Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
Hua Zou, W. Henzel, X. Liu, Alexis Lutschg, Xiaodong Wang (1997)
Apaf-1, a Human Protein Homologous to C. elegans CED-4, Participates in Cytochrome c–Dependent Activation of Caspase-3Cell, 90
Daugas (2000)
Mitochondrio-nuclear redistribution of AIF in apoptosis and necrosisFASEB (Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol.) J., 14
H. Sakahira, M. Enari, S. Nagata (1998)
Cleavage of CAD inhibitor in CAD activation and DNA degradation during apoptosisNature, 391
Brief Definitive Report
T. Zheng, S. Schlosser, Tao Dao, Ravi Hingorani, I. Crispe, J. Boyer, R. Flavell (1998)
Caspase-3 controls both cytoplasmic and nuclear events associated with Fas-mediated apoptosis in vivo.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95 23
S. Srinivasula, T. Fernandes‐Alnemri, J. Zangrilli, N. Robertson, R. Armstrong, Lijuan Wang, J. Trapani, K. Tomaselli, G. Litwack, E. Alnemri (1996)
The Ced-3/Interleukin 1β Converting Enzyme-like Homolog Mch6 and the Lamin-cleaving Enzyme Mch2α Are Substrates for the Apoptotic Mediator CPP32*The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271
S. Susin, N. Zamzami, M. Castedo, Tamara Hirsch, P. Marchetti, A. Macho, E. Daugas, M. Geuskens, G. Kroemer (1996)
Bcl-2 inhibits the mitochondrial release of an apoptogenic proteaseThe Journal of Experimental Medicine, 184
M. Enari, H. Sakahira, H. Yokoyama, K. Okawa, A. Iwamatsu, S. Nagata (1998)
A caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICADNature, 391
Tamara Hirsch, P. Marchetti, S. Susin, B. Dallaporta, N. Zamzami, I. Marzo, M. Geuskens, G. Kroemer (1997)
The apoptosis-necrosis paradox. Apoptogenic proteases activated after mitochondrial permeability transition determine the mode of cell deathOncogene, 15
Idun Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA) for the CM1 caspase-3 antibody and Christine Schmitt for expert technical assistance
M. Lagarkova, O. Iarovaia, S. Razin (1995)
Large-scale Fragmentation of Mammalian DNA in the Course of Apoptosis Proceeds via Excision of Chromosomal DNA Loops and Their Oligomers (*)The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270
F. Quignon, F. Bels, M. Koken, J. Feunteun, J. Ameisen, H. Thé (1998)
PML induces a novel caspase-independent death processNature Genetics, 20
S. Sahara, M. Aoto, Y. Eguchi, N. Imamoto, Y. Yoneda, Y. Tsujimoto (1999)
Acinus is a caspase-3-activated protein required for apoptotic chromatin condensationNature, 401
E. Daugas, S. Susin, N. Zamzami, K. Ferri, T. Irinopoulou, N. Larochette, M. Prevost, B. Leber, D. Andrews, J. Penninger, G. Kroemer (2000)
Mitochondrio‐nuclear translocation of AIF in apoptosis and necrosisThe FASEB Journal, 14
X. Liu, Hua Zou, C. Slaughter, Xiaodong Wang (1997)
DFF, a Heterodimeric Protein That Functions Downstream of Caspase-3 to Trigger DNA Fragmentation during ApoptosisCell, 89
Y. Kawabe, A. Ochi (1991)
Programmed cell death and extrathymic reduction of Vβ8+CD4+ T cells in mice tolerant to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin BNature, 349
H. Yoshida, Y. Kong, Ritsuko Yoshida, A. Elia, A. Hakem, R. Hakem, J. Penninger, T. Mak (1998)
Apaf1 Is Required for Mitochondrial Pathways of Apoptosis and Brain DevelopmentCell, 94
I. Marzo, C. Brenner, N. Zamzami, J. Jürgensmeier, S. Susin, H. Vieira, M. Prevost, Z. Xie, S. Matsuyama, John Reed, G. Kroemer (1998)
Bax and adenine nucleotide translocator cooperate in the mitochondrial control of apoptosis.Science, 281 5385
F. Oberhammer, James Wilson, C. Dive, Ian, D. Morris, J. Hickman, A. Wakeling, P. Walker, M. Sikorska (1993)
Apoptotic death in epithelial cells: cleavage of DNA to 300 and/or 50 kb fragments prior to or in the absence of internucleosomal fragmentation.The EMBO Journal, 12
H. Sakahira, M. Enari, Y. Ohsawa, Y. Uchiyama, S. Nagata (1999)
Apoptotic nuclear morphological change without DNA fragmentationCurrent Biology, 9
K. Samejima, S. Toné, T. Kottke, M. Enari, H. Sakahira, C. Cooke, F. Durrieu, L. Martins, S. Nagata, S. Kaufmann, W. Earnshaw (1998)
Transition from Caspase-dependent to Caspase-independent Mechanisms at the Onset of Apoptotic ExecutionThe Journal of Cell Biology, 143
David Brown, Xiao-Ming Sun, G. Cohen (1993)
Dexamethasone-induced apoptosis involves cleavage of DNA to large fragments prior to internucleosomal fragmentation.The Journal of biological chemistry, 268 5
