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S. Jacobs, S. Jacobs, H. Keune, D. Vrebos, O. Beauchard, F. Villa, P. Meire (2013)
Ecosystem Service Assessments
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Restoration model set to transform Indonesia’s forest sector
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T. Hughes, N. Graham, J. Jackson, P. Mumby, R. Steneck (2010)
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20-year-old tallgrass prairie restorations had soil profiles
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Kate Ballantine, R. Schneider (2009)
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failure of theory or practice? Freshw
K. Hultine, J. Belnap, C. Riper, J. Ehleringer, P. Dennison, M. Lee, P. Nagler, K. Snyder, Shauna Uselman, J. West (2010)
Tamarisk biocontrol in the western United States: ecological and societal implicationsFrontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 8
F. Brand, K. Jax (2007)
Focusing the Meaning(s) of Resilience: Resilience as a Descriptive Concept and a Boundary ObjectEcology and Society, 12
R. Pardini, A. Bueno, T. Gardner, P. Prado, J. Metzger (2010)
Beyond the Fragmentation Threshold Hypothesis: Regime Shifts in Biodiversity Across Fragmented LandscapesPLoS ONE, 5
K. Fagan, R. Pywell, J. Bullock, R. Marrs (2008)
Do restored calcareous grasslands on former arable fields resemble ancient targets? The effect of time, methods and environment on outcomesJournal of Applied Ecology, 45
Jenny Birch, A. Newton, Claudia Aquino, E. Cantarello, C. Echeverría, T. Kitzberger, I. Schiappacasse, N. Garavito (2010)
Cost-effectiveness of dryland forest restoration evaluated by spatial analysis of ecosystem servicesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107
K. Prach, R. Hobbs (2008)
Spontaneous Succession versus Technical Reclamation in the Restoration of Disturbed SitesRestoration Ecology, 16
S. Baer, S. Collins, J. Blair, A. Knapp, A. Fiedler (2005)
Soil Heterogeneity Effects on Tallgrass Prairie Community Heterogeneity: An Application of Ecological Theory to Restoration EcologyRestoration Ecology, 13
R. Arlettaz, M. Schaub, J. Fournier, Thomas Reichlin, A. Sierro, J. Watson, Veronika Braunisch (2010)
From Publications to Public Actions: When Conservation Biologists Bridge the Gap between Research and Implementation, 60
Jeffrey Matthews, A. Peralta, Diana Flanagan, P. Baldwin, Arun Soni, A. Kent, A. Endress (2009)
Relative influence of landscape vs. local factors on plant community assembly in restored wetlands.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America, 19 8
Cara Nelson, T. Schoennagel, Esther Gregory (2008)
Opportunities for Academic Training in the Science and Practice of Restoration within the United States and CanadaRestoration Ecology, 16
R. Hobbs, D. Norton (1996)
Towards a Conceptual Framework for Restoration EcologyRestoration Ecology, 4
W. Clements, N. Vieira, D. Sonderegger (2010)
Use of ecological thresholds to assess recovery in lotic ecosystems, 29
A. Riggsbee, M. Doyle (2009)
Environmental markets: the power of regulation.Science, 326 5956
C. Seymour, S. Milton, G. Joseph, W. Dean, Tsholofelo Ditlhobolo, G. Cumming (2010)
Twenty years of rest returns grazing potential, but not palatable plant diversity, to Karoo rangeland, South AfricaJournal of Applied Ecology, 47
C. Millar, N. Stephenson, S. Stephens (2007)
Climate change and forests of the future: managing in the face of uncertainty.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America, 17 8
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Florida case study. Wetlands
R. Hobbs, E. Higgs, J. Harris (2009)
Novel ecosystems: implications for conservation and restoration.Trends in ecology & evolution, 24 11
G. Kondolf, S. Anderson, R. Lave, L. Pagano, A. Merenlender, E. Bernhardt (2007)
Two Decades of River Restoration in California: What Can We Learn?Restoration Ecology, 15
K. Duraiappah, Naeem, S., Wri, Millennium Board (2005)
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cession in Mediterranean cork oak systems. Ecosystems
S. Díaz, S. Lavorel, F. Bello, F. Quétier, K. Grigulis, T. Robson (2007)
Incorporating plant functional diversity effects in ecosystem service assessmentsProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104
R. Cabin (2007)
Science‐Driven Restoration: A Square Grid on a Round Earth?Restoration Ecology, 15
P. Ferraro, Subhrendu Pattanayak (2006)
Money for Nothing? A Call for Empirical Evaluation of Biodiversity Conservation InvestmentsPLoS Biology, 4
