Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
T. Nakashizuka (1987)
Regeneration dynamics of beech forests in JapanVegetatio, 69
M. Lieberman, D. Lieberman, R. Peralta (1989)
Forests are Not Just Swiss Cheese: Canopy Stereogeometry of Non‐Gaps in Tropical ForestsEcology, 70
T. Nakashizuka, T. Katsuki, H. Tanaka (1995)
Forest canopy structure analyzed by using aerial photographsJournal of Tropical Ecology, 10
T. Fujita, A. Itaya, M. Miura, T. Manabe, S. Yamamoto (2003a)
Canopy structure of a temperate old‐growth evergreen forest analyzed by using aerial photographsJournal of Ecology, 168
A.N. Gray, T.A. Spies (1996)
Gap size, within‐gap position, and canopy structure effects on seedling establishment of conifer species in forest canopy gapsEcological Research, 84
T. Nakashizuka, T. Katsuki, Hiroshi Tanaka (1995)
Forest canopy structure analyzed by using aerial photographsEcological Research, 10
N.V.L. Brokaw (1985)
The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch DynamicsRemote Sensing Environment
J. Runkle (1982)
PATTERNS OF DISTURBANCE IN SOME OLD-GROWTH MESIC FORESTS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA'Ecology, 63
J. Runkle (1998)
CHANGES IN SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN CANOPY TREE GAPS SAMPLED THRICEEcology, 79
Shin‐ichi Yamamoto (1997)
Gap-Disturbance Regimes in Different Forest Types of JapanJournal of Sustainable Forestry, 6
T. Nakashizuka (1987)
Regeneration dynamics of beech (Fagus crenata) forests in JapanEcology, 69
M. Abe, H. Miguchi, T. Nakashizuka (2001)
An interactive effect of simultaneous death of dwarf bamboo, canopy gap, and predatory rodents on beech regenerationOecologia, 127
K. Lajtha (1987)
The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch DynamicsJournal of Environmental Quality, 16
S. Yamamoto, N. Nishimura (1999)
Canopy gap formation and replacement pattern of major tree species among developmental stages of beech (Fagus crenata) stands, JapanPlant Ecology, 140
T. Manabe, N. Nishimura, M. Miura, S. Yamamoto (2000)
Population structure and spatial patterns for trees in a temperate old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forest in JapanPlant Ecology, 151
J. Runkle, S. Pickett, P. White (1985)
Chapter 2 – Disturbance Regimes in Temperate Forests
A. Gray, T. Spies (1996)
Gap size, within-gap position, and canopy structure effects on conifer seedling establishmentJournal of Ecology, 84
(1973)
The climate of Mt Daisen
R. Condit (1998)
Tropical Forest Census Plots
M. Miura, T. Manabe, N. Nishimura, Shin‐ichi Yamamoto (2001)
Forest canopy and community dynamics in a temperate old‐growth evergreen broad‐leaved forest, south‐western Japan: a 7‐year study of a 4‐ha plotJournal of Ecology, 89
M. Abe, J. Izaki, H. Miguchi, T. Masaki, A. Makita, T. Nakashizuka (2002)
The effects of Sasa and canopy gap formation on tree regeneration in an old beech forest, 13
J. Foster, W. Reiners (1986)
Size distribution and expansion of canopy gaps in a northern Appalachian spruce-fir forestVegetatio, 68
(1989)
Gap dynamics in climax Fagus crenata forests. Botanical Magazine of Tokyo
M. Swaine, D. Lieberman, F. Putz (1987)
The dynamics of tree populations in tropical forest: a reviewJournal of Tropical Ecology, 3
R.G. Congalton (1991)
A review of assessing the accuracy of classification of remotely sensed dataPlant Ecology, 37
T. Fujita, A. Itaya, M. Miura, T. Manabe, Shin‐ichi Yamamoto (2003)
Long‐term canopy dynamics analysed by aerial photographs in a temperate old‐growth evergreen broad‐leaved forestJournal of Ecology, 91
S. Yamamoto (1996)
Gap regeneration of major tree species in different forest types of JapanVegetatio, 127
R. Congalton (1991)
A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed dataRemote Sensing of Environment, 37
R. Peters (1992)
Ecology of beech forests in the northern hemisphere.
