Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
(1996)
Quantitative genetics. Essex: Longman
H. Wolda (1992)
Trends in abundance of tropical forest insects., 89
A. Tantawy (1957)
Genetic Variance of Random-Inbred Lines of Drosophila Melanogaster in Relation to Coefficients of Inbreeding.Genetics, 42 2
T. Holtsford, N. Ellstrand (1990)
INBREEDING EFFECTS IN CLARKIA TEMBLORIENSIS (ONAGRACEAE) POPULATIONS WITH DIFFERENT NATURAL OUTCROSSING RATESEvolution, 44
J. Millar, R. Zammuto (1983)
Life Histories of Mammals: An Analysis of Life TablesEcology, 64
M. Lynch, J. Conery, R. Bürger (1995)
MUTATIONAL MELTDOWNS IN SEXUAL POPULATIONSEvolution, 49
D. Schemske (1983)
BREEDING SYSTEM AND HABITAT EFFECTS ON FITNESS COMPONENTS IN THREE NEOTROPICAL COSTUS (ZINGIBERACEAE)Evolution, 37
(1993)
The natural history of inbreeding and outbreeding
M. Shaffer (1981)
Minimum Population Sizes for Species ConservationBioScience, 31
Larry Mueller, B. Charlesworth (1984)
Evolution in Age-Structured PopulationsBioScience
T. Schoener, David Spiller (1992)
Is Extinction Rate Related to Temporal Variability in Population Size? An Empirical Answer for Orb SpidersThe American Naturalist, 139
D Charlesworth, B Charlesworth (1987)
Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences.Genet. Res., 18
P. S Miller, P. W Hedrick (1993)
Inbreeding and fitness in captive populations: lessons fromProc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 12
J. Vucetich, T. Waite, L. Nunney (1997)
FLUCTUATING POPULATION SIZE AND THE RATIO OF EFFECTIVE TO CENSUS POPULATION SIZEEvolution, 51
I. Franklin, R. Frankham (1998)
How large must populations be to retain evolutionary potential?Animal Conservation, 1
J. Pounds, M. Crump (1994)
Amphibian declines and climate disturbance: the case of the golden toad and the harlequin frogConservation Biology, 8
C. Magin, T. Johnson, B. Groombridge, M. Jenkins, H. Smith (1994)
Species extinctions, endangerment and captive breeding
Julie Jimenez, K. Hughes, G. Alaks, L. Graham, R. Lacy (1994)
An experimental study of inbreeding depression in a natural habitat.Science, 266 5183
D. Wilcove, M. Mcmillan, Keith Winston (1993)
What Exactly Is an Endangered Species? An Analysis of the U.S. Endangered Species List: 1985–1991Conservation Biology, 7
T. Young (1994)
Natural Die‐Offs of Large Mammals: Implications for ConservationConservation Biology, 8
B. J. Winer (1962)
Statistical principles in experimental design
R Lande, G. R Barrowclough (1987)
Viable populations in conservationAnim. Conserv.
D. Schemske (1983)
Breeding system and habitat effects on fitness components in three neotropical Costus.Oecologia, 37
I. Stout, G. Cornwell (1976)
Nonhunting Mortality of Fledged North American WaterfowlJournal of Wildlife Management, 40
Michele Dudash (1990)
RELATIVE FITNESS OF SELFED AND OUTCROSSED PROGENY IN A SELF‐COMPATIBLE, PROTANDROUS SPECIES, SABATIA ANGULARIS L. (GENTIANACEAE): A COMPARISON IN THREE ENVIRONMENTSEvolution, 44
I. R. Franklin (1980)
Conservation biology: an evolutionary‐ecological perspectiveEvolution
G. Caughley (1994)
Directions in conservation biologyJournal of Animal Ecology, 63
C. Pitman (1953)
The Balance of NatureOryx, 2
N. G. Ehiobu, M. E Goddard, J. F Taylor (1989)
Effect of rate of inbreeding on inbreeding depression in Drosophila melanogaster.Heredity, 77
E. Bryant (1969)
The Fates of Immatures in Mixtures of Two Housefly StrainsEcology, 50
T. Jukes (1976)
Endangered speciesNature, 264
D. S Falconer, T. F. C MacKay (1996)
Quantitative geneticsAnim. Conserv.
