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Hausman (1981)
‘Panel Data and Unobservable Individual Effects’Econometrica, 49
J. Hausman, W. Taylor (1981)
Panel Data and Unobservable Individual EffectsJournal of Econometrics, 16
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P. Robinson (1987)
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M. Arellano I. THE MODEL AND THE ESTIMATOR The purpose of this note is to explain how to use standard packages to calculate heteroskedasticity and serial correlation consistent standard errors for within-groups estimators of a linear regression model from panel data. We are concerned to discuss the model y,=x;Ã+e1+ui E(u, Ix11, (t=l,...,T;i=l,...,N) . . (1) where x1j is a k X 1 vector of exogenous variables such that . , Xc', e.) = O and e1 is an unobservable permanent effect potentially correlated with x1. The u11 are assumed to be independently distributed across individuals but no restrictions are placed on the form of the autocovariances for a given individual: u, ¡x11 ,...,X17.', e) = wsj thus allowing for heteroskedasticity and serial correlation of arbitrary form. Alternatively model (1) can be written as (2) y1=X113+e11+u1 (i=l,...,N) TX1 TXkICX1 TX1 u1 ' i.d. (O, £2) where 1 is a T X 1 vector of ones. We assume that T is small and N is large, as is often the case with household or company data, thus considering asymptotic results as N - oo for fixed T. Transforming the variables in (2) into deviations from time means eliminates the ej's.
Oxford Bulletin of Economics & Statistics – Wiley
Published: Nov 1, 1987
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