B. Zhivotovsky, D. Wade, A. Gahm, S. Orrenius, P. Nicotera (1994)
Formation of 50 kbp chromatin fragments in isolated liver nuclei is mediated by protease and endonuclease activationFEBS Letters, 351
A. Srinivasan, K. Roth, Robert Sayers, K. Shindler, A. Wong, L. Fritz, K. Tomaselli (1998)
In situ immunodetection of activated caspase-3 in apoptotic neurons in the developing nervous systemCell Death and Differentiation, 5
M. Woo, R. Hakem, M. Soengas, G. Duncan, A. Shahinian, D. Kägi, A. Hakem, M. McCurrach, W. Khoo, S. Kaufman, G. Senaldi, T. Howard, S. Lowe, T. Mak (1998)
Essential contribution of caspase 3/CPP32 to apoptosis and its associated nuclear changes.Genes & development, 12 6
S. Susin, H. Lorenzo, N. Zamzami, I. Marzo, B. Snow, G. Brothers, J. Mangion, E. Jacotot, P. Costantini, M. Loeffler, N. Larochette, D. Goodlett, R. Aebersold, D. Siderovski, J. Penninger, G. Kroemer (1999)
Molecular characterization of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factorNature, 397
Xuesong Liu, Peng Li, Peng Li, P. Widłak, P. Widłak, Hua Zou, Xu Luo, W. Garrard, Xiaodong Wang (1998)
The 40-kDa subunit of DNA fragmentation factor induces DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation during apoptosis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95 15
O. Deas, C. Dumont, M. MacFarlane, M. Rouleau, C. Hebib, F. Harper, F. Hirsch, B. Charpentier, G. Cohen, A. Senik (1998)
Caspase-independent cell death induced by anti-CD2 or staurosporine in activated human peripheral T lymphocytes.Journal of immunology, 161 7
S. Susin, H. Lorenzo, N. Zamzami, I. Marzo, C. Brenner, N. Larochette, M. Prevost, P. Alzari, G. Kroemer (1999)
Mitochondrial Release of Caspase-2 and -9 during the Apoptotic ProcessThe Journal of Experimental Medicine, 189
C. Berndt, B. Möpps, S. Angermüller, P. Gierschik, P. Krammer (1998)
CXCR4 and CD4 mediate a rapid CD95-independent cell death in CD4(+) T cells.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95 21
S. Susin, N. Zamzami, M. Castedo, E. Daugas, Hong-Gang Wang, S. Geley, F. Fassy, J. Reed, G. Kroemer (1997)
The Central Executioner of Apoptosis: Multiple Connections between Protease Activation and Mitochondria in Fas/APO-1/CD95- and Ceramide-induced ApoptosisThe Journal of Experimental Medicine, 186
Apaf-1 −/− or caspase-3 −/− cells treated with a variety of apoptosis inducers manifest apoptosis-associated alterations including the translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to nuclei, large scale DNA fragmentation, and initial chromatin condensation (stage I). However, when compared with normal control cells, Apaf-1 −/− or caspase-3 −/− cells fail to exhibit oligonucleosomal chromatin digestion and a more advanced pattern of chromatin condensation (stage II). Microinjection of such cells with recombinant AIF only causes peripheral chromatin condensation (stage I), whereas microinjection with activated caspase-3 or its downstream target caspase-activated DNAse (CAD) causes a more pronounced type of chromatin condensation (stage II). Similarly, when added to purified HeLa nuclei, AIF causes stage I chromatin condensation and large-scale DNA fragmentation, whereas CAD induces stage II chromatin condensation and oligonucleosomal DNA degradation. Furthermore, in a cell-free system, concomitant neutralization of AIF and CAD is required to suppress the nuclear DNA loss caused by cytoplasmic extracts from apoptotic wild-type cells. In contrast, AIF depletion alone suffices to suppress the nuclear DNA loss contained in extracts from apoptotic Apaf-1 −/− or caspase-3 −/− cells. As a result, at least two redundant parallel pathways may lead to chromatin processing during apoptosis. One of these pathways involves Apaf-1 and caspases, as well as CAD, and leads to oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation and advanced chromatin condensation. The other pathway, which is caspase-independent, involves AIF and leads to large-scale DNA fragmentation and peripheral chromatin condensation. apoptosis-inducing factor Apaf-1 chromatin condensation caspases caspase-activated DNase Footnotes S.A. Susin and E. Daugas contributed equally to this paper. Submitted: 13 January 2000 Revision requested 5 May 2000 Accepted: 13 June 2000
The Journal of Experimental Medicine – Rockefeller University Press
Published: Aug 21, 2000
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.