M. Palmer (2009)
Reforming Watershed Restoration: Science in Need of Application and Applications in Need of ScienceEstuaries and Coasts, 32
M. Palmer, E. Bernhardt, J. Allan, P. Lake, G. Alexander, S. Brooks, J. Carr, S. Clayton, C. Dahm, J. Shah, D. Galat, S. Loss, P. Goodwin, D. Hart, B. Hassett, R. Jenkinson, G. Kondolf, R. Lave, J. Meyer, T. O'donnell, L. Pagano, E. Sudduth (2005)
Standards for ecologically successful river restorationJournal of Applied Ecology, 42
(2011)
In fact, Cote & Darling (2010) argue that degraded coral reefs
V. Temperton, R. Hobbs, T. Nuttle, S. Halle (2004)
Assembly rules and restoration ecology : bridging the gap between theory and practice
K. Klanderud, Hery Mbolatiana, Manjato Vololomboahangy, Marie Radimbison, E. Roger, Ørjan Totland, C. Rajeriarison (2009)
Recovery of plant species richness and composition after slash-and-burn agriculture in a tropical rainforest in MadagascarBiodiversity and Conservation, 19
R. Hobbs, L. Hallett, P. Ehrlich, H. Mooney (2011)
Intervention Ecology: Applying Ecological Science in the Twenty-first Century, 61
J. Aronson, J. Blignaut, S. Milton, D. Maitre, K. Esler, A. Limouzin, C. Fontaine, M. Wit, W. Mugido, P. Prinsloo, Leandri Elst, N. Lederer (2010)
Are Socioeconomic Benefits of Restoration Adequately Quantified? A Meta‐analysis of Recent Papers (2000–2008) in Restoration Ecology and 12 Other Scientific JournalsRestoration Ecology, 18
B. Worm, E. Barbier, Nicola Beaumont, J. Duffy, C. Folke, B. Halpern, J. Jackson, H. Lotze, F. Micheli, S. Palumbi, E. Sala, K. Selkoe, J. Stachowicz (2006)
Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem ServicesScience, 314
M. Palmer, Holly Menninger, E. Bernhardt (2010)
River restoration, habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity: a failure of theory or practice?Freshwater Biology, 55
J. Quigley, D. Harper (2006)
Effectiveness of Fish Habitat Compensation in Canada in Achieving No Net LossEnvironmental Management, 37
(2010)
Ecological restoration and resilience, interim directive 2020–2010-1
S. Galatowitsch (2009)
Carbon Offsets as Ecological RestorationsRestoration Ecology, 17
S. Hilt, K. Weyer, A. Köhler, I. Chorus (2010)
Submerged Macrophyte Responses to Reduced Phosphorus Concentrations in Two Peri‐Urban LakesRestoration Ecology, 18
M. Wolters, A. Garbutt, J. Bakker (2005)
Salt-marsh restoration: evaluating the success of de-embankments in north-west EuropeBiological Conservation, 123
S. Pacala, D. Tilman (1994)
Limiting Similarity in Mechanistic and Spatial Models of Plant Competition in Heterogeneous EnvironmentsThe American Naturalist, 143
S. Travis, J. Grace (2010)
Predicting performance for ecological restoration: a case study using Spartina alterniflora.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America, 20 1
María Ruiz-Jaen, T. Aide (2005)
Restoration Success: How Is It Being Measured?Restoration Ecology, 13
K. Prach (2003)
Spontaneous succession in Central-European man-made habitats: What information can be used in restoration practice?, 6
L. Perry, D. Blumenthal, T. Monaco, M. Paschke, E. Redente (2010)
Immobilizing nitrogen to control plant invasionOecologia, 163
S. Holcombe, Matthew Rimmer, Terri Janke (2009)
Australia's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2010-2020 Submission to the National Biodiversity Strategy Review Taskforce
L. Brudvig (2011)
The restoration of biodiversity: where has research been and where does it need to go?American journal of botany, 98 3
K. Mijnsbrugge, A. Bischoff, Barbara Smith (2010)
A question of origin: Where and how to collect seed for ecological restorationBasic and Applied Ecology, 11
M. Palmer, S. Filoso (2009)
Response—Environmental MarketsScience, 326
(2006)
found that 63% of the sites experienced net losses in productivity
Mark Davis (2000)
"Restoration"--A Misnomer?Science, 287
(2011)
The environmental evidence library
B. Wuethrich (2007)
Reconstructing Brazil's Atlantic RainforestScience, 315
M. Nyström (2006)
Redundancy and Response Diversity of Functional Groups: Implications for the Resilience of Coral Reefs, 35
Jeffrey Matthews, Greg Spyreas (2010)
Convergence and divergence in plant community trajectories as a framework for monitoring wetland restoration progressJournal of Applied Ecology, 47
(2010)
found that maritime clifftop vegetation recovered within 16 years. Interestingly, the few sites that did not recover in this time frame were ones invaded by an exotic species
K. Wilson, M. Lulow, J. Burger, Yi-Chin Fang, C. Andersen, David Olson, Michael O’Connell, M. McBride (2011)
