Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
R. Amen (1965)
Seed Dormancy in the Alpine Rush, Luzula Spicata L.Ecology, 46
Biebl Biebl (1942)
Wirkung der UV‐Strahlen auf die PlasmapermeabilitätProtoplasma, 37
E. Hadley, L. Bliss (1964)
Energy Relationships of Alpine Plants of Mt. Washington, New HampshireEcological Monographs, 34
P. Bauer (1967)
Environment of the Cape Thompson Region, AlaskaBioScience, 17
Shakhov Shakhov, Shishchenko Shishchenko, Stanko Stanko, Sheidurov Sheidurov, Golubkova Golubkova (1965)
The problem of ultraviolet irradiation of plants in space phytophysiology. (Ul'trafioletovoe obluchenie rastenii kak problema kosmicheskoi fitofiziologii)Prob. Kosmi. Biol., 4
W. Tranquillini (1964)
The Physiology of Plants at High AltitudesAnnual Review of Plant Biology, 15
(1963)
The effect of soil temperature on the amount of various forms of phosphorus in plants
J. Clausen, D. Keck, W. Hiesey (1940)
Experimental studies on the nature of species. II. Plant evolution through amphiploidy, with examples from the Madiinae.
Eilif Dahl (1963)
ON THE HEAT EXCHANGE OF A WET VEGETATION SURFACE AND THE ECOLOGY OF KOENIGIA ISLANDI CAOikos, 14
T. Mosquin (1966)
Reproductive Specialization as a Factor in the Evolution of the Canadian Flora
(1940)
Uber die Blettpigmente der Alpenpflanzen
H. Sjors, D. Mcvean, D. Ratcliffe (1963)
Plant Communities of the Scottish Highlands. A Study of Scottish Mountain, Moorland and Forest Vegetation.Journal of Ecology, 51
D. Scott, W. Billings (1964)
Effects of Environmental Factors on Standing Crop and Productivity of an Alpine TundraEcological Monographs, 34
(1957)
Tropical mountain vegetation
Mooney Mooney, West West (1964)
Photosynthetic acclimation of plants of diverse originAm. J. Bat., 51
J. Wilson (1960)
Observations on net assimilation rates in Arctic environments.Annals of Botany, 24
(1926)
Vegetationsentwicklung und Bodenbilding in der alpinen Stufe der Zentralalpen
R. Beschel (1961)
Dating Rock Surfaces by Lichen Growth and its Application to Glaciology and Physiography (Lichenometry)
A. Holtom, S. Greene (1967)
The growth and reproduction of Antarctic flowering plantsPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 252
Net primary production of tundra ecosystems
A. Porsild (1951)
Plant life in the Arctic
R. Daubenmire (1954)
Alpine Timberlines in the Americas and Their InterpretationButler University Botanical Studies, 11
H. Mooney, R. Wright, B. Strain (1964)
The Gas Exchange Capacity of Plants in Relation to Vegetation Zonation in the White Mountains of CaliforniaAmerican Midland Naturalist, 72
(1950)
Die Flechten als ausserste Vorposten des Lebens im Gebirge
M. Caldwell (1968)
Solar Ultraviolet Radiation as an Ecological Factor for Alpine PlantsEcological Monographs, 38
(1965)
The structure and development of turf hummocks in the Mesters Vig District
J. Braun-Blanquet (1948)
La végétation alpine des Pyrénées orientales : étude de phytosociologie comparée
R. Longton (1967)
Vegetation in the Maritime AntarcticPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 252
(1967)
The effect of environmental factors on the leaf water balance of conifers
(1961)
Studies of climatic ecotypes of higher plants
R. Vickery (1967)
Ranges of Temperature Tolerance For Germination of Mimulus Seeds From Diverse PopulationsEcology, 48
J. Bray, H. Lieth (1962)
The primary productivity of vegetation in central Minnesota, U.S.A., and its relationship to chlorophyll content and albedo.
