Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
Maureen Hoskyn, H. Swanson (2000)
Cognitive Processing of Low Achievers and Children with Reading Disabilities: A Selective Meta-Analytic Review of the Published LiteratureSchool Psychology Review, 29
R. Morris, K. Stuebing, J. Fletcher, S. Shaywitz, G. Lyon, D. Shankweiler, L. Katz, D. Francis, B. Shaywitz (1998)
Subtypes of reading disability: Variability around a phonological core.Journal of Educational Psychology, 90
Gilger Gilger (2002)
Current issues in the neurology and genetics of learning‐related traits and disorders: Introduction to the special issueJournal of Learning Disabilities, 34
D. Westen, P. Ludolph, H. Lerner, Stephen Ruffins, F. Wiss (1990)
Object relations in borderline adolescents.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29 3
M. Snowling (1980)
The development of grapheme-phoneme correspondence in normal and dyslexic readers.Journal of experimental child psychology, 29 2
N. Goulandris (2003)
Dyslexia in Different Languages: Cross-Linguistic Comparisons
G. Eden, J. Stein, M. Wood, F. Wood (1995)
Verbal and Visual Problems in Reading DisabilityJournal of Learning Disabilities, 28
M. Reed (1989)
Speech perception and the discrimination of brief auditory cues in reading disabled children.Journal of experimental child psychology, 48 2
M. Wolf, Lynne Miller, Katharine Donnelly (2000)
Retrieval, Automaticity, Vocabulary Elaboration, Orthography (RAVE-O)Journal of Learning Disabilities, 33
Birch Birch, Belmont Belmont (1964)
Auditory–visual integration in normal and retarded readersAmerican Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 34
C. Elbro, Ina Borstrøm, D. Petersen (1998)
Predicting dyslexia from kindergarten : The importance of distinctness of phonological representations of lexical itemsReading Research Quarterly, 33
F. Ramus, S. Rosen, S. Dakin, B. Day, J. Castellote, Sarah White, U. Frith (2003)
Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults.Brain : a journal of neurology, 126 Pt 4
B. Wise, J. Ring, Richard Olson (1999)
Training phonological awareness with and without explicit attention to articulation.Journal of experimental child psychology, 72 4
(1996)
Structural variations in measures in the developmental disorders
S. Lehmkuhle, R. Garzia, Linda Turner, T. Hash, J. Baro (1993)
A defective visual pathway in children with reading disability.The New England journal of medicine, 328 14
H. Scarborough (1990)
Very early language deficits in dyslexic children.Child development, 61 6
(1997)
Assessing the child’s contribution to reading acquisition: What we know and what we don’t know
H. Wimmer, H. Mayringer, K. Landerl (1998)
Poor Reading: A Deficit in Skill-Automatization or a Phonological Deficit?Scientific Studies of Reading, 2
G. Hynd, M. Semrud-Clikeman, A. Lorys, Edward Novey, Deborah Eliopulos (1990)
Brain morphology in developmental dyslexia and attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity.Archives of neurology, 47 8
(1993)
Language skills that relate to literacy development
M. Bruck (1993)
Component Spelling Skills of College Students with Childhood Diagnoses of DyslexiaLearning Disability Quarterly, 16
Philip Gough (1972)
One Second of Reading.Visible Language
K. Pugh, W. Mencl, B. Shaywitz, S. Shaywitz, R. Fulbright, R. Constable, P. Skudlarski, K. Marchione, A. Jenner, J. Fletcher, A. Liberman, D. Shankweiler, L. Katz, C. Lacadie, John Gore (2000)
The Angular Gyrus in Developmental Dyslexia: Task-Specific Differences in Functional Connectivity Within Posterior CortexPsychological Science, 11
J. Torgesen, Richard Wagner, C. Rashotte (1994)
Longitudinal Studies of Phonological Processing and ReadingJournal of Learning Disabilities, 27
Robert Katz, Donald Shankweiler, I. Liberman (1981)
Memory for item order and phonetic recording in the beginning reader.Journal of experimental child psychology, 32 3
(1995)
Cognitive processes in early reading development: Accommodating individual differences into a model of acquisition
Wood Wood, Grigorenko Grigorenko (2001)
Emerging issues in the genetics of dyslexia: A methodological previewJournal of Learning Disabilities, 34
P. Cornelissen, Peter Hansen, J. Hutton, V. Evangelinou, John Stein (1998)
Magnocellular visual function and children's single word readingVision Research, 38
G. Getman (1985)
A Commentary on Vision TrainingJournal of Learning Disabilities, 18
P. Simos, J. Breier, J. Fletcher, B. Foorman, E. Bergman, Kristen Fishbeck, A. Papanicolaou (2000)
Brain activation profiles in dyslexic children during non-word reading: a magnetic source imaging studyNeuroscience Letters, 290
Hazel Rutledge (2002)
DyslexiaJournal of Librarianship and Information Science, 34
D. Bishop, R. Carlyon, J. Deeks, S. Bishop (1999)
Auditory temporal processing impairment: neither necessary nor sufficient for causing language impairment in children.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR, 42 6
B. Wasik, R. Slavin (1993)
Preventing Early Reading Failure with One-to-One Tutoring: A Review of Five Programs.Reading Research Quarterly, 28
M. Studdert-Kennedy, M. Mody (1995)
Auditory temporal perception deficits in the reading-impaired: A critical review of the evidencePsychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2
H. Catts, T. Hogan, M. Fey (2003)
Subgrouping Poor Readers on the Basis of Individual Differences in Reading-Related AbilitiesJournal of Learning Disabilities, 36