Optimal restoration: Accounting for space, time and uncertaintyJournal of Applied Ecology, 48
V. Cramer, R. Hobbs, R. Standish (2008)
What's new about old fields? Land abandonment and ecosystem assembly.Trends in ecology & evolution, 23 2
J. Stromberg, M. Chew, P. Nagler, E. Glenn (2009)
Changing Perceptions of Change: The Role of Scientists in Tamarix and River ManagementRestoration Ecology, 17
T. Elmqvist, C. Folke, M. Nyström, Garry Peterson, J. Bengtsson, B. Walker, J. Norberg (2003)
Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilienceFrontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1
D. Angeler, W. Goedkoop (2010)
Biological responses to liming in boreal lakes: an assessment using plankton, macroinvertebrate and fish communitiesJournal of Applied Ecology, 47
E. Seabloom, A. Valk (2003)
Plant diversity, composition, and invasion of restored and natural prairie pothole wetlands: Implications for restorationWetlands, 23
K. Suding, R. Hobbs (2009)
Threshold models in restoration and conservation: a developing framework.Trends in ecology & evolution, 24 5
(2007)
peri-urban lakes. Restor
M. Pärtel, R. Szava-Kovats, M. Zobel (2011)
Dark diversity: shedding light on absent species.Trends in ecology & evolution, 26 3
J. Benayas, A. Newton, A. Diaz, J. Bullock (2009)
Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-AnalysisScience, 325
T. Heide, E. Nes, G. Geerling, A. Smolders, T. Bouma, M. Katwijk (2007)
Positive Feedbacks in Seagrass Ecosystems: Implications for Success in Conservation and RestorationEcosystems, 10
M. Maron, P. Dunn, C. McAlpine, A. Apan (2010)
Can offsets really compensate for habitat removal? The case of the endangered red‐tailed black‐cockatooJournal of Applied Ecology, 47
C. Zweig, W. Kitchens (2010)
The Semiglades: The Collision of Restoration, Social Values, and the Ecosystem ConceptRestoration Ecology, 18
M. Palmer, J. Allan, J. Meyer, E. Bernhardt (2007)
River Restoration in the Twenty‐First Century: Data and Experiential Knowledge to Inform Future EffortsRestoration Ecology, 15
J. Sawtschuk, F. Bioret, S. Gallet (2010)
Spontaneous Succession as a Restoration Tool for Maritime Cliff‐top Vegetation in Brittany, FranceRestoration Ecology, 18
D. Lindenmayer, G. Likens (2010)
The science and application of ecological monitoringBiological Conservation, 143
Sarah Burke, N. Mitchell (2007)
People as Ecological Participants in Ecological RestorationRestoration Ecology, 15
L. Gunderson (2000)
Ecological Resilience—In Theory and ApplicationAnnual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 31
I. Côté, E. Darling (2010)
Rethinking Ecosystem Resilience in the Face of Climate ChangePLoS Biology, 8
H. Gonzalo-Turpin, N. Couix, L. Hazard (2008)
Rethinking Partnerships with the Aim of Producing Knowledge with Practical Relevance: a Case Study in the Field of Ecological RestorationEcology and Society, 13
C. D’Antonio, L. Meyerson (2002)
Exotic Plant Species as Problems and Solutions in Ecological Restoration: A SynthesisRestoration Ecology, 10
E. Allen, W. Covington, D. Falk (1997)
Developing the Conceptual Basis for Restoration EcologyRestoration Ecology, 5
(2003)
Restor. Ecol
P. Richardson, J. Lundholm, D. Larson (2010)
Natural analogues of degraded ecosystems enhance conservation and reconstruction in extreme environments.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America, 20 3
Myla Aronson, S. Galatowitsch (2008)
Long-term vegetation development of restored prairie pothole wetlandsWetlands, 28
(2009)
Restoring landscapes with confidence: an evaluation of the science, the methods and their on-ground application
K. Martin, L. Kirkman (2009)
Management of ecological thresholds to re‐establish disturbance‐maintained herbaceous wetlands of the south‐eastern USAJournal of Applied Ecology, 46
Sara Simmers, S. Galatowitsch (2010)
Factors Affecting Revegetation of Oil Field Access Roads in Semiarid GrasslandRestoration Ecology, 18
J. Bartunek (2007)
Academic-practitioner collaboration need not require joint or relevant research: Toward a relational scholarship of integration.Academy of Management Journal, 50
J. Zedler (2007)
Success: An Unclear, Subjective Descriptor of Restoration OutcomesEcological Restoration, 25
Donna Peppin, P. Fulé, C. Sieg, J. Beyers, Molly Hunter (2010)
Post-wildfire seeding in forests of the western United States: An evidence-based reviewForest Ecology and Management, 260
T. Dalang, A. Hersperger (2010)
How much compensation do we need? Replacement ratio estimates for Swiss dry grassland biotopesBiological Conservation, 143