(1963)
I1 nanismo di molte piante alpine e essenzialmente genetico
(1967)
Alpine and aeolian regions of the world
(1965)
Ul'trafioletovoe obluchenie rastenii kak problema kosmicheskoi fitofiziologii
L. Bliss (1956)
A Comparison of Plant Development in Microenvironments of Arctic and Alpine TundrasEcological Monographs, 26
W. Billings, H. Mooney (1959)
An Apparent Frost Hummock-Sorted Polygon Cycle in the Alpine Tundra of WyomingEcology, 40
R. Amen (1966)
The Extent and Role of Seed Dormancy in Alpine PlantsThe Quarterly Review of Biology, 41
McWilliam McWilliam, Naylor Naylor (1967)
Temperature and plant adaptation. I. Interaction of temperature and light in the synthesis of chlorophyll in cornPI. Physiol., 4
J. Larsen (1965)
The Vegetation of the Ennadai Lake Area, N.W.T.: Studies in Subarctic and Arctic BioclimatologyEcological Monographs, 35
(1911)
Die PfEanzenwelt der peruanischen Anden
(1951)
The arctic-alpine flora of three peaks in the Sierra Nevada
(1967)
The ecology of Thlaspi alpestre in the Central Rocky Mountains along altitudinal gradients
M. Juhren, W. Hiesey, F. Went (1953)
Germination and Early Growth of Grasses in Controlled ConditionsEcology, 34
(1965)
The energy environment of the alpine tundra. Oecologia PI. I, 39-62. 678-97. shire
Mosquin Mosquin, Martin Martin (1967)
Observations on the pollination biology of plants on Melville Island, N.W.T., CanadaCan. Fld Nat., 81
E. Salisbury (1948)
The Geography of the Flowering PlantsNature, 161
E. Bonde (1965)
Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants
(1959)
32. A. Pisek und H. Knapp: Zur Kenntnis der Respirationsintensität von Blättern verschiedener BlütenpflanzenBerichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft
Henrici Henrici (1918)
Chlorophyllgehalt und Kohlensäure‐Assimilation bei Alpen‐ und Ebenen‐PflanzenVerh. nuturf, Ges. Basel, 30
I. Hustich (1948)
The scotch pine in northernmost Finland and its dependence on the climate in the last decades
F. Went (1953)
ANNUAL PLANTS AT HIGH ALTITUDES IN THE SIERRA NEVADA, CALIFORNIAMadroño; a West American journal of botany, 12
W. Billings, E. Clebsch, H. Mooney (1961)
Effect of Low Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide on Photosynthesis Rates of Two Races of OxyriaScience, 133
M. Mani (1962)
Introduction to high altitude entomology
Brockmann‐Jerosch Brockmann‐Jerosch (1919)
Baumgrenze und KlimacharakterSchweiz. Beitr. geobot. Landesaufn., 6
R. Griggs (1956)
Competition and Succession on a Rocky Mountain FellfieldEcology, 37
B. Strain (1966)
The Effect of a Late Spring Frost on the Radial Growth of Variant Quaking Aspen BiotypesForest Science, 12
Olav Gjærevoll (1956)
The plant communities of the scandinavian alpine snow-beds, 1
(1967)
Die Vegetationzeit in zentralalpinen Lagen Tirols in Abhangigkeit von den Temperatur-und Niedersdlagsverhaltnissen
(1964)
Carbohydrate content and cold resistance of higher plant cells
(1967)
The distribution and environmental relationships of antarctic lichens
(1968)
Acclimation effects on metabolic rates of arctic and alpine Oxyria populations subjected to temperature stress
(1965)
The problem of ultraviolet irradiation of plants in space phytophysiology
N. Polunin (1948)
Vegetation and ecology
L. Klikoff (1965)
Microenvironmental Influence on Vegetational Pattern near Timberline in the Central Sierra NevadaEcological Monographs, 35
V. Sukachev (1965)
Studies on the flora and vegetation of high-mountain areas
H. Mooney (1963)
Physiological Ecolgy of Coastal, Subalpine, and Alpine Populations of Polygonum bistortoidesEcology, 44
A. Pisek (1960)
Pflanzen der Arktis und des Hochgebirges
E. Heyne (1960)
Experimental Studies on the Nature of Species. IVAgronomy Journal, 52
(1958)
An attempt to measure the over- and underground mass of tundra plants
H. Mooney, W. Billings (1965)
Effects of Altitude on Carbohydrate Content of Mountain PlantsEcology, 46
(1967)
Observations on the pollination biology of plants
(1964)
The role of physiology and environment in the distribution of arctic plants
J. Clausen, D. Keck, W. Hiesey (1940)
Effect of varied environments on western North American plants
Jerry Brown, P. Johnson (1965)
PEDO-ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS, BARROW, ALASKA
H. Mooney, Marda West (1964)
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACCLIMATION OF PLANTS OF DIVERSE ORIGINAmerican Journal of Botany, 51
L. Bliss (1962)
Caloric and Lipid Content in Alpine Tundra PlantsEcology, 43
P. Wardle (1964)
Facets of the distribution of forest vegetation in New ZealandNew Zealand Journal of Botany, 2
R. Sayers, R. Ward (1966)
Germination Responses in Alpine SpeciesBotanical Gazette, 127
(1935)
Duration of the vegetation period on the northern island of Novaya Zemlya
(1929)
La flora alpina ed i suoi adattamenti alle radiazioni ultra-violette del sole
Rauh Rauh (1940)
Die Wuchsformen der PolsterpflanzenBot. Arch., 40
P. Scholander, W. Flagg, R. Hock, L. Irving (1953)
Studies on the physiology of frozen plants and animals in the Arctic.Journal of cellular physiology. Supplement, 42 Suppl.
