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In ecotoxicology, a problem exists of quantifying real exposure and corresponding effects, especially in complex environments such as the soil. Hence, for a given total soil concentration to which the organism is exposed, the effect level depends on the available fraction and the chemical status of the compound. For trace elements and organic contaminants the real exposure has been chemically estimated via various extraction methods and analysis of a subfraction of the total pool. For metals, it can be estimated by techniques such as diffusion gradients in thin films (DGT) or models like free ion activity models (FIAM) and biotic ligand models (BLM). Quantification and characterization of actual exposure is also of concern for nanomaterial and nanoparticle (NP) terrestrial ecotoxicology. An important issue for NP exposure and effects is the solubility, potential aggregation, and surface chemistry of these NPs in the exposure medium. Metal and metal oxide NP could be soluble and might lead to toxicity from the free metal ion, besides that related to the NP itself. In addition, a range of NPs can aggregate substantially and might not be present as individual NPs (Lead and Wilkinson 2006 ), and natural organic macromolecules could coat NPs and
Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management – Wiley
Published: Jan 1, 2008
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