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S. Olson (1989)
Extinction on islands: man as a catastrophe
William Lee, J. Mills, R. Lavers (1988)
Effect of artificial defoliation of mid-ribbed snow tussock, Chionochloa pallens, in the Murchison Mountains, Fiordland, New ZealandNew Zealand Journal of Botany, 26
Raymond Pierce (1986)
Differences in susceptibility to predation during nesting between pied and black stilts (Himantopus spp.)The Auk, 103
J. Mills, William Lee, R. Lavers (1989)
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B. Gill, P. Martinson (1991)
New Zealand's extinct birds
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P. Horn (1983)
Subfossil avian deposits from Poukawa, Hawkes Bay, and the first record of Oxyura australis (Blue-billed Duck) from New ZealandJournal of The Royal Society of New Zealand, 13
R. Maloney (1991)
Enemy recognition and response in New Zealand robins
A. Beauchamp, T. Worthy (1988)
Decline in distribution of the takahe Porphyrio (= Notornis) mantelli: a re-examinationJournal of The Royal Society of New Zealand, 18
J. Mills, R. Lavers, William Lee, M. Mară (1991)
Food selection by Tahake Notornis mantelli in relation to chemical compositionOrnis scandinavica, 22
P. Bull, A. Whitaker (1975)
The Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals
J. Mills, R. Lavers, William Lee (1988)
The post-Pleistocene decline of takahe (Notornis mantelli): A replyJournal of The Royal Society of New Zealand, 18
S. Olson (1991)
Patterns of avian diversity and radiation in the Pacific as seen through the fossil record
G. Caughley (1989)
New Zealand plant-herbivore systems: past and presentNew Zealand Journal of Ecology, 12
J. Mills, R. Lavers, William Lee (1984)
The takahe ― a relict of the Pleistocene grassland avifauna of New ZealandNew Zealand Journal of Ecology, 7
J. Diamond, C. Veitch (1981)
Extinctions and introductions in the new zealand avifauna: cause and effect?Science, 211 4481
S. Olson (1973)
Evolution of the rails of the South Atlantic islands (Aves: Rallidae)
Island populations of endemic birds are known to be particularly susceptible to extinction. This paper focuses on factors behind past and present declines of the highly endangered Takahe (Porphyrio mantelli), a flightless rail endemic to New Zealand. Subfossil evidence indicates that Takahe were once found throughout this island nation, being most abundant along forest margins and streams in lowland regions. Their numbers have declined dramatically since human colonization about 800–1000 years ago, probably due to a combination of habitat destruction and hunting by early Polynesian settlers. Today, the wild Takahe population consists of about 100 adult birds in an isolated alpine habitat and approximately 30 individuals recently released on several small offshore islands. Despite protection and intensive management, including removal of an introduced competitor (red deer, Cervus elaphus), the alpine population has continued to decline. In contrast, the Takahe’s nearest relative, the Pukeko (Porphyrio porphyrio) has expanded its range across New Zealand despite heavy hunting pressure since its colonization from Australia less than 1000 years ago. We suggest that, unlike Pukeko, Takahe lack appropriate behavioral responses to cope with mammalian predators such as stoats (Mustela erminea), which have been introduced relatively recently by European colonists. A study comparing predator defense behavior between these two closely related species is currently underway.
Conservation Biology – Wiley
Published: Feb 1, 1995
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