Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
S. Ceraul, D. Sonenshine, R. Ratzlaff, W. Hynes (2003)
An arthropod defensin expressed by the hemocytes of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae).Insect biochemistry and molecular biology, 33 11
M. Kanehisa, S. Goto, S. Kawashima, Y. Okuno, M. Hattori (2004)
The KEGG resource for deciphering the genomeNucleic acids research, 32 Database issue
DvSerpin2 Dermacentor variabilis Contig5756
Z. Zou, Picheng Zhao, Hua Weng, K. Mita, Haobo Jiang (2009)
A comparative analysis of serpin genes in the silkworm genome.Genomics, 93 4
A. Mulenga, Rabuesak Khumthong, K. Chalaire (2009)
Ixodes scapularis tick serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) gene family; annotation and transcriptional analysisBMC Genomics, 10
L. Grubhoffer, V. Hypša, P. Volf (1997)
Lectins (hemagglutinins) in the gut of the important disease vectors.Parasite, 4 3
Manabu Iijima, Tomonori Hashimoto, Yasuyuki Matsuda, T. Nagai, Y. Yamano, Tomohiko Ichi, T. Osaki, S. Kawabata (2005)
Comprehensive sequence analysis of horseshoe crab cuticular proteins and their involvement in transglutaminase‐dependent cross‐linkingThe FEBS Journal, 272
M. Margulies, M. Egholm, William Altman, S. Attiya, J. Bader, Lisa Bemben, J. Berka, Michael Braverman, Yi-Ju Chen, Zhoutao Chen, Scott Dewell, Lei Du, J. Fierro, Xavier Gomes, B. Godwin, Wenshe He, S. Helgesen, Chun Ho, G. Irzyk, Szilveszter Jando, Maria Alenquer, T. Jarvie, K. Jirage, Jong-Bum Kim, James Knight, Janna Lanza, J. Leamon, S. Lefkowitz, M. Lei, Jing Li, K. Lohman, Hong Lu, V. Makhijani, K. McDade, M. McKenna, E. Myers, E. Nickerson, J. Nobile, Ramona Plant, Bernard Puc, M. Ronan, G. Roth, G. Sarkis, J. Simons, J. Simpson, Maithreyan Srinivasan, K. Tartaro, A. Tomasz, K. Vogt, G. Volkmer, Shally Wang, Yong Wang, M. Weiner, Pengguang Yu, R. Begley, J. Rothberg (2005)
Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactorsNature, 437
M. Farenhorst, J. Mouatcho, Christophe Kikankie, B. Brooke, R. Hunt, M. Thomas, L. Koekemoer, B. Knols, M. Coetzee (2009)
Fungal infection counters insecticide resistance in African malaria mosquitoesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106
Ms-2 GI:2149090; Ms-3 GI:27733414; Ms-4A GI:45594223; Ms-5A GI:45594231; Ms-6 GI:56418463. Contigs identified from this project are circled on the figure. in transglutaminase-dependent cross-linking
R. Johns, D. Sonenshine, W. Hynes (2001)
Identification of a defensin from the hemolymph of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology, 31 9
John George, J. Pound, Ronald Davey (2004)
Chemical control of ticks on cattle and the resistance of these parasites to acaricidesParasitology, 129
Vitor Pinheiro, D. Ellar (2006)
How to kill a mocking bug?Cellular Microbiology, 8
G. Fejer, Lisa Drechsel, J. Liese, U. Schleicher, Z. Ruzsics, N. Imelli, U. Greber, S. Keck, B. Hildenbrand, A. Krug, C. Bogdan, M. Freudenberg (2008)
Key Role of Splenic Myeloid DCs in the IFN-αβ Response to Adenoviruses In VivoPLoS Pathogens, 4
R. Johns, D. Sonenshine, W. Hynes (1998)
Control of bacterial infections in the hard tick Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae): evidence for the existence of antimicrobial proteins in tick hemolymph.Journal of medical entomology, 35 4
G. Leboulle, M. Crippa, Yves Decrem, N. Mejri, M. Brossard, A. Bollen, E. Godfroid (2002)
Characterization of a Novel Salivary Immunosuppressive Protein from Ixodes ricinus Ticks*The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277
Chenna Ramu, H. Sugawara, Tadashi Koike, R. Lopez, T. Gibson, D. Higgins, J. Thompson (2003)
Multiple sequence alignment with the Clustal series of programsNucleic acids research, 31 13
Haobo Jiang, M. Kanost (2000)
The clip-domain family of serine proteinases in arthropods.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology, 30 2
V. Kovář, Petr Kopáček, L. Grubhoffer (2000)
Isolation and characterization of Dorin M, a lectin from plasma of the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology, 30 3
V. Burešová, O. Hajdušek, Z. Franta, D. Sojka, P. Kopáček (2009)
IrAM-An alpha2-macroglobulin from the hard tick Ixodes ricinus: characterization and function in phagocytosis of a potential pathogen Chryseobacterium indologenes.Developmental and comparative immunology, 33 4
C. Bowen, Deborah Jaworski, N. Wasala, L. Coons (2010)
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor expression and protein localization in Amblyomma americanum (Ixodidae)Experimental and Applied Acarology, 50
E. Gregorio, P. Spellman, G. Rubin, B. Lemaître (2001)
Genome-wide analysis of the Drosophila immune response by using oligonucleotide microarraysProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98
Ryan Rego, O. Hajdušek, V. Kovář, P. Kopáček, L. Grubhoffer, V. Hypša (2005)
Molecular cloning and comparative analysis of fibrinogen-related proteins from the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata and the hard tick Ixodes ricinus.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology, 35 9
