Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
E. Sanderson, K. Redford, C. Chetkiewicz, R. Medellín, A. Rabinowitz, J. Robinson, A. Taber (2002)
Planning to Save a Species: the Jaguar as a ModelConservation Biology, 16
A. Launer, D. Murphy (1994)
Umbrella species and the conservation of habitat fragments: a case of a threatened butterfly and a vanishing grassland ecosystemBiological Conservation, 69
T. McClanahan, T. Young (1996)
East African Ecosystems and Their Conservation
A. Mossman, R. Owen-Smith (1986)
Management of Large Mammals in African Conservation AreasJournal of Wildlife Management, 50
R. Burrows (1995)
Serengeti II: dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystemAnim. Conserv.
N. Owen‐Smith (1983)
Management of large mammals in African conservation areasBiol. Conserv.
T. Caro (1999)
Densities of mammals in partially protected areas: the Katavi ecosystem of western TanzaniaJournal of Applied Ecology, 36
(1995)
Long-term trends in the herbivore populations of the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. In Serengeti II: dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem: 146–168
D. L. Pearson, F. Cassola (1992)
World‐wide species richness patterns of tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae): indicator taxon for biodiversity and conservation studiesBiol. Conserv., 6
Botsford, Gaines (2001)
Dependence of sustainability on the configuration of marine reserves and larval dispersal distanceEcology Letters, 4
L. Isbell, D. Cheney, R. Seyfarth (1990)
Costs and benefits of home range shifts among vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in Amboseli National Park, KenyaBehavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 27
T. M. Caro (1999a)
Densities of mammals in partially protected areas: the Katavi ecosystem of western TanzaniaBiol. Conserv., 36
T. M. Caro, N. Pelkey, M. Borner, E. L. M. Severre, K. L. I. Campbell, S. A. Huish, J. Ole Kuwai, B. P. Farm, B. L. Woodworth (1988b)
The impact of tourist hunting on large mammals in Tanzania: an initial assessmentEcol. Appl., 36
E. Fleishman, D. Murphy, R. Blair (2001)
Selecting Effective Umbrella SpeciesConservation in Practice, 2
W. K. Ottichilo, J. Leeuw, H. H. T. Prins (2001)
Population trends of resident wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus (Neumann)) and factors influencing them in the Masai Mara ecosystem, KenyaLands. Urb. Plan., 97
M. Soulé, B. Wilcox, Claire Holtby (1979)
Benign neglect: A model of faunal collapse in the game reserves of East AfricaBiological Conservation, 15
E. Fleishman, D. Murphy, P. Brussard (2000)
A NEW METHOD FOR SELECTION OF UMBRELLA SPECIES FOR CONSERVATION PLANNINGEcological Applications, 10
Andrew Smith (2001)
Priorities for the Conservation of Mammalian Diversity: Has the Panda had its Day?Oryx, 35
T. Roosevelt, E. Heller (1922)
Life‐histories of African game animalsScience
A. T. Peterson, A. G. Navarro‐Siguenza (1999)
Alternate species concepts as bases for determining priority conservation areasBiol. Conserv., 13
Implications of high offspring mortality for cheetah population dynamics
D. Pearson, F. Cassola (1992)
World‐Wide Species Richness Patterns of Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae): Indicator Taxon for Biodiversity and Conservation StudiesConservation Biology, 6
T. Caro (1999)
Abundance and distribution of mammals in Katavi National Park, TanzaniaAfrican Journal of Ecology, 37
D. Glick, M. Carr, Bert Harting (1991)
An environmental profile of the greater Yellowstone ecosystem
J. H. Lawton (1994)
Population dynamic principlesBiol. Conserv., 334
(2000)
Charismatic megafauna as ‘ flagship species ’
G. K. Meffe, C. R. Carroll (1997)
Principles of conservation biology, 2nd editionConserv. Biol.
