Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
W. Grave, H. Boshuizen, H. Schmidt (1996)
Problem based learning: Cognitive and metacognitive processes during problem analysisInstructional Science, 24
Tisher Tisher (1977)
Practical insights gained from Australian research on teachingAustralian Science Teachers Journal, 23
Okhee Lee, J. Brophy (1996)
Motivational patterns observed in Sixth‐Grade science classroomsJournal of Research in Science Teaching, 33
S. Hennessy (1993)
Situated Cognition and Cognitive Apprenticeship: Implications for Classroom LearningStudies in Science Education, 22
E. Wong (1993)
Understanding the generative capacity of analogies as a tool for explanationJournal of Research in Science Teaching, 30
P. Ramsden (1988)
Context and strategy: Situational influences on learning.
N. Songer, M. Linn (1991)
How do students' views of science influence knowledge integration?Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 28
R. Driver, Hilary Asoko, J. Leach, P. Scott, E. Mortimer (1994)
Constructing Scientific Knowledge in the ClassroomEducational Researcher, 23
R. Horwood (1988)
Explanation and description in science teachingScience Education, 72
J. Vermunt (1998)
The regulation of constructive learning processesBritish Journal of Educational Psychology, 68
David Brown (1993)
Refocusing Core Intuitions: A Concretizing Role for Analogy in Conceptual Change.Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 30
David Brown, J. Clement (1989)
Overcoming misconceptions via analogical reasoning: abstract transfer versus explanatory model constructionInstructional Science, 18
M. Scardamalia, C. Bereiter (1992)
Text-Based and Knowledge Based Questioning by ChildrenCognition and Instruction, 9
Leona Schauble, L. Klopfer, K. Raghavan (1991)
Students' transition from an engineering model to a science model of experimentationJournal of Research in Science Teaching, 28
Wolff‐Michael Roth, A. Roychoudhury (1994)
Physics students' epistemologies and views about knowing and learningJournal of Research in Science Teaching, 31
Chin-Chung Tsai (1998)
An Analysis of Scientific Epistemological Beliefs and Learning Orientations of Taiwanese Eighth GradersScience Education, 82
G. Dall’Alba (1986)
Learning strategies and the learner's approach to a problem solving taskResearch in Science Education, 16
Earl Woodruff, Karen Meyer (1997)
Explanations from intra- and inter-group discourse: Students building knowledge in the science classroomResearch in Science Education, 27
Kathleen Hogan (1999)
Relating Students' Personal Frameworks for Science Learning to Their Cognition in Collaborative Contexts.Science Education, 83
P. Tamir, A. Zohar (1991)
Anthropomorphism and teleology in reasoning about biological phenomenaScience Education, 75
Lorraine Grosslight, C. Unger, Eileen Jay, Carol Smith (1991)
Understanding models and their use in science: Conceptions of middle and high school students and expertsJournal of Research in Science Teaching, 28
U. Zoller (1987)
The Fostering of Question-Asking Capability. A Meaningful Aspect of Problem Solving in Chemistry.Journal of Chemical Education, 64
R. Bogdan (1981)
Qualitative research for education
Shodell Shodell (1995)
The question‐driven classroomThe American Biology Teacher, 57
R. Schmeck (1988)
An Introduction to Strategies and Styles of Learning
N. Entwistle, P. Ramsden (1983)
Understanding Student Learning
J. Gilbert, Carolyn Boulter, M. Rutherford (1998)
Models in explanations, Part 2: Whose voice? Whose ears?International Journal of Science Education, 20
Saouma Boujaoude (1992)
The relationship between students' learning strategies and the change in their misunderstandings during a high school chemistry courseJournal of Research in Science Teaching, 29
J. Meece, P. Blumenfeld, R. Hoyle (1988)
Students' goal orientations and cognitive engagement in classroom activitiesJournal of Educational Psychology, 80
M. Chi, M. Bassok, Matthew Lewis, P. Reimann, R. Glaser (1989)
Self-Explonations: How Students Study and Use Examples in Learning to Solve ProblemsCogn. Sci., 13
S. Nolen (1988)
Reasons for studying: Motivational orientations and study strategies.Cognition and Instruction, 5
R. Maskill, H. Jesus (1997)
Pupils’ questions, alternative frameworks and the design of science teachingInternational Journal of Science Education, 19
F. Marton (1983)
Beyond Individual DifferencesEducational Psychology, 3
M. Shodell (1995)
The Question-Driven Classroom: Student Questions as Course Curriculum in Biology.American Biology Teacher, 57
Wolff‐Michael Roth, A. Roychoudhury (1993)
The nature of scientific knowledge, knowing and learning: the perspectives of four physics studentsInternational Journal of Science Education, 15
J. Baird, P. Fensham, R. Gunstone, R. White (1991)
The importance of reflection in improving science teaching and learningJournal of Research in Science Teaching, 28
P. Peterson, S. Swing, M. Braverman, R. Buss (1981)
Students' aptitudes and their reports of cognitive processes during direct instructionJournal of Educational Psychology, 74
R. Garner (1988)
VERBAL-REPORT DATA ON COGNITIVE AND METACOGNITIVE STRATEGIES
J. Nicholls (1984)
Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance.Psychological Review, 91
Margaret Donaldson (1978)
Children's Minds
D. Laurillard (1978)
A study of the relationship between some of the cognitive and contextual factors in student learning.
