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A. Miranda, P. Jarvis, J. Grace (1984)
Transpiration and evaporation from heather MoorlandBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 28
I. Calder (1977)
A model of transpiration and interception loss from a spruce forest in Plynlimon, central WalesJournal of Hydrology, 33
W. Shuttleworth (1977)
Comments on ‘resistance of a partially wet canopy: Whose equation fails?’Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 12
J. Monteith (1965)
Evaporation and environment.Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 19
I. Calder, P. Rosier (1976)
The design of large plastic-sheet net-rainfall gaugesJournal of Hydrology, 30
S. Halldin, H. Grip, K. Perttu (1979)
Model for Energy Exchange of a Pine Forest CanopyDevelopments in agricultural and managed-forest ecology, 9
J. Gash, I. Wright, C. Lloyd (1980)
Comparative estimates of interception loss from three coniferous forests in Great BritainJournal of Hydrology, 48
J. Monteith, G. Szeicz (1962)
Radiative temperature in the heat balance of natural surfacesQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 88
I. Calder, R. Hall, R. Harding, I. Wright (1984)
The Use of a Wet-Surface Weighing Lysimeter System in Rainfall Interception Studies of Heather (Calluna vulgaris), 23
R. Hall (1987)
3 – THE USE OF A PET MICROCOMPUTER IN RAINFALL INTERCEPTION STUDIES OF HEATHLAND
W. O. Binns (1980)
Trees and Water, Aboricult. LeafletJ. Hydrol., 6
A. Thom (1972)
Momentum, mass and heat exchange of vegetationQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 98
I. R. Calder (1977)
A model of transpiration and interception from a spruce forest in Plynlimon, central WalesWater Serv., 33
W. Massman (1980)
Water storage on forest foliage: A general modelWater Resources Research, 16
A. Rutter, A. Morton, P. Robins (1975)
A Predictive Model of Rainfall Interception in Forests. II. Generalization of the Model and Comparison with Observations in Some Coniferous and Hardwood StandsJournal of Applied Ecology, 12
O. Denmead (1984)
Plant physiological methods for studying evapotranspiration: problems of telling the forest from the treesAgricultural Water Management, 8
J. Stewart, A. Thom (1973)
Energy budgets in pine forestQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 99
A. Rutter (1966)
Studies on the Water Relations of Pinus sylvestris in Plantation Conditions. IV. Direct Observations on the Rates of Transpiration, Evaporation of Intercepted Water, and Evaporation from the Soil SurfaceJournal of Applied Ecology, 3
I. R. Calder (1979)
Do trees use more water than grass?Water Resour. Bull., 83
J. Hubbell (1969)
Photon cross sections, attenuation coefficients, and energy absorption coefficients from 10 keV to 100 GeV
M. Raupach, B. Legg (1984)
The uses and limitations of flux-gradient relationships in micrometeorologyAgricultural Water Management, 8
N. Hancock, J. Crowther (1979)
A technique for the direct measurement of water storage on a forest canopyJournal of Hydrology, 41
J. Stewart (1977)
Evaporation from the wet canopy of a pine forestWater Resources Research, 13
W. Massman (1983)
The derivation and validation of a new model for the interception of rainfall by forestsAgricultural Meteorology, 28
E. Webb (1984)
Evaluation of evapotranspiration and canopy resistance: An alternative combination approachAgricultural Water Management, 8
A. Rutter, K. Kershaw, P. Robins, A. Morton (1971)
A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests, 1. Derivation of the model from observations in a plantation of Corsican pineAgricultural Meteorology, 9
J. Wallace, C. Lloyd, J. Roberts, W. Shuttleworth (1984)
A comparison of methods for estimating aerodynamic resistance of heather (calluna vulgaris (L.) hull) in the fieldAgricultural and Forest Meteorology, 32
N. Hancock, P. Sellers, J. Crowther (1983)
Evaporation from a partially wet forest canopy
I. Calder, M. Newson (1979)
Land-Use and Upland Water Resources in Britain - a Strategic LookJournal of The American Water Resources Association, 15
I. R. Calder, P. T. W. Rosier (1976)
The design of large plastic‐sheet net‐rainfall gaugesAgric. Water Mange., 30
J. Gash (1979)
An analytical model of rainfall interception by forestsQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 105
I. R. Calder, M. D. Newson (1979)
Land use and upland resources in Britain — A strategic lookJ. Hydrol., 16
B. Singh, G. Szeicz (1979)
The effect of intercepted rainfall on the water balance of a hardwood forestWater Resources Research, 15
W. Shuttleworth (1976)
Experimental evidence for the failure of the Penman-Monteith equation in partially wet conditionsBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 10
I. R. Calder, M. D. Newson (1980)
Land Assessment in ScotlandJ. Climatol. Appl. Meteorol.
R. Hall (1985)
Further interception studies of heather using a wet-surface weighing lysimeter systemJournal of Hydrology, 81
J. Monteith (1977)
Resistance of a partially wet canopy: Whose equation fails?Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 12
D. Dashfield (1954)
HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICEParliamentary Affairs
A. Thom, J. Stewart, H. Oliver, J. Gash (1975)
Comparison of aerodynamic and energy budget estimates of fluxes over a pine forestQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 101
R. Grant (1984)
The mutual interference of spruce canopy structural elementsAgricultural and Forest Meteorology, 32
R. Grant (1983)
The scaling of flow in vegetative structuresBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 27
J. Roberts (1977)
The Use of Tree-cutting Techniques in the Study of the Water Relations of Mature Pinus sylvestris L. I. THE TECHNIQUE AND SURVEY OF THE RESULTSJournal of Experimental Botany, 28
I. Calder (1976)
THE MEASUREMENT OF WATER LOSSES FROM A FORESTED AREA USING A "NATURAL" LYSIMETERJournal of Hydrology, 30
I. Strangeways (1972)
AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATIONS FOR NETWORK OPERATIONWeather, 27
I. Calder, M. Newsom, M. Thomas, J. Coppock (1980)
The effects of afforestation on water resources in Scotland.
Various forest canopy characteristics of stands of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), including canopy density, the aerodynamic resistance to the transfer of water vapor, and the rates of change of drainage and evaporation of water with respect to canopy storage, were investigated using direct measurements of canopy mass and water storage. The measurements, made at sites located in Wales and Scotland, utilized the attenuation of a horizontal beam of gamma rays which was arranged to scan through the canopy at different levels. The aerodynamic resistance to the transport of water vapor from the canopy to a reference level 5 m above mean tree height was found to be consistent with the value of 3.5 s m−1, determined from earlier modeling studies (I. R. Calder, 1977). This value is, however, lower and shows less wind speed dependence than would be expected from conventional formulae which are based on eddy diffusion theory and tree height. The possibility of explaining these discrepancies in terms of an additional transport mechanism involving large‐scale eddies is discussed.
Water Resources Research – Wiley
Published: Mar 1, 1986
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