N. Pelkey, C. Stoner, T. Caro (2000)
Vegetation in Tanzania : assessing long term trends and effects of protection using satellite imageryBiological Conservation, 94
R. Woodroffe, J. Ginsberg (1998)
Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areasScience, 280 5372
Alexander Harcourt, Sean Parks, Rosie Woodroffe (2001)
Human density as an influence on species/area relationships: double jeopardy for small African reserves?Biodiversity & Conservation, 10
R. Noss (1990)
Indicators for Monitoring Biodiversity: A Hierarchical ApproachConservation Biology, 4
C. H. Flather, K. R. Wilson, D. J. Dean, W. C. McComb (1997)
Identifying gaps in conservation networks: of indicators and uncertainty in geographic‐based analysesJ. Wildl. Dis., 7
J. Prendergast, Rachel Quinn, John Lawton, B. Eversham, David Gibbons (1993)
Rare species, the coincidence of diversity hotspots and conservation strategiesNature, 365
T. Ricketts, E. Dinerstein, David Olson, C. Loucks (1999)
Who's Where in North America?BioScience, 49
C. Margules, R. Pressey (2000)
Systematic conservation planningNature, 405
(1995)
Katavi-Rukwa Conservation Project. Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau, unpubl. report
T. M. Caro (1999c)
Abundance and distribution of mammals in Katavi National Park, TanzaniaConserv. Biol., 37
M. Schwartz, T. Caro, T. Banda-Sakala (2002)
Assessing the sustainability of harvest of Pterocarpus angolensis in Rukwa Region, TanzaniaForest Ecology and Management, 170
J. Berger (1997)
Population Constraints Associated with the Use of Black Rhinos as an Umbrella Species for Desert HerbivoresConservation Biology, 11
E. Fleishman, D.D. Murphy, P.F. Brussard (2000)
A new method for selection of umbrella species for conservation planningBehav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 10
(1993)
Global management of rhinos
D. Simberloff (1998)
Flagships, umbrellas, and keystones: Is single-species management passé in the landscape era?Biological Conservation, 83
W. V. Reid (1998)
Biodiversity hotspotsAnn. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 13
P. Howard, P. Viskanic, T. Davenport, F. Kigenyi, M. Baltzer, C. Dickinson, J. Lwanga, R. Matthews, A. Balmford (1998)
Complementarity and the use of indicator groups for reserve selection in UgandaNature, 394
T. Caro (2001)
Species richness and abundance of small mammals inside and outside an African national parkBiological Conservation, 98
Tim Caro (1999)
Conservation monitoring: estimating mammal densities in woodland habitatsAnimal Conservation, 2
J. Altmann, G. Hausfater, S. Altmann (1985)
Demography of Amboseli baboons, 1963–1983American Journal of Primatology, 8
P. Beier (1993)
Determining Minimum Habitat Areas and Habitat Corridors for CougarsConservation Biology, 7
J. Kerr (1997)
Species Richness, Endemism, and the Choice of Areas for ConservationConservation Biology, 11
R. Neumann (1998)
Imposing Wilderness: Struggles over Livelihood and Nature Preservation in Africa
S. Swengel, A. Swengel (1999)
Correlations in abundance of grassland songbirdsand prairie butterfliesBiological Conservation, 90
(1995)
Population trends of ungulates in and around Kenya’s Masai Mara Reserve
(1995)
People and wildlife: spatial dynamics and zones of interaction
T. J. Foose (1993)
Rhinoceros biology and conservationJ. Zool. (Lond.)
S. Creel, N. Creel (1996)
Limitation of African Wild Dogs by Competition with Larger CarnivoresConservation Biology, 10
K. Campbell, H. Hofer (1995)
Serengeti II: dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystemAfr. J. Ecol.