(1963)
Phytogeography of Middle West Greenland
(1956)
Rondane: Mountain vegetation in south Norway and its relation to the environment
D. Lawrence, R. Schoenike, A. Quispel, G. Bond (1967)
THE ROLE OF DRYAS DRUMMONDII IN VEGETATION DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING ICE RECESSION AT GLACIER BAY, ALASKA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS NITROGEN FIXATION BY ROOT NODULESJournal of Ecology, 55
W. Billings, E. Clebsch, H. Mooney (1966)
Photosynthesis and Respiration Rates of Rocky Mountain Alpine Plants Under Field ConditionsAmerican Midland Naturalist, 75
H. Turner (1957)
Über das Licht- und Strahlungsklima einer Hanglage der Ötztaler Alpen bei Obergurgl und seine Auswirkung auf das Mikroklima und auf die Vegetation, 8
(1965)
Photoperiodic and temperature effects on growth, flowering, and dormancy of widely distributed populations
O. Björkman, P. Holmgren (1958)
Preliminary Observations on Anthocyanins and Other Flavonoid Compounds and Respiration Rates in Different Ecotypes of Solidago virgaureaPhysiologia Plantarum, 11
L. Tieszen, P. Johnson (1968)
Pigment Structure of Some Arctic Tundra CommunitiesEcology, 49
R. Ward, M. Dimitri (1966)
Alpine Tundra on Mt Catedral in the Southern AndesNew Zealand Journal of Botany, 4
H. Holm
Contributions to the morphology, synonymy, and geographical distribution of arctic plants
Polunin Polunin (1948)
Botany of the Canadian Eastern Arctic. III. Vegetation and ecologyBull. natn. Mus. Can., 104
H. Mooney, W. Billings (1961)
Comparative Physiological Ecology of Arctic and Alpine Populations of Oxyria digynaEcological Monographs, 31
Central Otago: vegetation and mountain climate
R. Russell (1940)
Physiological and ecological studies on an arctic vegetation. III. Observations on carbon assimilation, carbohydrate storage, and stomatal movement in relation to the growth of plants on Jan Mayen Island.Journal of Ecology, 28
H. Hanson (1953)
Vegetation Types in Northwestern Alaska and Comparisons with Communities in Other Arctic RegionsEcology, 34
(1963)
Zur spatwinterlichen Erschwerung der Wasserbilanz von Holzpflanzen au der Waldgrenze
O. Hedberg (1964)
Features of afroalpine plant ecology
Reisigl Reisigl, Pitschmann Pitschmann (1958)
Obere Grenzen von Flora und Vegetation in der Nivalstufe der zentralen Ötztaler Alpen (Tirol)Vegetatio, 8
(1967)
Gebirgs- und Tieflandsippen von Blutenpflanzen im Bereich der Schweizer Alpen
G. Webster (1961)
THE ALTITUDINAL LIMITS OF VASCULAR PLANTSEcology, 42
C. Montfort (1950)
Photochemische Wirkungen des Höhenklimas auf die Chloroplasten photolabiler Pflanzen im Mittel- und HochgebirgeZeitschrift für Naturforschung B, 5
R. Daubenmire (1941)
Some Ecologic Features of the Subterranean Organs of Alpine PlantsEcology, 22
Mooney Mooney, Wright Wright, Strain Strain (1964)
The gas exchange capacity of plants in relation to vegetation zonation in the White Mountains of CaliforniaAm. Midl. Nut., 72
(1957)
The vascular plants of Peary Land, North Greenland
W. Billings, A. Mark (1961)
Interactions between Alpine Tundra Vegetation and Patterned Ground in the Mountains of Southern New ZealandEcology, 42
A. Hill (1934)
Germination of Seeds*Nature, 133
J. Wilson (1966)
An Analysis of Plant Growth and its Control in Arctic EnvironmentsAnnals of Botany, 30
J. Holway, R. Ward (1965)
Phenology of Alpine Plants in Northern ColoradoEcology, 46
O. Björkman, P. Holmgren (1963)
Adaptability of the Photosynthetic Apparatus to Light Intensity in Ecotypes from Exposed and Shaded HabitatsPhysiologia Plantarum, 16
A. Pisek, W. Larcher, Rosemarie Unterholzner (1967)