S. Shabalina, L. Yampolsky, Alexey Kondrashov (1997)
Rapid decline of fitness in panmictic populations of Drosophila melanogaster maintained under relaxed natural selection.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94 24
(1987)
Effective population size, genetic variation, and their use in population management. In Viable populations in conservation: 87–123
H. Lindman (1974)
Analysis of variance in complex experimental designs
R. Frankham (1995)
Inbreeding and Extinction: A Threshold EffectConservation Biology, 9
P. Miller, P. Hedrick (1993)
Inbreeding and fitness in captive populations: Lessons from DrosophilaZoo Biology, 12
A. L Seidl, P. A Opler (1994)
Uncompahgre fritillary butterfly demographics: response to Britten et al.Nature, Lond., 8
P. Hedrick, D. Hedgecock, S. Hamelberg (1994)
Effective Population Size in Winter‐Run Chinook SalmonConservation Biology, 9
P. Parsons (1971)
Extreme-environment heterosis and genetic loadsHeredity, 26
C. D. Magin, T. H. Johnson, B. Groombridge, M Jenkins, H Smith (1994)
Creative conservationEvolution
R. J. Wiese, K. Willis, J Bowdoin, M Hutchins (1993)
AAZPA annual report on conservation and science
R. Lande (1994)
RISK OF POPULATION EXTINCTION FROM FIXATION OF NEW DELETERIOUS MUTATIONSEvolution, 48
R. R Sokal, F. J Rohlf (1995)
Biometry
M. Lynch, W. Gabriel (1990)
MUTATION LOAD AND THE SURVIVAL OF SMALL POPULATIONSEvolution, 44
R. Frankham (1997)
Do island populations have less genetic variation than mainland populations?Heredity, 78
A. A Kondrashov, D Houle (1994)
Genotype‐environment interactions and the estimation of the genomic mutation rate in Drosophila melanogaster.Am. Nat., 258
W. L.
The Balance of NatureNature, 1
T. J. Foose, L. Boer, U. S Seal, R Lande (1995)
Population management for survival and recoveryHeredity
L. Keller, P. Arcese, James Smith, W. Hochachka, S. Stearns (1994)
Selection against inbred song sparrows during a natural population bottleneckNature, 372
Dara Newman, D. Pilson (1997)
INCREASED PROBABILITY OF EXTINCTION DUE TO DECREASED GENETIC EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE: EXPERIMENTAL POPULATIONS OF CLARKIA PULCHELLAEvolution, 51
P. Hedrick, P. Miller (1992)
Conservation Genetics: Techniques and Fundamentals.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America, 2 1
R. Lande (1995)
Mutation and ConservationConservation Biology, 9
M. Brookes, Yvonne Graneau, P. King, O. Rose, C. Thomas, J. Mallet (1997)
Genetic Analysis of Founder Bottlenecks in the Rare British Butterfly Plebejus argusConservation Biology, 11
(1993)
AAZPA annual report on conservation and science. Bethesda, MD: American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria
Michael Lynch (1988)
Design and analysis of experiments on random drift and inbreeding depression.Genetics, 120 3
and Simmons, James Crow (1977)
Mutations affecting fitness in Drosophila populations.Annual review of genetics, 11
M Lynch, R Lande (1998)
The critical effective size for a genetically secure population.Nature, Lond., 1
Motoo Kimura (1983)
The neutral theory of molecular evolution.Scientific American, 241 5
M. L. Shaffer (1981)
Minimum viable population sizes for species conservation., 31
S. McCommas, E. Bryant (1990)
Loss of electrophoretic variation in serially bottlenecked populationsHeredity, 64
S. Barrett, D. Charlesworth (1991)
Effects of a change in the level of inbreeding on the genetic loadNature, 352
M. Lynch, R. Lande (1998)
The critical effective size for a genetically secure populationAnimal Conservation, 1
P. Stacey, M. Taper (1992)
Environmental Variation and the Persistence of Small Populations.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America, 2 1
S. L. Pimm, H. L Jones, J Diamond (1988)
On the risk of extinction.Ecol. Applic, 132
E. Bryant, L. Meffert, S. McCommas (1990)
Fitness Rebound in Serially Bottlenecked Populations of the House FlyThe American Naturalist, 136
S. A. Shabalina, Y Yampolsky, A. S Kondrashov (1997)
Rapid decline in fitness in panmictic populations of Drosophila melanogaster maintained under relaxed natural selection.Conserv. Biol., 94
T. P Holtsford, N. C Ellstrand (1991)
Inbreeding effects in Clarkia tembloriensis populations with different natural out‐crossing rates.Genet. Res. Camb., 44
E. H. Bryant, V. L. Backus, M. E Clark, D. H Reed (1999)
Experimental tests of captive management for endangered speciesConserv. Biol.