T. Caro (2002)
Factors Affecting the Small Mammal Community Inside and Outside Katavi National Park, Tanzania1, 34
D. Western (1982)
Patterns of depletion in a Kenya rhino population and the conservation implications.Biological Conservation, 24
W. Suter, R. Graf, R. Hess (2002)
Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) and Avian Biodiversity: Testing the Umbrella‐Species ConceptConservation Biology, 16
(1987)
Tigers of the world
A. E. Launer, D. D. Murphy (1994)
Umbrella species and the conservation of habitat fragments: a case of a threatened butterfly and a vanishing grassland ecosystemConserv. Biol., 69
E. Fleishman, R. Blair, D. Murphy (2001)
EMPIRICAL VALIDATION OF A METHOD FOR UMBRELLA SPECIES SELECTIONEcological Applications, 11
Michiel Vires (1995)
Large Herbivores and the Design of Large‐Scale Nature Reserves in Western EuropeConservation Biology, 9
S. Creel, N. M. Creel (1996)
Limitation of African wild dogs by competition with larger carnivoresEcol. Applic., 10
(1994)
Turning conservation goals into tangible results : the case of the spotted owl and old - growth forests
D. Rubinoff (2001)
Evaluating the California Gnatcatcher as an Umbrella Species for Conservation of Southern California Coastal Sage ScrubConservation Biology, 15
(1995)
Serengeti past and present
E. Fleishman, R. B. Blair, D. D. Murphy (2001)
Empirical validation of a method for umbrella species selectionBiodivers. Conserv., 11
N. W. Pelkey, C. J. Stoner, T. M. Caro (2000)
Vegetation in Tanzania: assessing long term trends and effects of protection using satellite imageryConserv. Biol., 94
P. Martikainen, L. Kaila, Y. Haila (1998)
Threatened Beetles in White‐Backed Woodpecker HabitatsConservation Biology, 12
(1995)
Demographic changes and social consequences in wild dogs
E. Sanderson, K. Redford, A. Vedder, P. Coppolillo, Sarah Ward (2002)
A conceptual model for conservation planning based on landscape species requirementsLandscape and Urban Planning, 58
P. Armbruster, R. Lande (1993)
A Population Viability Analysis for African Elephant (Loxodonta africana): How Big Should Reserves Be?Conservation Biology, 7
M. D. Broten, M. Said (1995)
Serengeti II: dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystemJ. Appl. Ecol.
W. Ottichilo, J. Leeuw, H. Prins (2001)
Population trends of resident wildebeest - Connochaetes taurinus hecki - Neumann - and factors influencing them in the Masai Mara ecosystem, KenyaBiological Conservation, 97
Mary Chase, W. Kristan, A. Lynam, M. Price, J. Rotenberry (2000)
Single Species as Indicators of Species Richness and Composition in California Coastal Sage Scrub Birds and Small MammalsConservation Biology, 14
T. Caro, N. Pelkey, M. Borner, K. Campbell, B. Woodworth, B. Farm, J. Kuwai, S. Huish, E. Severre (1998)
Consequences of different forms of conservation for large mammals in Tanzania: preliminary analysesAfrican Journal of Ecology, 36
K. Virolainen, Teija Virola, J. Suhonen, M. Kuitunen, Antti Lammi, P. Siikamäki (1999)
Selecting networks of nature reserves: methods do affect the long-term outcomeProceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 266
P. Williams, D. Gibbons, C. Margules, A. Rebelo, C. Humphries, R. Pressey (1996)
A Comparison of Richness Hotspots, Rarity Hotspots, and Complementary Areas for Conserving Diversity of British BirdsConservation Biology, 10
M. K. Laurenson (1995)
Serengeti II: dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystemConserv. Biol.
A. Peterson, Adolfo Navarro‐Sigüenza (1999)
Alternate Species Concepts as Bases for Determining Priority Conservation AreasConservation Biology, 13
N. Myers, R. Mittermeier, C. Mittermeier, G. Fonseca, J. Kent (2000)
Biodiversity hotspots for conservation prioritiesNature, 403
M. Kelly, M. Laurenson, C. Fitzgibbon, D. Collins, S. Durant, George, W. Frame, B. Bertram, T. Caro (1998)
Demography of the Serengeti cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) population: the first 25 yearsJournal of Zoology, 244
W. Siegfried, G. Benn, C. Gelderblom (1998)
Regional assessment and conservation implications of landscape characteristics of African national parksBiological Conservation, 84
T.M. Caro, N. Pelkey, M. Borner, K. L. I. Campbell, B. L. Woodworth, B. P. Farm, J. Ole Kuwai, S. A. Huish, E. L. M. Severre (1998a)
Consequences of different forms of conservation for large mammals in Tanzania: preliminary analysesConserv. Biol., 36
R. Lambeck (1997)
Focal Species: A Multi‐Species Umbrella for Nature ConservationConservation Biology, 11
C. Flather, K. Wilson, D. Dean, W. Mccomb (1997)