S. Ceraul, D. Sonenshine, W. Hynes (2002)
Resistance of the Tick Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) Following Challenge with the Bacterium Escherichia coli (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae), 39
W. Hynes, S. Ceraul, S. Todd, K. Seguin, D. Sonenshine (2005)
A defensin‐like gene expressed in the black‐legged tick, Ixodes scapularisMedical and Veterinary Entomology, 19
C. Paddock, M. Yabsley (2007)
Ecological havoc, the rise of white-tailed deer, and the emergence of Amblyomma americanum-associated zoonoses in the United States.Current topics in microbiology and immunology, 315
Z. Xi, J. Ramírez, G. Dimopoulos (2008)
The Aedes aegypti Toll Pathway Controls Dengue Virus InfectionPLoS Pathogens, 4
J. Simser, K. Macaluso, A. Mulenga, A. Azad (2004)
Immune-responsive lysozymes from hemocytes of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis and an embryonic cell line of the Rocky Mountain wood tick, D. andersoni.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology, 34 12
Frederick Obenchai, J. Oliver (1976)
THE HEART AND ARTERIAL CIRCULATORY SYSTE M OF TICKS (ACARI : IXODOIDEA) '
D. Sonenshine, W. Hynes (2008)
Molecular characterization and related aspects of the innate immune response in ticks.Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library, 13
Jonathan Pevsner (2005)
Multiple Sequence AlignmentTheory and Mathematical Methods for Bioinformatics
J. Calvet (1998)
Comprehensive Sequence AnalysisScience, 282
K. Kocan, W. Goff, D. Stiller, P. Claypool, W. Edwards, S. Ewing, J. Hair, S. Barron (1992)
Persistence of Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) in male Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) transferred successively from infected to susceptible calves.Journal of medical entomology, 29 4
Z. Zou, F. Najar, Yang Wang, B. Roe, Haobo Jiang (2008)
Pyrosequence analysis of expressed sequence tags for Manduca sexta hemolymph proteins involved in immune responses.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology, 38 6
A. Mulenga, Rabuesak Khumthong, M. Blandon (2007)
Molecular and expression analysis of a family of the Amblyomma americanum tick LospinsJournal of Experimental Biology, 210
G. Christophides, E. Zdobnov, C. Barillas-Mury, E. Birney, S. Blandin, C. Blass, P. Brey, F. Collins, A. Danielli, G. Dimopoulos, C. Hétru, N. Hoa, J. Hoffmann, S. Kanzok, Ivica Letunic, E. Levashina, T. Loukeris, G. Lycett, S. Meister, K. Michel, L. Moita, H. Müller, M. Osta, S. Paskewitz, J. Reichhart, A. Rzhetsky, L. Troxler, K. Vernick, D. Vlachou, Jennifer Volz, C. Mering, Jiannong Xu, Liangbiao Zheng, P. Bork, F. Kafatos (2002)
Immunity-Related Genes and Gene Families in Anopheles gambiaeScience, 298
Neighbor-joining rooted phylogenetic tree for serpins. Dm nec Drosophila melanogaster CG1857; Dmserpin27A CG11331
Ticks continue to be a threat to animal and human health, and new and novel control strategies are needed for ticks and tick‐borne pathogens. The characterization of the tick–pathogen interface and the tick immune response to microbial infections is fundamental toward the formulation of new control strategies for ticks and the pathogens they transmit. Our overall hypothesis for this research is that the tick immune system manages the maintenance of pathogens. Therefore, discovery of tick immune response genes may provide targets for novel control strategies directed toward reducing vector competency and pathogen transmission. In these studies, 454 pyrosequencing, a high‐throughput genomic sequencing method was used to discover tick genes expressed in response to bacterial and fungal infections. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were analysed from Dermacentor variabilis ticks that had been injected with bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus) or fungi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans) and ticks that were naturally infected with the intracellular bacterium, Anaplasma marginale. By this approach, ESTs were assembled into 5995 contigs. Contigs fell into the five main functional categories of metabolism, genetic information processing, environmental information processing, cellular processes and human diseases. We identified more than 30 genes that are likely to encode for proteins involved in tick immune function. We further analysed by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT‐PCR) the expression of 22 of these genes in each of our bacterial or fungal treatment groups and found that seven were up‐regulated. Up‐regulation of these seven genes was confirmed for bacterial, but not fungal treatment by quantitative PCR (qPCR). One of these products was novel, encoding a new tick defensin. Our results clearly demonstrate the complexities of the tick immune system and mark new directions for further study and characterization of proteins that modulate microbial infections in the American dog tick.
Insect Molecular Biology – Wiley
Published: Oct 1, 2010
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.