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- Publisher
- Wiley
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2015, Society for the Study of Evolution
- ISSN
- 0014-3820
- eISSN
- 1558-5646
- DOI
- 10.1111/evo.12594
- pmid
- 25565449
- Publisher site
- See Article on Publisher Site
Abstract
Human activities have altered the global nitrogen (N) cycle, and as a result, elevated N inputs are causing profound ecological changes in diverse ecosystems. The evolutionary consequences of this global change have been largely ignored even though elevated N inputs are predicted to cause mutualism breakdown and the evolution of decreased cooperation between resource mutualists. Using a long‐term (22 years) N‐addition experiment, we find that elevated N inputs have altered the legume–rhizobium mutualism (where rhizobial bacteria trade N in exchange for photosynthates from legumes), causing the evolution of less‐mutualistic rhizobia. Plants inoculated with rhizobium strains isolated from N‐fertilized treatments produced 17–30% less biomass and had reduced chlorophyll content compared to plants inoculated with strains from unfertilized control plots. Because the legume–rhizobium mutualism is the major contributor of naturally fixed N to terrestrial ecosystems, the evolution of less‐cooperative rhizobia may have important environmental consequences.
Journal
Evolution – Wiley
Published: Mar 1, 2015