IDENTIFYING GAPS IN CONSERVATION NETWORKS: OF INDICATORS AND UNCERTAINTY IN GEOGRAPHIC-BASED ANALYSESEcological Applications, 7
W. Newmark (1987)
A land-bridge island perspective on mammalian extinctions in western North American parksNature, 325
(1986)
Jaguar. New York: Random House
S. Andelman, W. Fagan (2000)
Umbrellas and flagships: efficient conservation surrogates or expensive mistakes?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97 11
J. Lawton (1994)
Population dynamic principlesPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 344
W. Newmark (1996)
Insularization of Tanzanian Parks and the Local Extinction of Large MammalsConservation Biology, 10
T.M. Caro (2001)
Species richness and abundance of small mammals inside and outside an African national parkAfr. J. Ecol., 98
P. Martikainen, L. Kaila, Y. Haila (1998)
Threatened beetles in white‐backed woodpecker habitatsBiol. Conserv., 12
F. Cotterill (1999)
Principles of Conservation Biology, 2nd EditionBiodiversity & Conservation, 8
T. Caro, N. Pelkey, M. Borner, E. Severre, K. Campbell, S. Huish, J. Kuwai, B. Farm, B. Woodworth (1998)
The impact of tourist hunting on large mammals in Tanzania: an initial assessmentAfrican Journal of Ecology, 36
T. Caro, Gillian O'Doherty (1999)
On the Use of Surrogate Species in Conservation BiologyConservation Biology, 13
M. J. Kelly, M. K. Laurenson, C. D. FitzGibbon, S. M. Durant, D. A. Collins, G. W. Frame, B. C. R. Bertram, T. M. Caro (1998)
Demography of the Serengeti cheetah population: the first 25 yearsConserv. Biol., 244
A. Rabinowitz (1986)
JaguarConserv. Biol.
H. Johnston
African Nature Notes and ReminiscencesNature, 78
W. Pearsall (1957)
Report on an Ecological Survey of the Serengeti National Park TanganyikaOryx, 4
S. Gascoyne, M. Laurenson, S. Lelo, M. Borner (1993)
RABIES IN AFRICAN WILD DOGS (LYCAON PICTUS) IN THE SERENGETI REGION, TANZANIA, 29
C. Ryall (1998)
Principles of conservation biologyEnvironmentalist, 19
(1995)
Plant communities and herbivory
J. Walters (1991)
Application of Ecological Principles to the Management of Endangered Species: The Case of the Red-Cockaded WoodpeckerAnnual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 22
R. Woodroffe, J. Ginsberg (2000)
Ranging behaviour and vulnerability to extinction in carnivores
W. Ottichilo, J. Leeuw, A. Skidmore, H. Prins, M. Said (2000)
Population trends of large non‐migratory wild herbivores and livestock in the Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya, between 1977 and 1997African Journal of Ecology, 38
Umbrella species are ‘species with large area requirements, which if given sufficient protected habitat area, will bring many other species under protection’. Historically, umbrella species were employed to delineate specific reserve boundaries but are now used in two senses: (1) as aids to identifying areas of species richness at a large geographic scale; (2) as a means of encompassing populations of co‐occuring species at a local scale. In the second sense, there is a dilemma as to whether to maximize the number or viability of background populations; the umbrella population itself needs to be viable as well. Determining population viability is sufficiently onerous that it could damage the use of umbrella species as a conservation shortcut. The effectiveness of using the umbrella‐species concept at a local scale was investigated in the real world by examining reserves in East Africa that were gazetted some 50 years ago using large mammals as umbrella species. Populations of these species are still numerous in most protected areas although a few have declined. Populations of other, background species have in general been well protected inside reserves; for those populations that have declined, the causes are unlikely to have been averted if reserves had been set up using other conservation tools. Outside one reserve, Katavi National Park in Tanzania, background populations of edible ungulates and small carnivores are lower than inside the reserve but small rodent and insectivore abundance is higher. While we cannot compare East African reserves to others not gazetted using umbrella species, the historical record in this region suggests that umbrella species have been an effective conservation shortcut perhaps because most reserves were initially large and could encompass substantial populations of background species. It is therefore premature to discard the local‐scale umbrella‐species concept despite its conceptual difficulties.
Animal Conservation – Wiley
Published: May 1, 2003
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.