Kardinale Temperaturbereiche der Photosynthese und Grenztemperaturen des Lebens der Blätter verschiedener Spermatophyten: I. Temperaturminimum der Nettoassimilation, Gefrier- und Frostschadensbereiche der BlätterFlora oder Allgemeine botanische Zeitung. Abt. B, Morphologie und Geobotanik, 157
Die Alpenblumen, ihre Befruchtung durch Insekten und ihre Anpassung an dieselbe
Irving Irving, Lanphear Lanphear (1967)
The long day leaf as a source of cold hardiness inhibitorsPI. Physiol., 4
R. Fonda, L. Bliss (1966)
Annual Carbohydrate Cycle of Alpine Plants on Mt. Washington, New HampshireBulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 93
J. Clausen, D. Keck, W. Hiesey (1948)
Environmental responses of climatic races of Achillea
(1964)
Biological productivity of the main types of vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere of the Old World
Biebl Biebl (1967)
Kurztag‐Einflüsse auf arktische Pflanzen während der arktischen LangtagePlantu, 75
Das dreidimensionale Schema der Vegetationsverteilung auf der Erde
Bull. ecol. SOC. A m . 46, I I I (abstr
L. Bliss (1962)
Adaptations of Arctic and Alpine Plants to Environmental ConditionsArctic, 15
(1965)
Characteristics of photosynthesis of plants in conditions of high altitudes of the Pamir Range
(1963)
Contributions to the biology of arctic plants [in Russian
R. Irving, F. Lanphear (1967)
The long day leaf as a source of cold hardiness inhibitors.Plant physiology, 42 10
(1932)
Die Stoflproduktion der P’anzen
C. Eagles (1967)
Variation in the Soluble Carbohydrate Content of Climatic Races of Dactylis Glomerata (Cocksfoot) at Different TemperaturesAnnals of Botany, 31
(1965)
Temperatur-und Lichtabhangigkeit der Photosynthese sowie Frost-und Hitzeresistenz der Blatter von drei Hochgebiagspflanzm (Ranunculus glacialis, Geum reptans, Oxyria digyna). Doctoral diss
Lange Lange (1966)
CO 2 ‐Gaswechsel der Flechte Cladonia alcicornis nach langfristigem Aufenthalt bei tiefen TemperaturenFlora, Jena, 156
Pisek Pisek, Larcher Larcher, Unterholzner Unterholzner (1967)
Kardinale Temperaturbereiche der Photosynthese und Grenztemperaturen des Lebens der Blätter verschiedener Spermatophyten. I. Temperatur‐minimum der Nettoassimilation, Gefrier‐und Frostschadensbereiche der BlätterFlora, Jena B, 157
(1940)
Uber Transpiration und Kohlensaure-assimilation an einem hochalpinen Standort
(1966)
Atmospheric factors of Front Range Colorado, regional ecosystems
N. Wilimovsky, J. Wolfe (1967)
Environment of the Cape Thompson region, AlaskaJournal of Animal Ecology, 36
Bliss Bliss, Mark Mark (1965)
Alpine microenvironments and plant productivity on Rock and Pillar Range, New ZealandBull. ecol. Soc. Am., 46
L. Bliss (1963)
Alpine Plant Communities of the Presidential Range, New HampshireEcology, 44
L. Klikoff (1966)
Temperature Dependence of the Oxidative Rates of Mitochondria in Danthonia intermedia, Penstemon davidsonii and Sitanion hystrixNature, 212
A. Watt, D. Mcvean, D. Ratcliffe (1963)
Plant Communities of the Scottish HighlandsThe Geographical Journal, 129
(1965)
Der C0,-Gaswechsel von Flechten bei tiefen Temperaturen
(1967)
Einblicke in das Leben von Nivalpflanzen
R. Russell (1940)
Physiological and ecological studies on an Arctic vegetation. II: The development of vegetation in relation to nitrogen supply and soil micro-organisms on Jan Mayen IslandJournal of Ecology, 28
D. Savile (1964)
General Ecology and Vascular Plants of the Hazen Camp AreaArctic, 17
John Pelton (1956)
A STUDY OF SEED DORMANCY IN EIGHTEEN SPECIES OF HIGH ALTITUDE COLORADO PLANTSButler University Botanical Studies, 13
J. Mcwilliam, A. Naylor (1967)
Temperature and plant adaptation. I. Interaction of temperature and light in the synthesis of chlorophyll in corn.Plant physiology, 42 12
E. Clebsch (1960)
Comparative morphological and physiological variation in arctic and alpine populations of Trisetum spicatum.
