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R. Grumbine (1990)
Viable Populations, Reserve Size, and Federal Lands Management: A CritiqueConservation Biology, 4
J. Thorsell (1990)
Research in Tropical Protected Areas: Some Guidelines for ManagersEnvironmental Conservation, 17
W. Baker (1989)
Landscape ecology and nature reserve design in the boundary waters canoe area, MinnesotaEcology, 70
L. Williamson, N. Moore (1987)
The Bird of Time: The Science and Politics of Nature ConservationJournal of Wildlife Management, 54
R. Noss (1983)
A Regional Landscape Approach to Maintain DiversityBioScience, 33
M. Usher (1988)
Biological invasions of nature reserves: A search for generalisationsBiological Conservation, 44
R. Pressey, A. Nicholls (1989)
Efficiency in conservation evaluation: Scoring versus iterative approachesBiological Conservation, 50
J. Kushlan (1979)
Design and management of continental wildlife reserves: Lessons from the evergladesBiological Conservation, 15
C. Nilsson (1986)
Methods of selecting lake shorelines as nature reservesBiological Conservation, 35
M. Buechner (1987)
Conservation in insular parks: Simulation models of factors affecting the movement of animals across park boundariesBiological Conservation, 41
J. Diamond (1975)
THE ISLAND DILEMMA: LESSONS OF MODERN BIOGEOGRAPHIC STUDIES FOR THE DESIGN OF NATURAL RESERVESBiological Conservation, 7
C. Margules, A. Nicholls, R. Pressey (1988)
Selecting networks of reserves to maximise biological diversityBiological Conservation, 43
M. Austin, C. R. Margules (1986)
Wildlife conservation evaluationEcology
D. Simberloff, J. Cox (1987)
Consequences and Costs of Conservation CorridorsConservation Biology, 1
Robert May (1988)
How Many Species Are There on Earth?Science, 241
D. Crumpacker, Stephen Hodge, Dale Friedley, W. Gregg (1988)
A Preliminary Assessment of the Status of Major Terrestrial and Wetland Ecosystems on Federal and Indian Lands in the United StatesConservation Biology, 2
E. Wilson, F. Peter (1988)
The Current State of Biological Diversity
W. Boecklen (1986)
Optimal design of nature reserves: Consequences of genetic driftBiological Conservation, 38
R. Noss (1987)
From plant communities to landscapes in conservation inventories: A look at the nature conservancy (USA)Biological Conservation, 41
R. Yahner (1988)
Changes in Wildlife Communities Near EdgesConservation Biology, 2
M. Soulé (1987)
Viable Populations for Conservation: List of contributors
M. Hunter, G. Jacobson, T. Webb, (1988)
Paleoecology and the Coarse-Filter Approach to Maintaining Biological DiversityConservation Biology, 2
S. Pickett, P. White (1986)
The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics
R. Develice, Jean DeVELICE, G. Park (1988)
Gradient Analysis in Nature Reserve Design: A New Zealand ExampleConservation Biology, 2
F. Götmark, C. Nilsson (1992)
Criteria used for protection of natural areas in Sweden 1909-1986Conservation Biology, 6
D. Lewis, G. Kaweche, Ackim Mwenya (1990)
Wildlife Conservation Outside Protected Areas—Lessons from an Experiment in ZambiaConservation Biology, 4
R. Noss (1987)
Corridors in Real Landscapes: A Reply to Simberloff and CoxConservation Biology, 1
L. Andersson, T. Appelqvist (1990)
The influence of Pleistocene megafauna on nemoral and boreonemoral ecosystems: an hypothesis with implications for nature conservation.Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift, 84
J. Ward (1989)
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Biotic diversity in Southern Africa : concepts and conservation
E. Wilson (1985)
The Biological Diversity CrisisDespite unprecedented extinction rates, the extent of biological diversity remains unmeasuredBioScience, 35
Alfred Runte (1979)
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Dwayne Moore, P. Keddy, C. Gaudet, I. Wisheu (1989)
Conservation of wetlands: do infertile wetlands deserve a higher priority?Biological Conservation, 47
R. Graham (1988)
The Role of Climatic Change in the Design of Biological Reserves: The Paleoecological Perspective for Conservation BiologyConservation Biology, 2
W. Niering (1987)
Vegetation Dynamics (Succession and Climax) in Relation to Plant Community ManagementConservation Biology, 1
D. Tilman (1983)
Resource competition and community structure.Monographs in population biology, 17
H. Hynes (1975)
The stream and its valley, 19
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Can rarity and diversity be predicted in vegetation along river banksBiological Conservation, 44
W. Newmark (1985)
Legal and biotic boundaries of western North American national parks: A problem of congruenceBiological Conservation, 33
K. Eckerberg (1988)
Clear felling and environmental protection: results from an investigation in Swedish forestsJournal of Environmental Management, 27
L. Andersson, Appelqvist. T (1990)
The influence of the pleistocene megafauna on the nemoral and the boreonemoral ecosystems: a hypothesis with implications for nature conservation strategySvensk Botanisk Tidskrift, 84
S. Pickett, J. Thompson (1978)
Patch dynamics and the design of nature reservesBiological Conservation, 13
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M. Usher (1989)
Scientific aspects of nature conservation in the United Kingdom.Journal of Applied Ecology, 26
Abstract: Representation of all ecosystems and species in protected areas is a major goal of nature conservation, but few countries have assessed the degree to which it has been fulfilled. We analyzed the extent to which landscape and habitat types in Sweden are represented in areas protected by the Nature Conservation Act. A total of 1175 national parks, nature reserves, and nature conservation areas comprised 4.7% of the total Swedish territory on 31 December 1986 (the proportion increased to 5.9% in 1990). Among landscape types, a very large area of alpine landscape was protected, but only a small area of river landscape. Among habitat types, subalpine birch forest and alpine heaths showed the highest degree of representation in protected areas (32% and 30%, respectively, of the total area of each habitat type). Less than 1% of the farmland and less than 2% of the coniferous forests were represented in protected areas. During an early (1909–66) and a late (1967–86) conservation period, 30% and 70%, respectively, of the protected area was established. During the early period protection of alpine areas predominated; during the late period higher proportions of the other habitat types were protected, suggesting that representation was considered increasingly important. We discuss three factors that influence the goal of representation: (1) threat to and amount of remaining habitat type, (2) cost and opportunity, and (3) evaluation criteria and history. Further inventory of communities and species as well as understanding of ecological processes, in and outside of protected areas, are necessary in future conservation work.
Conservation Biology – Wiley
Published: Jun 1, 1992
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