decrease in GS that is not accompanied by a similar loss of GFAP. In a situation where glutamate catabolism is in high demand the secondary reduction in GS level may be sufficient to contribute to the seizure proneness that develops between the latent and chronic phases. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glia – Wiley
Published: Jun 1, 2008
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.