Billings Billings, Clebsch Clebsch, Mooney Mooney (1966)
Photosynthesis and respiration rates of Rocky Mountain alpine plants under field conditionsAm. Midl. Nut., 75
(1918)
Chlorophyllgehalt und Kohlensaure-Assimilation bei Alpen-und Ebenen-Pflanzen. Verh. nuturf, Ges. Base1
B. Roberts, S. Greene, J. Gressitt, D. Koob, G. Llano, E. Rudolph, R. Singer, W. Steere, F. Ugolini (1968)
Terrestrial Life of AntarcticaJournal of Animal Ecology, 37
H. Reisigl, H. Pitschmann (1958)
Obere grenzen von flora und vegetation in der nivalstufe der zentralen tztaler alpen (tirol): mit 1 karte, 17 tabellen und 9 abbildungen, 8
John Pelton, J. Marr (1962)
Ecosystems of the East Slope of the Front Range in Colorado.American Midland Naturalist, 68
H. Wager (1938)
Growth and Survival of Plants in the ArcticJournal of Ecology, 26
W. Billings, P. Godfrey (1967)
Photosynthetic Utilization of Internal Carbon Dioxide by Hollow-Stemmed PlantsScience, 158
N. Polunin (1951)
The real Arctic : suggestions for its delimitation, sub-division and characterizationJournal of Ecology, 39
(1965)
Alpine microenvironments and plant productivity on Rock and BOCHER
L. Bliss (1958)
Seed Germination in Arctic and Alpine SpeciesArctic, 11
C. Hubbs (1941)
Experimental Studies on the Nature of Species. I. Effect of Varied Environments on Western North American Plants.Jens Clausen , David D. Keck , William M. HieseyThe American Naturalist, 75
(1963)
Climate and water relations of plants in the sub-alpine region. I n The Water TRANQUILLINI
(1967)
Alpine ecosystems of the Australasian Region
(1941)
Temperature relations and phenology of the northeast Greenland floweringplants
L. Bliss (1966)
Plant Productivity in Alpine Microenvironments on Mt. Washington, New HampshireEcological Monographs, 36
Scholander Scholander, Flagg Flagg, Hock Hock, Irving Irving (1953)
Studies on the physiology of frozen plants and animals in the ArcticJ. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 42
Björkman Björkman (1967)
Photosynthetic inhibition by oxygen in higher plantsYb. Carnegie Inst. Wash., 65
H. Hodgson (1966)
Floral Initiation in Alaskan GramineaeBotanical Gazette, 127
A. Wilmott (1942)
Botany of the Canadian Eastern ArcticNature, 149
F. Fisher, K. West (1965)
The Alpine Ranunculi of New Zealand.