Alex Wilson (1990)
ReviewRadiocarbon, 32
J. Stein (2001)
The Sensory Basis of Reading ProblemsDevelopmental Neuropsychology, 20
D. Waber, P. Wolff, P. Forbes, M. Weiler (2000)
Rapid Automatized Naming in Children Referred for Evaluation of Heterogeneous Learning Problems: How Specific Are Naming Speed Deficits to Reading Disability?Child Neuropsychology, 6
I. Liberman, D. Shankweiler, F. Fischer, Bonnie Carter (1974)
Explicit Syllable and Phoneme Segmentation in the Young ChildJournal of Experimental Child Psychology, 18
A. Montarnal (1987)
[The dyslexic child].Journal francais d'ophtalmologie, 10 12
Simos Simos, Breier Breier, Fletcher Fletcher, Bergman Bergman, Papanicolau Papanicolau (2000a)
Cerebral mechanisms involved in word reading in dyslexic childrenCerebral Cortex, 10
Gay Pinnell (1989)
Reading Recovery: Helping At-Risk Children Learn to ReadThe Elementary School Journal, 90
B. Shaywitz, K. Pugh, A. Jenner, R. Fulbright, J. Fletcher, J. Gore, S. Shaywitz (2000)
The Neurobiology of Reading and Reading Disability (Dyslexia)
C. Ho, D. Chan, Suk-Man Tsang, Suk-Han Lee (2002)
The cognitive profile and multiple-deficit hypothesis in Chinese developmental dyslexia.Developmental psychology, 38 4
P. Lyytinen, A. Poikkeus, M. Laakso, K. Eklund, H. Lyytinen (2001)
Language development and symbolic play in children with and without familial risk for dyslexia.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR, 44 4
J. Metsala (1999)
Young children's phonological awareness and nonword repetition as a function of vocabulary development.Journal of Educational Psychology, 91
(1969)
Reading disability.Canadian Medical Association journal, 100 2
Richards Richards, Cornia Cornia, Serafini Serafini, Steury Steury, Echelard Echelard, Dager Dager, Marro Marro, Abbott Abbott, Maravilla Maravilla, Berninger Berninger (2000)
The effects of a phonologically driven treatment for dyslexia on lactate levels as measures by proton MRSIAmerican Journal of Neuroradiology, 21
O. Spreen (1989)
Learning disability, neurology, and long-term outcome: Some implications for the individual and for societyJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11
T. Cook, Donald Campbell (2003)
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference
G. Stanley, G. Smith, E. Howell (1983)
Eye-movements and sequential tracking in dyslexic and control children.British journal of psychology, 74 Pt 2
Skottun Skottun, Parke Parke (1999)
The possible relationship between visual deficits and dyslexia: Examination of a critical assumptionJournal of Learning Disabilities, 32
E. Hitchfield, P. Bryant (1975)
Perception and Understanding in Young ChildrenBritish Journal of Educational Studies, 23
A. Macgillivray (1927)
Congenital Word-BlindnessBritish Medical Journal, 2
F. Vellutino, D. Scanlon, Debra Spearing (1995)
Semantic and phonological coding in poor and normal readers.Journal of experimental child psychology, 59 1
M. Daneman, P. Carpenter (1980)
Individual differences in working memory and readingJournal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19
F. Vellutino (1991)
Introduction to three studies on reading acquisition : convergent findings on theoretical foundations of code-oriented versus whole-language approaches to reading instructionJournal of Educational Psychology, 83
D. Waber, M. Weiler, Peter Wolff, David Bellinger, David Marcus, Raya Ariel, Peter Forbes, D. Wypij (2001)
Processing of rapid auditory stimuli in school-age children referred for evaluation of learning disorders.Child development, 72 1
(1991)
The linguistic basis of reading ability: Converting written to oral language
C. Best, R. Avery (1999)
Left-Hemisphere Advantage for Click Consonants is Determined by Linguistic Significance and ExperiencePsychological Science, 10
C. McBride-Chang (1995)
What is phonological awarenessJournal of Educational Psychology, 87
F. Manis, C. McBride-Chang, Mark Seidenberg, P. Keating, L. Doi, B. Munson, A. Petersen (1997)
Are speech perception deficits associated with developmental dyslexia?Journal of experimental child psychology, 66 2
J. Ballantyne (1979)
Nerve-Muscle InteractionJournal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 42
S. Wadsworth, R. Olson, B. Pennington, J. Defries (2000)
Differential Genetic Etiology of Reading Disability as a Function of IQJournal of Learning Disabilities, 33
P. Bowers, M. Wolf (1993)
Theoretical links among naming speed, precise timing mechanisms and orthographic skill in dyslexiaReading and Writing, 5
Humphreys Humphreys, Kaufmann Kaufmann, Galaburda Galaburda (1990)
Developmental dyslexia in womenAnnals of Neurology, 28
K. Ericsson, W. Kintsch (1995)
Long-term working memory.Psychological review, 102 2
R. Olson, R. Kliegl, B. Davidson (1983)
Dyslexic and normal readers' eye movements.Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance, 9 5
F. Vellutino, D. Scanlon, G. Lyon (2000)
Differentiating Between Difficult-to-Remediate and Readily Remediated Poor ReadersJournal of Learning Disabilities, 33
G. Lyon, L. Moats (1988)
Critical issues in the instruction of the learning disabled.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 56 6
C. Hulme (1988)
The implausibility of low-level visual deficits as a cause of children's reading difficultiesCognitive Neuropsychology, 5
F. Morrison, F. Manis (1982)