M. Lynch (1996)
Conservation genetics: case histories from natureAm. Nat.
K. Ralls, J. Ballou, A. Templeton (1988)
Estimates of Lethal Equivalents and the Cost of Inbreeding in MammalsConservation Biology, 2
Michael Lynch (1988)
The rate of polygenic mutation.Genetical research, 51 2
P. W Hedrick, P. S Miller (1992)
Conservation genetics: techniques and fundamentals.Conserv. Biol., 2
D. Charlesworth, M. Morgan, B. Charlesworth (1993)
Mutation accumulation in finite outbreeding and inbreeding populationsGenetics Research, 61
E. Bryant, D. Reed (1999)
Fitness Decline under Relaxed Selection in Captive PopulationsConservation Biology, 13
B. Latter, J. Mulley, D. Reid, L. Pascoe (1995)
Reduced genetic load revealed by slow inbreeding in Drosophila melanogaster.Genetics, 139 1
L. Pray, J. Schwartz, C. Goodnight, L. Stevens (1994)
Environmental Dependency of Inbreeding Depression: Implications for Conservation BiologyConservation Biology, 8
I. Saccheri, M. Kuussaari, M. Kankare, P. Vikman, W. Fortelius, I. Hanski (1998)
Inbreeding and extinction in a butterfly metapopulationNature, 392
M. Lynch, J. Conery, R. Burger (1995)
Mutation Accumulation and the Extinction of Small PopulationsThe American Naturalist, 146
Truman Young (1991)
Diversity overratedNature, 352
W. Koenig, N. Thornhill (1994)
The Natural History of Inbreeding and Outbreeding: Theoretical and Empirical PerspectivesJournal of Wildlife Management, 58
B. Latter, A. Robertson (1962)
The effects of inbreeding and artificial selection on reproductive fitnessGenetics Research, 3
S. Pimm, H. Jones, J. Diamond (1988)
On the Risk of ExtinctionThe American Naturalist, 132
J. A Pounds, M. L Crump (1994)
Amphibian declines and climate disturbance: the case of the golden toad and harlequin frog.J. Wildl. Mgmt., 8
R. Lande, G. Barrowclough (1987)
Viable Populations for Conservation: Effective population size, genetic variation, and their use in population management
(1995)
Conservation management strategies based on viable populations
P. Hedrick (1994)
Purging inbreeding depression and the probability of extinction: full-sib matingHeredity, 73
D. Davis, M. Williamson (1972)
The Analysis of Biological PopulationsBioScience
M. Lynch, J Conery, R Burger (1995a)
Mutation accumulation and the extinction of small populationsConserv. Biol., 146
A. Seidl, P. Opler (1994)
Uncompahgre Fritillary Butterfly Demographics: Response to Britten et al.Conservation Biology, 8
D. Charlesworth, B. Charlesworth (1987)
INBREEDING DEPRESSION AND ITS EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCESAnnual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 18
M. Soulé, M. Gilpin, W. Conway, T. Foose (1986)
The millenium ark: How long a voyage, how many staterooms, how many passengers?Zoo Biology, 5
L. Wolfe (1993)
INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN HYDROPHYLLUM APPENDICULATUM: ROLE OF MATERNAL EFFECTS, CROWDING, AND PARENTAL MATING HISTORYEvolution, 47
J. Crow, M. Kimura (1971)
An introduction to population genetics theory
M. Lynch (1996)
A Quantitative-Genetic Perspective on Conservation Issues
A. Kondrashov, D. Houle (1994)
Genotype—environment interactions and the estimation of the genomic mutation rate in Drosophila melanogasterProceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 258
T. J. Foose (1990)
Midyear reportNature, Lond.
Fitness and rates of extinction were compared among populations of the housefly, Musca domestica L., kept either at constant effective sizes of 50, 500 or 1500 or passed through extreme founder events reducing effective size to 5. Populations were maintained for 24 generations, which for small to medium‐sized mammals would be less than the 200 years suggested by Souléet al. (1986) as necessary for maintaining viable populations of endangered species. The results demonstrate that effective population sizes have to be greater than the 50 individuals suggested by Franklin (1980) to retain fitness and escape extinction, even in the short term. In contrast to populations of constant size that exhibited monotonic decreases in fitness through time, populations established with few founders rebounded from initial inbreeding depression. However, they were less adaptable to environmental stress than constant size populations, suggesting that populations founded with few numbers may do well within a single environment but may do far less well if they are reintroduced to natural environments or exposed to rapid environmental changes.
Animal Conservation – Wiley
Published: Feb 1, 2000
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.