S. Pickett, M. Cadenasso, S. Meiners (2009)
Ever since Clements: from succession to vegetation dynamics and understanding to intervention*Applied Vegetation Science, 12
S. Tischew, A. Baasch, Mareike Conrad, A. Kirmer (2008)
Evaluating Restoration Success of Frequently Implemented Compensation Measures: Results and Demands for Control ProceduresRestoration Ecology, 18
(2009)
ecosystems? Biol. Conserv
R. Hilderbrand, A. Watts, April Randle (2005)
The Myths of Restoration EcologyEcology and Society, 10
K. Woods (2007)
Predictability, contingency, and convergence in late succession: Slow systems and complex data-sets, 18
R. Chazdon (2008)
Beyond Deforestation: Restoring Forests and Ecosystem Services on Degraded LandsScience, 320
Mark Davis, L. Slobodkin (2004)
The Science and Values of Restoration EcologyRestoration Ecology, 12
F. Florens, J. Mauremootoo, S. Fowler, L. Winder, C. Baider (2010)
Recovery of indigenous butterfly community following control of invasive alien plants in a tropical island’s wet forestsBiodiversity and Conservation, 19
E. Weiher (2007)
On the Status of Restoration Science: Obstacles and OpportunitiesRestoration Ecology, 15
(2009)
Tamarix and river management. Restor
Karine Jacquet, R. Prodon (2009)
Measuring the postfire resilience of a bird–vegetation system: a 28-year study in a Mediterranean oak woodlandOecologia, 161
Richard Hobbs, V. Cramer (2008)
Restoration Ecology: Interventionist Approaches for Restoring and Maintaining Ecosystem Function in the Face of Rapid Environmental ChangeAnnual Review of Environment and Resources, 33
L. Musacchio (2009)
The scientific basis for the design of landscape sustainability: A conceptual framework for translational landscape research and practice of designed landscapes and the six Es of landscape sustainabilityLandscape Ecology, 24
K. Holl, T. Aide (2011)
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K. McLauchlan (2006)
The Nature and Longevity of Agricultural Impacts on Soil Carbon and Nutrients: A ReviewEcosystems, 9
(2004)
For example, seagrasses in the Dutch Wadden Sea became virtually extinct
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W. Mitsch, Renée Wilson (1996)
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Sarah O’Brien, J. Jastrow, D. Grimley, M. Gonzalez-Meler (2009)
Moisture and vegetation controls on decadal‐scale accrual of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in restored grasslandsGlobal Change Biology, 16
N. Crossman, B. Bryan, D. Cooke (2011)
An invasive plant and climate change threat index for weed risk management: Integrating habitat distribution pattern and dispersal processEcological Indicators, 11
G. Houseman, G. Mittelbach, H. Reynolds, K. Gross (2008)
Perturbations alter community convergence, divergence, and formation of multiple community states.Ecology, 89 8
Jeffrey Corbin, C. D’Antonio (2004)
Can Carbon Addition Increase Competitiveness of Native Grasses? A Case Study from CaliforniaRestoration Ecology, 12
J. Firn, A. House, Y. Buckley (2010)
Alternative states models provide an effective framework for invasive species control and restoration of native communitiesJournal of Applied Ecology, 47
P. Petraitis, S. Dudgeon (2005)
Divergent succession and implications for alternative states on rocky intertidal shoresJournal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 326
Gerald Louette, S. Declerck, J. Vandekerkhove, L. Meester (2009)
Evaluation of Restoration Measures in a Shallow Lake through a Comparison of Present Day Zooplankton Communities with Historical SamplesRestoration Ecology, 17
C. Amoros, G. Bornette (2002)
Connectivity and biocomplexity in waterbodies of riverine floodplainsFreshwater Biology, 47
Yannina Cuevas, S. Zalba (2010)
Recovery of Native Grasslands after Removing Invasive PinesRestoration Ecology, 18
(2007)
Stein for helpful comments on previous versions of the paper. This work was supported by grants from NSF (DEB-1001807 and DEB-0614168) and USDA (NIFA 2010-85320-20502)
A. Moilanen, Astrid Teeffelen, Y. Ben-Haim, S. Ferrier (2009)
How Much Compensation is Enough? A Framework for Incorporating Uncertainty and Time Discounting When Calculating Offset Ratios for Impacted HabitatRestoration Ecology, 17
R. Hobbs (2007)
Setting Effective and Realistic Restoration Goals: Key Directions for ResearchRestoration Ecology, 15
T. Seastedt, R. Hobbs, K. Suding (2008)
Frontiers inEcology and the Environment Management of novel ecosystems : are novel approaches required ?