Cognitive Processes and Reading Disability: A Critique and Proposal
E. Poole (1978)
Atlas of neonatal electroencephalography Sarah S. Werner, Janet E. Stockard & R. G. Bickford. Raven Press, New York (1977). 260 pp., $78.00Neuroscience, 3
W. Lovegrove, F. Martin, W. Slaghuis (1986)
A theoretical and experimental case for a visual deficit in specific reading disabilityCognitive Neuropsychology, 3
Fletcher Fletcher, Satz Satz, Scholes Scholes (1981)
Developmental change in the linguistic correlates of reading achievementBrain and Language, 13
Margaret Wang (1990)
Linking Assessment to Intervention.Psyccritiques, 35
J. Brandt, J. Rosen (1980)
Auditory phonemic perception in dyslexia: Categorical identification and discrimination of stop consonantsBrain and Language, 9
D. Shankweiler (1979)
The speech code and learning to read.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory, 5
K. Stanovich (1980)
TOWARD AN INTERACTIVE-COMPENSATORY MODEL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF READING FLUENCYReading Research Quarterly, 16
Morgan Wp (1896)
A Case of Congenital Word BlindnessBritish Medical Journal, 2
F. Vellutino, D. Scanlon, Edward Sipay, Sheila Small, A. Pratt, R. Chen, M. Denckla (1996)
Cognitive profiles of difficult-to-remediate and readily remediated poor readers : Early intervention as a vehicle for distinguishing between cognitive and experiential deficits as basic causes of specific Reading disabilityJournal of Educational Psychology, 88
E. Grigorenko, F. Wood, M. Meyer, L. Hart, W. Speed, A. Shuster, D. Pauls (1997)
Susceptibility loci for distinct components of developmental dyslexia on chromosomes 6 and 15.American journal of human genetics, 60 1
A. Walley (1993)
The Role of Vocabulary Development in Children′s Spoken Word Recognition and Segmentation AbilityDevelopmental Review, 13
J. Williams (1980)
Teaching decoding with an emphasis on phoneme analysis and phoneme blending.Journal of educational psychology, 72 1
K. Stuebing, J. Fletcher, Josette LeDoux, G. Lyon, S. Shaywitz, B. Shaywitz (2002)
Validity of IQ-Discrepancy Classifications of Reading Disabilities: A Meta-AnalysisAmerican Educational Research Journal, 39
L. Ehri (1995)
Phases of development in learning to read words by sightJournal of Research in Reading, 18
M. Bruck (1992)
Persistence of dyslexics' phonological awareness deficits.Developmental Psychology, 28
P. Simos, J. Fletcher, B. Foorman, D. Francis, E. Castillo, Robert Davis, M. Fitzgerald, Patricia Mathes, Carolyn Denton, A. Papanicolaou (2002)
Brain Activation Profiles During the Early Stages of Reading AcquisitionJournal of Child Neurology, 17
D. Badcock, W. Lovegrove (1981)
The Effects of Contrast, Stimulus Duration, and Spatial Frequency on Visible Persistence in Normal and Specifically Disabled Readers.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 7
E. Grigorenko (2001)
Developmental dyslexia: an update on genes, brains, and environments.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 42 1
C. Perfetti, Steven Roth (1980)
Some of the Interactive Processes in Reading and Their Role in Reading Skill.
G. Lyon (1993)
Better Understanding Learning Disabilities: New Views from Research and Their Implications for Education and Public Policies.
(2002)
Disruption of the neural circuitry
Donald Compton, J. Defries, R. Olson (2001)
Are RAN- and phonological awareness-deficits additive in children with reading disabilities?Dyslexia, 7 3
Schatschneider Schatschneider, Carlson Carlson, Francis Francis, Foorman Foorman, Fletcher Fletcher (2002)
Relationships of rapid automatized naming and phonological awareness in early reading development: Implications for the double deficit hypothesisJournal of Learning Disabilities, 35
Y. Griffiths, M. Snowling (2001)
Auditory word identification and phonological skills in dyslexic and average readersApplied Psycholinguistics, 22
J. Larsen, T. Høien, I. Lundberg, H. Ødegaard (1990)
MRI evaluation of the size and symmetry of the planum temporale in adolescents with developmental dyslexiaBrain and Language, 39
F. Vellutino (1979)
Dyslexia: Theory and Research
M. Curtis (1980)
Development of Components of Reading Skill.Journal of Educational Psychology, 72
P. Tallal, M. Piercy (1973)
Developmental aphasia: impaired rate of non-verbal processing as a function of sensory modality.Neuropsychologia, 11 4
C. Elbro (1996)
Early linguistic abilities and reading development: A review and a hypothesisReading and Writing, 8
A. Galaburda, G. Sherman, G. Rosen, F. Aboitiz, N. Geschwind (1985)
Developmental dyslexia: Four consecutive patients with cortical anomaliesAnnals of Neurology, 18
(2001)
Building literacy with language: Young children learning at home and school
D. Share (1995)
Phonological recoding and self-teaching: sine qua non of reading acquisitionCognition, 55
B. Shaywitz, T. Holford, J. Holahan, J. Fletcher, K. Stuebing, D. Francis, S. Shaywitz (1995)
A Matthew effect for IQ but not for reading : results from a longitudinal studyReading Research Quarterly, 30
Wolf Wolf, Miller Miller, Donnelly Donnelly (2000b)
Retrieval, automaticity, vocabulary elaboration, orthography (RAVE‐O): A comprehensive, fluency‐based reading intervention programJournal of Learning Disabilities, 33
J. Godfrey, A. Syrdal‐Lasky, K. Millay, Carol Knox (1981)
Performance of dyslexic children on speech perception tests.Journal of experimental child psychology, 32 3