F. Marton, R. Säljö (1976)
ON QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN LEARNING: I—OUTCOME AND PROCESS*British Journal of Educational Psychology, 46
Edward Pizzini, Daniel Shepardson (1991)
Student Questioning in the Presence of the Teacher During Problem Solving in ScienceSchool Science and Mathematics, 91
Kathleen Metz (1991)
Development of explanation: Incremental and fundamental change in children's physics knowledgeJournal of Research in Science Teaching, 28
S. Nolen, T. Haladyna (1990)
Motivation and studying in high school scienceJournal of Research in Science Teaching, 27
A. Rath, David Brown (1996)
Modes of Engagement in Science Inquiry: A Microanalysis of Elementary Students' Orientations toward Phenomena at a Summer Science Camp.Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 33
John Clement (1987)
Observed Methods for Generating Analogies in Scientific Problem SolvingCogn. Sci., 12
Ann Brown (1977)
Knowing When, Where, and How to Remember: A Problem of Metacognition. Technical Report No. 47.
R. Osborne, M. Wittrock (1983)
Learning science: A generative processScience Education, 67
A. Cavallo, L. Schafer (1994)
Relationships between Students' Meaningful Learning Orientation and Their Understanding of Genetics Topics*Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 31
E. Wong (1993)
Self‐generated analogies as a tool for constructing and evaluating explanations of scientific phenomenaJournal of Research in Science Teaching, 30
Carole Ames, Jennifer Archer (1988)
Achievement Goals in the Classroom: Students' Learning Strategies and Motivation ProcessesJournal of Educational Psychology, 80
Allan Wigfield, J. Meece (1988)
Math anxiety in elementary and secondary school students.Journal of Educational Psychology, 80
N. Entwistle (1981)
Styles of learning and teaching
Hanna Arzi, R. White (1986)
Questions on students' questionsResearch in Science Education, 16
P. Ramsden (1988)
Context and Strategy
K. Edmondson, J. Novak (1993)
The interplay of scientific epistemological views, learning strategies, and attitudes of college studentsJournal of Research in Science Teaching, 30
J. Baird, R. White (1982)
A case study of learning styles in biologyInternational Journal of Science Education, 4
J. Biggs (1988)
Approaches to learning and to essay writing.
R. Osborne, M. Wittrock (1985)
The Generative Learning Model and Its Implications for Science Education.Studies in Science Education, 12
C. Brodsky (1968)
The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative ResearchPsychosomatics, 9
M. Chi, N. Leeuw, M. Chiu, Christian LaVancher (1994)
Eliciting Self-Explanations Improves UnderstandingCogn. Sci., 18
J. Baird, R. White (1982)
Promoting self-control of learningInstructional Science, 11
R. White, R. Gunstone (1989)
Metalearning and conceptual changeInternational Journal of Science Education, 11
M. Steinberg, David Brown, J. Clement (1990)
Genius is not immune to persistent misconceptions: conceptual difficulties impeding Isaac Newton and contemporary physics studentsInternational Journal of Science Education, 12
M. Watts, Gillian Gould, S. Alsop (1997)
Questions of Understanding: Categorising Pupils' Questions in Science.The School science review, 79
Peggy Ertmer, T. Newby (1996)
The expert learner: Strategic, self-regulated, and reflectiveInstructional Science, 24
A. King (1994)
Guiding Knowledge Construction in the Classroom: Effects of Teaching Children How to Question and How to Explain, 31
J. Garrison (1994)
Realism, Deweyan Pragmatism, and Educational ResearchEducational Researcher, 23
J. Brown, A. Collins, P. Duguid (1989)
Situated Cognition and the Culture of LearningEducational Researcher, 18
Elizabeth Hegarty-Hazel, M. Prosser (1991)
Relationship between Students' Conceptual Knowledge and Study Strategies--Part 2: Student Learning in Biology.International Journal of Science Education, 13
Okhee Lee, C. Anderson (1993)
Task Engagement and Conceptual Change in Middle School Science Classrooms, 30
D. Ausubel, J. Novak, H. Hanesian (1969)
Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View
J. Gilbert, Carolyn Boulter, M. Rutherford (1998)
Models in explanations, Part 1 : Horses for courses?International Journal of Science Education, 20
J. Novak (1988)
Learning Science and the Science of LearningStudies in Science Education, 15
J. Solomon (1986)
Children's Explanations.Oxford Review of Education, 12
The purpose of this study was to explore in greater depth what has been called by previous researchers, a deep versus surface approach to learning science. Six Grade 8 students judged as typically using learning approaches ranging from deep to surface were observed and taped during class group laboratory activities in a chemistry unit. They were also interviewed individually before and after instruction about related science concepts. On analysis of the students' discourse and actions during the activities and their interview responses, several differences in learning approaches seemed apparent. These differences fell into five emergent categories: generative thinking, nature of explanations, asking questions, metacognitive activity, and approach to tasks. When students used a deep approach, they ventured their ideas more spontaneously; gave more elaborate explanations which described mechanisms and cause–effect relationships or referred to personal experiences; asked questions which focused on explanations and causes, predictions, or resolving discrepancies in knowledge; and engaged in “on‐line theorizing.” Students using a surface approach gave explanations that were reformulations of the questions, a “black box” variety which did not refer to a mechanism, or macroscopic descriptions which referred only to what was visible. Their questions also referred to more basic factual or procedural information. The findings also suggest that to encourage a deep learning approach, teachers could provide prompts and contextualized scaffolding and encourage students to ask questions, predict, and explain during activities. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 37: 109–138, 2000
Journal of Research in Science Teaching – Wiley
Published: Feb 1, 2000
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.