Shin‐ichi Yamamoto, N. Nishimura, K. Matsui (1995)
Natural disturbance and tree species coexistence in an old‐growth beech ‐ dwarf bamboo forest, southwestern JapanJournal of Vegetation Science, 6
A. Matsuda (1973)
The Scientific Investigation of the Daisen Area in the Daisen Forest ReserveEnvironmental Conservation
(1986)
Canopy gaps and the dynamics of a neotropical forest
(1978)
Gaps in the forest canopy. Tropical Trees as Living Systems (eds
N. Brokaw (1985)
Chapter 4 – Treefalls, Regrowth, and Community Structure in Tropical Forests
S.P. Hubbell, R.B. Foster (1986)
Plant EcologyJournal of Vegetation Science
A. Makita (1996)
Density regulation during the regeneration of two monocarpic bamboos: self‐thinning or intraclonal regulation?Journal of Vegetation Science, 7
T. Masaki, W. Suzuki, K. Niiyama, S. Iida, H. Tanaka, T. Nakashizuka (1992)
Community structure of a species-rich temperate forest, Ogawa Forest Reserve, central JapanVegetatio, 98
(19982001)
The Yearbook of Weather.Plant Ecology
A. Makita (1992)
Survivorship of a monocarpic bamboo grass, Sasa kurilensis, during the early regeneration process after mass floweringJournal of Ecology, 7
T. Manabe, N. Nishimura, M. Miura, S. Yamamoto (2000)
Population structure and spatial patterns for trees in a temperate old‐growth evergreen broad‐leaved forest in JapanEcological Research, 151
T. Nakashizuka (1988)
Regeneration of beech (Fagus crenata) after the simultaneous death of undergrowing dwarf bamboo (Sasa kurilensis)Ecological Research, 3
J. Bakker, H. Olff, J. Willems, M. Zobel (1996)
Why do we need permanent plots in the study of long-term vegetation dynamics?Journal of Vegetation Science, 7
Japan Weather Association (1998-2001) The Yearbook of Weather. The Department of Printing of the Ministry of Finance
T. Fujita, A. Itaya, M. Miura, T. Manabe, S. Yamamoto (2003)
Canopy structure in a temperate old-growth evergreen forest analyzed by using aerial photographsPlant Ecology, 168
(1998)
The Encyclopedia of TyphoonsEcology
A. Makita (1992)
Survivorship of a monocarpic bamboo grass,Sasa kurilensis, during the early regeneration process after mass floweringEcological Research, 7
P. Bellingham, T. Kohyama, Shin‐ichiro Aiba (1996)
The effects of a typhoon on Japanese warm temperate rainforestsEcological Research, 11
J. Runkle (2000)
CANOPY TREE TURNOVER IN OLD‐GROWTH MESIC FORESTS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICAEcology, 81
Hiroshi Tanaka, T. Nakashizuka (1997)
Fifteen years of canopy dynamics analyzed by aerial photographs in a temperate deciduous forest, JapanEcology, 78
O. Phillips (1996)
Long-term environmental change in tropical forests: increasing tree turnoverEnvironmental Conservation, 23
J. Runkle (1981)
Gap Regeneration in Some Old-growth Forests of the Eastern United StatesEcology, 62
1 Long‐term canopy dynamics in a large area of temperate old‐growth beech forest in the Daisen Forest Reserve, south‐western Japan (11.56 ha studied over 43 years), were investigated using digital elevation models (DEMs) of the canopy surface, constructed from aerial photographs taken in the growing season (i.e. with foliage) in 1958, 1978, 1992 and 2001. A ground surface DEM at the same resolution (a 2.5 × 2.5 m grid) was constructed using aerial photographs taken when foliage was absent (winter 2002). Canopy height data were obtained by calculating differences in elevation between the canopy and the ground surface, and a canopy height profile was constructed. 2 Topographic data for a 4‐ha plot, located within the 11.56‐ha area, were obtained via a ground survey and used to validate the ground surface DEM derived from aerial photographs. 3 Canopy height class distributions changed significantly over the 43 years. The total number of gaps, defined as areas where canopy height was ≤ 15 m, decreased but total gap area increased over time. Total gap area in 2001 was twice that of 1958. The density of gaps decreased as gap size increased. 4 Gap formation rates increased from 0.47% year−1 (1958–78) to 1.30% year−1 (1992–2001), with a mean of 0.77% year−1, and substantially exceeded closure rates, which fluctuated from 0.28% year−1 (1958–78) to 0.54% year−1 (1978–92), with a mean of 0.39% year−1. Gaps generally expanded and became connected to each other. 5 Temporal variation in gap formation and closure might be correlated with the frequency and severity of typhoon disturbances but, if the observed trends continue, this old‐growth beech stand may become an open stand. The long‐term dynamics of this forest type appear to be far from equilibrium.
Journal of Ecology – Wiley
Published: Dec 1, 2004
Keywords: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.