Pisek Pisek, Knapp Knapp (1959)
Zur Kenntnis der Respirationsintensitat von Blattern verschiedener BlütenpflanzenBer. dt. bat. Ges., 72
Pisek Pisek (1960)
Die photosynthetischen Leistungen von Pflanzen besonderer Standorte. ( a ) Pflanzen der Arktis und des HochgebirgesHandb. PflPhysiol., 5
P. Johnson, W. Billings (1962)
The Alpine Vegetation of the Beartooth Plateau in Relation to Cryopedogenic Processes and PatternsEcological Monographs, 32
A. Henry (1897)
CLIMATE OF ALASKAMonthly Weather Review, 25
(1952)
Osobennosti povedeniia rastenii na Kholodnykh pochvakh
H. Mooney, A. Johnson (1965)
Comparative Physiological Ecology of an Arctic and Alpine Population of Thalictrum Alpinum L.Ecology, 46
A. Pisek, W. Larcher, W. Moser, Ida Pack (1967)
Kardinale Temperaturbereiche der Photosynthese und Grenztemperaturen des Lebens der Blätter verschiedener SpermatophytenFlora oder Allgemeine botanische Zeitung. Abt. B, Morphologie und Geobotanik, 158
(1964)
Seasonal caloric and carbohydrate content of Caltha leptosepala, an alpine snowbank plant
Gessner Gessner (1960)
Die photosynthetischen Leistungen von Pflanzen besonderer Standorte. ( d ) Die Assimilationsbedingungen im tropischen RegenwaldHandb. Pflphysiol, 5
H. Mooney, W. Billings (1960)
THE ANNUAL CARBOHYDRATE CYCLE OF ALPINE PLANTS AS RELATED TO GROWTHAmerican Journal of Botany, 47
W. Billings, L. Bliss (1959)
An Alpine Snowbank Environment and Its Effects on Vegetation, Plant Development, and ProductivityEcology, 40
Hodgson Hodgson (1966)
Floral initiation in Alaskan GramineaeBat. Gaz., 127
(1966)
Insolation and other environmental factors during 1965 in three ecological regions in the Front Range
Parker Parker (1963)
Cold resistance in woody plantsBot. Rev., 29
H. Mooney, R. Hillier, W. Billings (1965)
Transpiration Rates of Alpine Plants in the Sierra Nevada of CaliforniaAmerican Midland Naturalist, 74
Publs no. I. north-west Himalaya
(1948)
Vegetation der schweizer Alpen
Bonde Bonde (1965a)
Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plantsUniv. Colo. Stud. Ser. Biol., 14
N. Polunin (1959)
Circumpolar arctic flora
Marr Marr (1961)
Ecosystems of the east slope of the Front Range in ColoradoUniv. Colo. Stud., Ser. Biol., 8
A. Porsild, C. Harington, G. Mulligan (1967)
Lupinus arcticus Wats. Grown from Seeds of Pleistocene AgeScience, 158
O. Lange (1966)
CO 2 -Gaswechsel der Flechte Cladonia alcicornis nach langfristigem Aufenthalt bei tiefen TemperaturenFlora oder Allgemeine botanische Zeitung. Abt. A, Physiologie und Biochemie, 156
(1955)
The flora, vegetation and soils of Macquarie Island
H. Mooney, B. Strain, Marda West (1966)
Photosynthetic Efficiency at Reduced Carbon Dioxide TensionsEcology, 47
(1938)
Studien uber die generative und vegetative Vermehrung der Samen-pflanzen in der alpinen Vegetation Petsamo-Lappland. I, 11. Suomal. elain-ja kasvit
E. Mayr, J. Clausen, D. Keck, W. Hiesey (1948)
Climatic Races in Plants and Animals@@@Experimental Studies on the Nature of Species. III. Environmental Responses of Climatic Races of Achillea.Evolution, 2
M. Caldwell (1969)
Erythronium: Comparative Phenology of Alpine and Deciduous Forest Species in Relation to EnvironmentAmerican Midland Naturalist, 82
Gates Gates, Janke Janke (1966)
The energy environment of the alpine tundraOecologia PI, I
Heine Heine (1937)
Observations on the pollination of New Zealand flowering plantsTrans. R. Soc. N.Z., 67
L. Klikoff (1965)
Photosynthetic Response to Temperature and Moisture Stress of Three Timberline Meadow SpeciesEcology, 46
Mark Mark (1965b)
Flowering, seeding, and seedling establishment of narrow‐leaved snow tussock, Chionochloa rigidaN.Z. J. Bat., 3
H. Brockmann-Jerosch (1920)
Baumgrenze und Klimacharakter.Journal of Ecology, 8
A. Mark (1965)
Flowering, seeding, and seedling establishment of narrow-leaved Snow Tussock, Chionochloa RigidaNew Zealand Journal of Botany, 3
Björkman Björkman, Holmgren Holmgren (1961)
Studies of climatic ecotypes of higher plants. Leaf respiration in different populations of Solidago virgaureaK. LantbrHögsk. Annlr., 27
D. Savile (1961)
THE BOTANY OF THE NORTHWESTERN QUEEN ELIZABETH ISLANDSBotany, 39
(1958)
Zur Physiognomik der Tropengewachse
Holtom Holtom, Greene Greene (1967)
The growth and reproduction of antarctic flowering plantsPhil. Trans. R. Sac. B, 252
Raup Raup (1965)
The structure and development of turf hummocks in the Mesters Vig District, Northeast GreenlandMeddr. Grrnnland, 166