H. Yap (2007)
Coral reef resilience.Marine pollution bulletin, 54 8
V. Acácio, M. Holmgren, P. Jansen, Ondrej Schrotter (2007)
Multiple Recruitment Limitation Causes Arrested Succession in Mediterranean Cork Oak SystemsEcosystems, 10
R. Pywell, J. Bullock, Jerry Tallowin, K. Walker, E. Warman, G. Masters (2006)
Enhancing diversity of species-poor grasslands: an experimental assessment of multiple constraintsJournal of Applied Ecology, 44
(2010)
divergence, and formation of multiple community states. Ecology
(2010)
Photos courtesy of Soil-Tech Inc., Niagara Peninsula Conservation
S. Baer, C. Meyer, E. Bach, Ryan Klopf, J. Six (2010)
Contrasting ecosystem recovery on two soil textures: implications for carbon mitigation and grassland conservation.Ecosphere, 1
A. Reid, L. Morin, P. Downey, K. French, J. Virtue (2009)
Does invasive plant management aid the restoration of natural ecosystemsBiological Conservation, 142
R. Sheley, J. James, Brenda Smith, E. Vasquez (2010)
Applying Ecologically Based Invasive-Plant Management, 63
T. BenDor, J. Sholtes, M. Doyle (2009)
Landscape characteristics of a stream and wetland mitigation banking program.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America, 19 8
G. Stewart, Helen Bayliss, D. Showler, W. Sutherland, A. Pullin (2009)
Effectiveness of engineered in-stream structure mitigation measures to increase salmonid abundance: a systematic review.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America, 19 4
Jeffrey Matthews, Greg Spyreas, A. Endress (2009)
Trajectories of vegetation-based indicators used to assess wetland restoration progress.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America, 19 8
Young-Dae Choi, V. Temperton, E. Allen, A. Grootjans, M. Halassy, R. Hobbs, A. Naeth, K. Torok (2008)
Ecological restoration for future sustainability in a changing environment, 15
C. Nelleman, E. Corcoran (2010)
Dead Planet, Living Planet: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Restoration for Sustainable Development
As an inevitable consequence of increased environmental degradation and anticipated future environmental change, societal demand for ecosystem restoration is rapidly increasing. Here, I evaluate successes and failures in restoration, how science is informing these efforts, and ways to better address decision-making and policy needs. Despite the multitude of restoration projects and wide agreement that evaluation is a key to future progress, comprehensive evaluations are rare. Based on the limited available information, restoration outcomes vary widely. Cases of complete recovery are frequently characterized by the persistence of species and abiotic processes that permit natural regeneration. Incomplete recovery is often attributed to a mixture of local and landscape constraints, including shifts in species distributions and legacies of past land use. Lastly, strong species feedbacks and regional shifts in species pools and climate can result in little to no recovery. More forward-looking paradigms, such as enhancing ecosystem services and increasing resilience to future change, are exciting new directions that need more assessment. Increased evidence-based evaluation and cross-disciplinary knowledge transfer will better inform a wide range of critical restoration issues such as how to prioritize sites and interventions, include uncertainty in decision making, incorporate temporal and spatial dependencies, and standardize outcome assessments. As environmental policy increasingly embraces restoration, the opportunities have never been greater.
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics – Annual Reviews
Published: Dec 1, 2011
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