R. Wagner, J. Torgesen, C. Rashotte (1994)
Development of Reading-Related Phonological Processing Abilities: New Evidence of Bidirectional Causality from a Latent Variable Longitudinal Study.Developmental Psychology, 30
U. Frith, H. Wimmer, K. Landerl (1998)
Differences in Phonological Recoding in German- and English-Speaking Children.Scientific Studies of Reading, 2
Mary Farmer, R. Klein (1995)
The evidence for a temporal processing deficit linked to dyslexia: A reviewPsychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2
I. Lundberg, Jørgen Frost, Ole-Peter Petersen (1988)
Effects of an Extensive Program for Stimulating Phonological Awareness in Preschool Children.Reading Research Quarterly, 23
S. Heath, J. Hogben, C. Clark (1999)
Auditory temporal processing in disabled readers with and without oral language delay.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 40 4
D. Poeppel (1996)
A Critical Review of PET Studies of Phonological ProcessingBrain and Language, 55
L. Bradley, P. Bryant (1983)
Categorizing sounds and learning to read—a causal connectionNature, 301
S. Shaywitz, Michael Escobar, B. Shaywitz, J. Fletcher, R. Makuch (1992)
Evidence that dyslexia may represent the lower tail of a normal distribution of reading ability.The New England journal of medicine, 326 3
S. Gathercole, A. Baddeley (1990)
Phonological memory deficits in language disordered children: Is there a causal connection? ☆Journal of Memory and Language, 29
T. Klingberg, M. Hedehus, E. Temple, T. Salz, J. Gabrieli, M. Moseley, R. Poldrack (2000)
Microstructure of Temporo-Parietal White Matter as a Basis for Reading Ability Evidence from Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance ImagingNeuron, 25
P. Ackerman, N. Weir, C. Holloway, R. Dykman (1995)
Adolescents earlier diagnosed as dyslexic show major IQ declines on the WISC-IIIReading and Writing, 7
Bruce Pennington, G. Orden, Shelley Smith, P. Green, Marshall Haith (1990)
Phonological processing skills and deficits in adult dyslexics.Child development, 61 6
Torgesen Torgesen, Alexander Alexander, Wagner Wagner, Rashotte Rashotte, Voeller Voeller, Conway Conway (2001)
Intensive remedial instruction for children with severe reading disabilities: Immediate and long‐term outcomes from two instructional approachesJournal of Learning Disabilities, 34
(1971)
Specific learning disabilities: An attentional deficit syndrome
D. Hurford, R. Sanders (1990)
Assessment and Remediation of a Phonemic Discrimination Deficit in Reading Disabled Second and Fourth Graders.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 50
J. Fletcher, S. Shaywitz, D. Shankweiler, L. Katz, I. Liberman, K. Stuebing, D. Francis, Anne Fowler, B. Shaywitz (1994)
Cognitive profiles of reading disability: Comparisons of discrepancy and low achievement definitions.Journal of Educational Psychology, 86
L. Silver (1987)
Learning DisabilitiesJournal of Learning Disabilities, 20
P. Jong, A. Leij (1999)
Specific contributions of phonological abilities to early reading acquisition: Results from a Dutch latent variable longitudinal studyEuropean Journal of Psychological Assessment
H. Scarborough (1991)
Early syntactic development of dyslexic childrenAnnals of Dyslexia, 41
Elbro Elbro (1997)
Early linguistic abilities and reading development: A review and a hypothesis about underlying differences in distinctiveness of phonological representations of lexical itemsReading and Writing, 8
Hoover Hoover, Gough Gough (1990)
The simple view of readingReading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2
Jill Hunter, Zhiyue Wang (2001)
MR spectroscopy in pediatric neuroradiology.Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America, 9 1
S. Fisher, J. Defries (2002)
Developmental dyslexia: genetic dissection of a complex cognitive traitNature Reviews Neuroscience, 3
Linda Siegel (1988)
Evidence that IQ scores are irrelevant to the definition and analysis of reading disability.Canadian journal of psychology, 42 2
M. Clay (1981)
The early detection of reading difficulties
F. Martin, W. Lovegrove (1984)
The effects of field size and luminance on contrast sensitivity differences between specifically reading disabled and normal childrenNeuropsychologia, 22
J. Raymond, R. Sorensen (1998)
Visual Motion Perception in Children with Dyslexia: Normal Detection but Abnormal IntegrationVisual Cognition, 5
R. Tannock, R. Martinussen, Jan Frijters (2000)
Naming Speed Performance and Stimulant Effects Indicate Effortful, Semantic Processing Deficits in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity DisorderJournal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28
(1997)
The role of temporal processing in developmental language-based learning disorders: Research and clinical implications
Orton Orton (1925)
‘Word‐blindness’ in school childrenArchives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 14
M. Fish, H. Margolis (1988)
Training and Practice of School Psychologists in Reading Assessment and Intervention.Journal of School Psychology, 26
J. Torgesen, R. Wagner, C. Rashotte, E. Rose, P. Lindamood, T. Conway, C. Garvan (1999)
Preventing reading failure in young children with phonological processing disabilities: Group and individual responses to instruction.Journal of Educational Psychology, 91
P. Pearson (1990)
Handbook of reading research.