Summary ‘How are plants adapted to the low temperatures and other stresses of arctic and alpine environments ?’ At present it is not possible to answer this question completely. Much work remains to be done, particularly on low‐temperature metabolism, frost resistance, and the environmental cues and requirements for flowering, dormancy, regrowth, and germination. However, in brief, we can say that plants are adapted to these severe environments by employing combinations of the following general characteristics: 1. Life form: perennial herb, prostrate shrub, or lichen. Perennial herbs have greatest part of biomass underground. 2. Seed dormancy: generally controlled by environment; seeds can remain dormant for long periods of time at low temperatures since they require temperatures well above freezing for germination. 3. Seedling establishment: rare and very slow; it is often several years before a seedling is safely established. 4. Chlorophyll content: in both alpine and arctic ecosystems not greatly different on a land‐area basis from that in temperate herbaceous communities. Within a single species there is more chlorophyll in leaves of arctic populations than in those of alpine populations. 5. Photosynthesis and respiration: (a) These are at high rates for only a few weeks when temperatures and light are favourable. (b) Optimum photosynthesis rates are at lower temperatures than for ordinary plants; rates are both genetically and environmentally controlled with phenotypic plasticity very marked. (c) Dark respiration is higher at all temperatures than for ordinary plants; rate is both genetically and environmentally controlled, with phenotypic plasticity very pronounced, i.e. low‐temperature environment increases the rate at all temperatures. (d) Alpine plants have higher light‐saturation values in photosynthesis than do arctic or lowland plants; light saturation closely tied to temperature. (e) There is some evidence that alpine plants can carry on photosynthesis at lower carbon dioxide concentrations than can other plants. (f) Annual productivity is low, but daily productivity during growing season can be as high as that of most temperate herbaceous vegetation. Productivity can be increased by temperature, nutrients, or water. 6. Drought resistance: most drought stress in winter in exposed sites is due to frozen soils and dry winds. It is met by decreased water potentials, higher concentrations of soluble carbohydrates, and closed stomates. Little drought resistance in snowbank plants. Alpine plants adapted to summer drought stress can carry on photosynthesis at low water potentials; alpine or arctic plants of moist sites cannot do this. 7. Breaking of dormancy: controlled by mean temperatures near or above 0° C., and in some cases by photoperiod also. 8. Growth: very rapid even at low positive temperatures. Respiration greatly exceeds photosynthesis in early re‐growth of perennials. Internal photosynthesis may occur in hollow stems of larger plants during early growth. Nitrogen and phosphorus often limiting in cold soil. 9. Food storage: characteristic of all alpine and arctic plants except annuals. Carbohydrates mostly stored underground in herbaceous perennials. Lipids in old leaves and stems of prostrate evergreen shrubs. Depleted in early growth, and usually restored after flowering. 10. Winter survival: survival and frost resistance are excellent after hardening. Cold resistance closely tied to content of soluble carbohydrates, particularly raffinose. 11. Flowering: flower buds are pre‐formed the year before. Complete development and anthesis dependent upon temperature of the flowering year and also, in some cases, upon photoperiod. 12. Pollination: mostly insect‐pollinated in alpine regions and even in Arctic, but to a lesser extent. Wind‐pollination increasingly more important with increasing latitude. Diptera more important than bees in the Arctic and in the highest mountains. 13. Seed production: opportunistic, and dependent upon temperature during flowering period and latter half of growing season. 14. Vegetative reproduction: by rhizomes, bulbils, or layering. More common and important in Arctic than in alpine areas. 15. Onset of dormancy: triggered by photoperiod, low temperatures, and drought. Dormant plant extremely resistant to low temperatures.
Biological Reviews – Wiley
Published: Nov 1, 1968
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.