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W. Baumol, W. Oates (1988)
The theory of environmental policy: Preface to the second edition
W. Baumol, W. Oates (1976)
The theory of environmental policy
Walter Walter, Ugelow Ugelow (1979)
Environmental Policies in Developing CountriesAmbio, 8
M. McGuire (1982)
Regulation, factor rewards, and international tradeJournal of Public Economics, 17
H. Siebert (1977)
Environmental quality and the gains from tradeOpen Access Publications from Kiel Institute for the World Economy
R. Summers, A. Heston (1984)
Improved International Comparisons Of Real Product And Its Composition: 1950–1980Review of Income and Wealth, 30
R. Pethig (1976)
Pollution, welfare, and environmental policy in the theory of Comparative AdvantageJournal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2
Bowen Bowen, Leamer Leamer, Sveikauskas Sveikauskas (1987)
Multicountry, Multifactor Tests of the Factor Abundance TheoremAmerican Economic Review, 77
W. Baumol, W. Oates (1988)
The theory of environmental policy: Relevance and the theory of externalities
H. Bowen (1983)
Changes in the International Distribution of Resources and Their Impact on U.S. Comparative AdvantageThe Review of Economics and Statistics, 65
H. Bowen, Edward Leamer, Leo Sveikauskas (1986)
Multicountry, Multifactor Tests of the Factor Abundance TheoryNBER Working Paper Series
I. INTRODUCTION In theory, environmental control costs encourage reduced specialization in the production of polluting outputs in countries with stringent 1976; SIEBERT, ; MCGUIRE, 1977 environmental regulations [PETHIG, 19821. In contrast, countries that fail to undertake an environmental protection program presumably increase their comparative advantage in the production of items that damage the environment. This relationship between trade and environmental policy receives considerable attention whenever countries are in the process of passing new pollution control measures. Groups who oppose existing measures, or the implementation of stiffer measures, argue that they reduce the ability of polluting industries to compete internationally I . With foreign trade an increasingly important sector in many of the worldâs economies, the arguments of such groups are now frequently weighted very heavily. The premise that trade suffers from the imposition of environmental policy has a strong element of a priori plausibility but, surprisingly, has little empirical support. Several macroeconometric models [DâARGE, 1974; ROBISON, 1986; OECD, 19851 have predicted that * Affiliated with the United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Research and Technology Division. This paper does not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Agriculture. I am very grateful for the thoughtful
Kyklos International Review of Social Sciences – Wiley
Published: May 1, 1990
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