C. Snow, Wendy Barnes, Jean Chandler, Irene Goodman, L. Hemphill (1991)
Unfulfilled Expectations: Home and School Influences on Literacy
P. Simos, J. Breier, Jack Fletcher, E. Bergman, A. Papanicolaou (2000)
Cerebral mechanisms involved in word reading in dyslexic children: a magnetic source imaging approach.Cerebral cortex, 10 8
M. Snowling, D. Bishop, Susan Stothard (2000)
Is preschool language impairment a risk factor for dyslexia in adolescence?Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 41 5
K. McAnally, P. Hansen, P. Cornelissen, J. Stein (1997)
Effect of time and frequency manipulation on syllable perception in developmental dyslexics.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR, 40 4
H. Birch, A. Lefford (1963)
INTERSENSORY DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 28
Charles Ford (1928)
A Case of Congenital Word-BlindnessThe Psychological Clinic, 17
D. Bakker (1972)
Temporal order in disturbed reading : developmental and neuropsychological aspects in normal and reading-retarded children
R. Kail, L. Hall, B. Caskey (1999)
Processing speed, exposure to print, and naming speedApplied Psycholinguistics, 20
D. Shankweiler, Eric Lundquist, L. Katz, K. Stuebing, J. Fletcher, S. Brady, Anne Fowler, Lois Dreyer, K. Marchione, S. Shaywitz, B. Shaywitz (1999)
Comprehension and Decoding: Patterns of Association in Children With Reading DifficultiesScientific Studies of Reading, 3
J. Fletcher, G. Lyonm, M. Barnes, K. Stuebing, D. Francis, R. Olson, S. Shaywitz, B. Shaywitz (2001)
Classification of learning disabilities: An evidence-based evaluation.
Maggie Snowling, N. Goulandris, Maria Bowlby, Peter Howell (1986)
Segmentation and speech perception in relation to reading skill: a developmental analysis.Journal of experimental child psychology, 41 3
(2001)
Brains, genes, and environment in reading development
Christiana Leonard, L. Lombardino, Laurie Mercado, S. Browd, J. Breier, O. Agee (1996)
Cerebral Asymmetry and Cognitive Development in Children: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging StudyPsychological Science, 7
E. Gibson (1969)
Principles of Perceptual Learning and Development
F. Wood, E. Grigorenko (2001)
Emerging Issues in the Genetics of DyslexiaJournal of Learning Disabilities, 34
H. Birch, L. Belmont (1965)
Auditory visual integration in normal and retarded readersBulletin of the Orton Society, 15
B. Skottun, Lesley Parke (1999)
The Possible Relationship Between Visual Deficits and DyslexiaJournal of Learning Disabilities, 32
F. Vellutino, D. Scanlon, M. Tanzman (1988)
Lexical memory in poor and normal readers: developmental differences in the use of category cues.Canadian journal of psychology, 42 2
J. Fletcher, S. Shaywitz, Bennett Shaywitz (1999)
Comorbidity of learning and attention disorders. Separate but equal.Pediatric clinics of North America, 46 5
M. Snowling, A. Gallagher, U. Frith (2003)
Family risk of dyslexia is continuous: individual differences in the precursors of reading skill.Child development, 74 2
H. Wimmer, K. Landerl, W. Schneider (1994)
The Role of Rhyme Awareness in Learning to Read a Regular OrthographyBritish Journal of Development Psychology, 12
Hunter Hunter, Wang Wang (2001)
MR spectroscopy in pediatric neuroradiologyMRI Clinics of North America, 9
Vellutino Vellutino (1987)
DyslexiaScientific American, March, 1
J. Torgesen, Ann Alexander, R. Wagner, C. Rashotte, K. Voeller, T. Conway (2001)
Intensive Remedial Instruction for Children with Severe Reading DisabilitiesJournal of Learning Disabilities, 34
Margaret Livingstone, Glenn Rosen, F. Drislane, A. Galaburda (1991)
Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 88 18
Shaywitz Shaywitz, Holford Holford, Holohan Holohan, Fletcher Fletcher, Francis Francis, Steubing Steubing, Shaywitz Shaywitz (1995)
A Matthew effect for IQ but not for reading: Results from a longitudinal study of readingReading Research Quarterly, 30
Getman Getman (1985)
A commentary on visionJournal of Learning Disabilities, 18
Sylvia Abbott, E. Reed, R. Abbott, V. Berninger (1997)
Year-Long Balanced Reading/Writing Tutorial: A Design Experiment Used for Dynamic AssessmentLearning Disability Quarterly, 20
J. Hatcher, M. Snowling, Y. Griffiths (2002)
Cognitive assessment of dyslexic students in higher education.The British journal of educational psychology, 72 Pt 1
M. Beith (1997)
River deep, mountain highThird Text, 11
R. Wagner, J. Torgesen (1987)
The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills.Psychological Bulletin, 101
J. Breier, L. Gray, J. Fletcher, B. Foorman, P. Klaas (2002)
Perception of speech and nonspeech stimuli by children with and without reading disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Journal of experimental child psychology, 82 3
F. Manis, Rebecca Custodio, P. Szeszulski (1993)
Development of phonological and orthographic skill: a 2-year longitudinal study of dyslexic children.Journal of experimental child psychology, 56 1
M. Harris, 誼余夫 波多野 (1999)
Learning to read and write : a cross-linguistic perspective
M. Bruck (1990)
Word-Recognition Skills of Adults with Childhood Diagnoses of Dyslexia.Developmental Psychology, 26
(1998)
The long-term prognosis of learning disabled children: A review of studies (1954–1993)
D. Scanlon, F. Vellutino (1996)
Prerequisite skills, early instruction, and success in first‐grade reading: Selected results from a longitudinal studyMental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 2
D. Reschly, W. Tilly, Jeffrey Grimes (1999)
Special education in transition: Functional assessment and noncategorical programming
P. Humphreys, W. Kaufmann, A. Galaburda (1990)
Developmental dyslexia in women: Neuropathological findings in three patientsAnnals of Neurology, 28
F. Vellutino, D. Scanlon (1987)
Phonological Coding, Phonological Awareness, and Reading Ability: Evidence from a Longitudinal and Experimental Study.Merrill-palmer Quarterly, 33
(1993)
An examination of research in learning disabilities: Past practices and future directions
G. Hynd, Margaret Semrud-Clikeman (1989)
Dyslexia and brain morphology.Psychological bulletin, 106 3
W. Tunmer, J. Chapman (1998)
Language prediction skill, phonological recoding ability, and beginning reading.
J. Wyman, Miriam Wendle
What is reading abilityJournal of Educational Psychology, 12
E. Paulesu, J. Démonet, F. Fazio, E. McCrory, V. Chanoine, N. Brunswick, S. Cappa, G. Cossu, M. Habib, C. Frith, U. Frith (2001)
Dyslexia: Cultural Diversity and Biological UnityScience, 291
M. Adams (1991)
Beginning To Read: Thinking and Learning about Print.Language, 67
D. Share, R. Mcgee, P. Silva (1989)
IQ and reading progress: a test of the capacity notion of IQ.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28 1
P. Simos, J. Fletcher, E. Bergman, J. Breier, B. Foorman, E. Castillo, Robert Davis, Robert Davis, M. Fitzgerald, A. Papanicolaou (2002)
Dyslexia-specific brain activation profile becomes normal following successful remedial trainingNeurology, 58
P. Morrish (2000)
FUNDAMENTALS OF FUNCTIONAL BRAIN IMAGING.Brain, 123
Hynd Hynd, Semrud‐Clikeman Semrud‐Clikeman, Lorys Lorys, Novey Novey, Eliopulos Eliopulos (1990)
Brain morphology in developmental dyslexia and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorderArchives of Neurology, 47
(2001)
Early phonological development and the acquisition of literacy
R. Olson, Helen Datta, J. Gayán, J. Defries (2000)
A Behavioral-Genetic Analysis of Reading Disabilities and Component Processes
Stanovich Stanovich (1986)
Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacyReading Research Quarterly, 21
D. Scanlon, F. Vellutino, Sheila Small, Diane Fanuele, Joan Sweeney (2005)
Severe Reading Difficulties—Can They Be Prevented? A Comparison of Prevention and Intervention ApproachesExceptionality, 13
V. Douglas (1972)
Stop, look and listen: The problem of sustained attention and impulse control in hyperactive and normal children.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 4
A. Gallagher, U. Frith, M. Snowling (2000)
Precursors of literacy delay among children at genetic risk of dyslexia.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 41 2
M. Wolf, P. Bowers (1999)
The double-deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexias.Journal of Educational Psychology, 91
R. Schultz, Nam-Keun Cho, L. Staib, L. Kier, J. Fletcher, S. Shaywitz, D. Shankweiler, L. Katz, J. Gore, J. Duncan, B. Shaywitz (1994)
Brain morphology in normal and dyslexic children: The influence of sex and ageAnnals of Neurology, 35
F. Vellutino, D. Scanlon (1982)
Verbal Processing in Poor and Normal Readers
B. Pennington, D. Lefly (2001)
Early reading development in children at family risk for dyslexia.Child development, 72 3
W. Lovegrove, R. Garzia, S. Nicholson (1990)
Experimental evidence for a transient system deficit in specific reading disability.Journal of the American Optometric Association, 61 2
D. LaBerge, S. Samuels (1974)
Toward a theory of automatic information processing in readingCognitive Psychology, 6
A. Adlard, V. Hazan (1998)
Speech Perception in Children with Specific Reading Difficulties (Dyslexia)Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51
C. Schatschneider, Coleen Carlson, D. Francis, B. Foorman, J. Fletcher (2002)
Relationship of Rapid Automatized Naming and Phonological Awareness in Early Reading DevelopmentJournal of Learning Disabilities, 35
B. Foorman, D. Francis, J. Fletcher, C. Schatschneider, P. Mehta (1998)
The Role of Instruction in Learning To Read: Preventing Reading Failure in At-Risk Children.Journal of Educational Psychology, 90
G. Gascon, H. Goodglass (1970)
Reading retardation and the information content of stimuli in paired associate learning.Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior, 6 4
I. Liberman, D. Shankweiler (1976)
Speech, the Alphabet, and Teaching to Read.
Shaywitz Shaywitz, Shaywitz Shaywitz, Pugh Pugh, Mencl Mencl, Fulbright Fulbright, Constable Constable, Skudlarski Skudlarski, Jenner Jenner, Fletcher Fletcher, Marchione Marchione, Shankweiler Shankweiler, Katz Katz, Lacadie Lacadie, Lyon Lyon, Gore Gore (2002)
Disruption of the neural circuitry for reading in children with developmental dyslexiaBiological Psychiatry, 52
R. Katz, A. Healy, D. Shankweiler (1983)
Phonetic coding and order memory in relation to reading proficiency: A comparison of short-term memory for temporal and spatial order informationApplied Psycholinguistics, 4
Abbott S.P. (1997)
249Learning Disability Quarterly, 20
T. Jernigan, J. Hesselink, E. Sowell, P. Tallal (1991)
Cerebral structure on magnetic resonance imaging in language- and learning-impaired children.Archives of neurology, 48 5
Eden Eden, Stern Stern, Wood Wood, Wood Wood (1995)
Verbal and visual problems in dyslexiaJournal of Learning Disabilities, 28
G. Lyon (1995)
Toward a definition of dyslexiaAnnals of Dyslexia, 45
B. Shaywitz, S. Shaywitz, K. Pugh, W. Mencl, R. Fulbright, P. Skudlarski, R. Constable, K. Marchione, J. Fletcher, G. Lyon, J. Gore (2002)
Disruption of posterior brain systems for reading in children with developmental dyslexiaBiological Psychiatry, 52
R. Olson, Helen Forsberg, B. Wise, J. Rack (1994)
Measurement of word recognition, orthographic, and phonological skills.
G. Eden, T. Zeffiro (1998)
Neural Systems Affected in Developmental Dyslexia Revealed by Functional NeuroimagingNeuron, 21
Y. Griffiths, M. Snowling (2002)
Predictors of exception word and nonword reading in dyslexic children: The severity hypothesisJournal of Educational Psychology, 94
L. Siegel, E. Ryan (1984)
Reading Disability as a Language DisorderRemedial and Special Education, 5
B. Pennington, P. Filipek, D. Lefly, J. Churchwell, D. Kennedy, J. Simon, C. Filley, A. Galaburda, M. Alarcón, J. Defries (1999)
Brain morphometry in reading-disabled twinsNeurology, 53
J. Metsala (1997)
Spoken Word Recognition in Reading Disabled Children.Journal of Educational Psychology, 89
K. Stanovich (2009)
Matthew Effects in Reading: Some Consequences of Individual Differences in the Acquisition of LiteracyJournal of Education, 189
R. Frost (1998)
Toward a strong phonological theory of visual word recognition: true issues and false trails.Psychological bulletin, 123 1
M. Clay (1987)
Learning to be learning disabled.New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies
S. Nittrouer (1999)
Do temporal processing deficits cause phonological processing problems?Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR, 42 4
A. Bradlow, N. Kraus, T. Nicol, T. McGee, J. Cunningham, S. Zecker, T. Carrell (1999)
Effects of lengthened formant transition duration on discrimination and neural representation of synthetic CV syllables by normal and learning-disabled children.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106 4 Pt 1
B. Foorman, D. Francis, S. Shaywitz, B. Shaywitz, J. Fletcher (1997)
The case for early reading intervention.
C. Read, Yun-Fei Zhang, Hong-Yin Nie, Bao-Qing Ding (1986)
The ability to manipulate speech sounds depends on knowing alphabetic writingCognition, 24
P. Tallal (1980)
Auditory temporal perception, phonics, and reading disabilities in childrenBrain and Language, 9
F. Manis, L. Doi, Bhaktawahr Bhadha (2000)
Naming Speed, Phonological Awareness, and Orthographic Knowledge in Second GradersJournal of Learning Disabilities, 33
N. Geschwind, W. Levitsky (1968)
Human Brain: Left-Right Asymmetries in Temporal Speech RegionScience, 161
J. Rumsey, K. Nace, B. Donohue, Deborah Wise, J. Maisog, P. Andreason (1997)
A positron emission tomographic study of impaired word recognition and phonological processing in dyslexic men.Archives of neurology, 54 5
M. Mody, M. Studdert-Kennedy, S. Brady (1997)
Speech perception deficits in poor readers: auditory processing or phonological coding?Journal of experimental child psychology, 64 2
S. Iversen, W. Tunmer (1993)
Phonological Processing Skills and the Reading Recovery Program.Journal of Educational Psychology, 85
A. Meltzoff, P. Kuhl (1994)
Faces and speech: Intermodal processing of biologically relevant signals in infants and adults.
T. Wydell, B. Butterworth (1999)
A case study of an English-Japanese bilingual with monolingual dyslexiaCognition, 70
F. Vellutino, D. Scanlon, Rusan Chen (1995)
The Increasingly Inextricable Relationship between Orthographic and Phonological Coding in Learning to Read: Some Reservations about Current Methods of Operationalizing Orthographic Coding
(1984)
Wordrecognition
K. Nation, M. Snowling (1998)
Individual differences in contextual facilitation: evidence from dyslexia and poor reading comprehension.Child development, 69 4
Ackerman P.T. (1995)
163Reading and Writing, 7
K. Stanovich (1988)
Explaining the Differences Between the Dyslexic and the Garden-Variety Poor ReaderJournal of Learning Disabilities, 21
M. Wolf, P. Bowers, Kathleen Biddle (2000)
Naming-Speed Processes, Timing, and ReadingJournal of Learning Disabilities, 33
W. Tunmer (1989)
The role of language-related factors in reading disability.
T. Richards, D. Corina, S. Serafini, Keith Steury, D. Echelard, S. Dager, K. Marro, R. Abbott, K. Maravilla, V. Berninger (2000)
Effects of a phonologically driven treatment for dyslexia on lactate levels measured by proton MR spectroscopic imaging.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 21 5
Jong Jong, Leij Leij (1999)
Specific contributions of phonological abilities to early reading acquisition: Results from a Dutch latent variable longitudinal studyJournal of Educational Psychology, 91
Wolf Wolf, Bowers Bowers, Biddle Biddle (2000a)
Naming‐speed processes, timing, and reading: a conceptual reviewJournal of Learning Disabilities, 33
J. Joseph, Kimberly Noble, G. Eden (2001)
The Neurobiological Basis of ReadingJournal of Learning Disabilities, 34
A. Kushch, K. Gross-Glenn, B. Jallad, H. Lubs, Mark Rabin, E. Feldman, R. Duara (1993)
Temporal lobe surface area measurements on MRI in normal and dyslexic readersNeuropsychologia, 31
R. Duara, A. Kushch, K. Gross-Glenn, W. Barker, B. Jallad, S. Pascal, D. Loewenstein, J. Sheldon, M. Rabin, B. Levin, H. Lubs (1991)
Neuroanatomic differences between dyslexic and normal readers on magnetic resonance imaging scans.Archives of neurology, 48 4
S. Smith, B. Pennington, W. Kimberling, P. Ing (1990)
Familial dyslexia: use of genetic linkage data to define subtypes.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29 2
F. Vellutino, D. Scanlon, M. Tanzman (1994)
Components of reading ability: Issues and problems in operationalizing word identification, phonological coding, and orthographic coding.
Connie Ho, Peter Bryant (1997)
Phonological skills are important in learning to read Chinese.Developmental psychology, 33 6
L. Siegel (1989)
IQ Is Irrelevant to the Definition of Learning DisabilitiesJournal of Learning Disabilities, 22
J. Metsala, A. Walley (1998)
Spoken vocabulary growth and the segmental restructuring of lexical representations: precursors to p
Vellutino Vellutino, Scanlon Scanlon, Lyon Lyon (2000)
Differentiating between difficult‐to‐remediate and readily remediated poor readers: More evidence against the IQ–achievement discrepancy definition of reading disabilityJournal of Learning Disabilities, 33
Philip Gough, W. Tunmer (1986)
Decoding, Reading, and Reading DisabilityRemedial and Special Education, 7
M. Bruck (1992)
Persistence of dyslexics' phonological deficits.Developmental Psychology, 28
I. Liberman, D. Shankweiler (1991)
Phonology and beginning reading: A tutorial.
S. Orton (1925)
WORD-BLINDNESS IN SCHOOL CHILDRENJournal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 14
L. Siegel, D. Share, E. Geva (1995)
Evidence for Superior Orthographic Skills in DyslexicsPsychological Science, 6
J. Gilger (2001)
Current Issues in the Neurology and Genetics of Learning-Related Traits and DisordersJournal of Learning Disabilities, 34
G. Cossu (1999)
Biological constraints on literacy acquisitionReading and Writing, 11
E. Gibson (1963)
Development of perception: discrimination of depth compared with discrimination of graphic symbols.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 28(2)
Susan Brady, S. Brady, D. Shankweiler, Donald Shankweiler, Virginia Mann, Virginia Mann (1983)
Speech perception and memory coding in relation to reading ability.Journal of experimental child psychology, 35 2
Christiana Leonard, Mark Eckert, L. Lombardino, Thomas Oakland, J. Kranzler, Cecile Mohr, Wayne King, A. Freeman (2001)
Anatomical risk factors for phonological dyslexia.Cerebral cortex, 11 2
J. Fletcher, P. Satz, R. Scholes (1981)
Developmental changes in the linguistic performance correlates of reading achievementBrain and Language, 13
G.
Tracing symbol naming speed ' s unique contributions to reading disabilities over time
G. Eden, J. VanMeter, J. Rumsey, J. Maisog, R. Woods, T. Zeffiro (1996)
Abnormal processing of visual motion in dyslexia revealed by functional brain imagingNature, 382
K. Stanovich, L. Siegel (1994)
Phenotypic performance profile of children with reading disabilities: A regression-based test of the phonological-core variable-difference model.Journal of Educational Psychology, 86
B. Foorman, D. Francis, D. Novy, D. Liberman (1991)
How Letter-Sound Instruction Mediates Progress in First-Grade Reading and SpellingJournal of Educational Psychology, 83
H. Taylor, J. Fletcher (1983)
Biological foundations of “specific developmental disorders”;: Methods, findings and future directionsJournal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12
B. Breitmeyer (1989)
A Visually Based Deficit in Specific Reading DisabilityIrish Journal of Psychology, 10
J. Torgesen, R. Wagner, C. Rashotte, Stephen Burgess, S. Hecht (1997)
Contributions of Phonological Awareness and Rapid Automatic Naming Ability to the Growth of Word-Reading Skills in Second- to Fifth-Grade Children.Scientific Studies of Reading, 1
B. Horwitz, J. Rumsey, B. Donohue (1998)
Functional connectivity of the angular gyrus in normal reading and dyslexia.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95 15
P. Tallal, M. Piercy (1975)
Developmental aphasia: The perception of brief vowels and extended stop consonantsNeuropsychologia, 13
R. Katz (1986)
Phonological deficiencies in children with reading disability: Evidence from an object-naming taskCognition, 22
C. Snow, M. Burns, P. Griffin (1998)
Preventing reading difficulties in young children
Stanovich Stanovich (1988)
Explaining the differences between the dyslexic and the garden‐variety poor reader: The phonological core variable difference modelJournal of Learning Disabilities, 21
Peter Hatcher, C. Hulme, A. Ellis (1994)
Ameliorating Early Reading Failure by Integrating the Teaching of Reading and Phonological Skills: The Phonological Linkage HypothesisChild Development, 65
J. Fletcher, B. Foorman, S. Shaywitz, B. Shaywitz (1999)
Conceptual and methodological issues in dyslexia research: A lesson for developmental disorders.
We summarize some of the most important findings from research evaluating the hypothesized causes of specific reading disability (‘dyslexia’) over the past four decades. After outlining components of reading ability, we discuss manifest causes of reading difficulties, in terms of deficiencies in component reading skills that might lead to such difficulties. The evidence suggests that inadequate facility in word identification due, in most cases, to more basic deficits in alphabetic coding is the basic cause of difficulties in learning to read. We next discuss hypothesized deficiencies in reading‐related cognitive abilities as underlying causes of deficiencies in component reading skills. The evidence in these areas suggests that, in most cases, phonological skills deficiencies associated with phonological coding deficits are the probable causes of the disorder rather than visual, semantic, or syntactic deficits, although reading difficulties in some children may be associated with general language deficits. Hypothesized deficits in general learning abilities (e.g., attention, association learning, cross‐modal transfer etc.) and low‐level sensory deficits have weak validity as causal factors in specific reading disability. These inferences are, by and large, supported by research evaluating the biological foundations of dyslexia. Finally, evidence is presented in support of the idea that many poor readers are impaired because of inadequate instruction or other experiential factors. This does not mean that biological factors are not relevant, because the brain and environment interact to produce the neural networks that support reading acquisition. We conclude with a discussion of the clinical implications of the research findings, focusing on the need for enhanced instruction.
The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry – Wiley
Published: Jan 1, 2004
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.