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Macrophages (MPs) are important for skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo and may exert beneficial effects on myogenic cell growth through mitogenic and antiapoptotic activities in vitro. However, MPs are highly versatile and may exert various, and even opposite, functions depending on their activation state. We studied monocyte (MO)/MP phenotypes and functions during skeletal muscle repair. Selective labeling of circulating MOs by latex beads in CX3CR1 GFP/+ mice showed that injured muscle recruited only CX3CR1 lo /Ly-6C + MOs from blood that exhibited a nondividing, F4/80 lo , proinflammatory profile. Then, within muscle, these cells switched their phenotype to become proliferating antiinflammatory CX3CR1 hi /Ly-6C − cells that further differentiated into F4/80 hi MPs. In vitro, phagocytosis of muscle cell debris induced a switch of proinflammatory MPs toward an antiinflammatory phenotype releasing transforming growth factor β1. In co-cultures, inflammatory MPs stimulated myogenic cell proliferation, whereas antiinflammatory MPs exhibited differentiating activity, assessed by both myogenin expression and fusion into myotubes. Finally, depletion of circulating MOs in CD11b–diphtheria toxin receptor mice at the time of injury totally prevented muscle regeneration, whereas depletion of intramuscular F4/80 hi MPs at later stages reduced the diameter of regenerating fibers. In conclusion, injured skeletal muscle recruits MOs exhibiting inflammatory profiles that operate phagocytosis and rapidly convert to antiinflammatory MPs that stimulate myogenesis and fiber growth. Footnotes Abbreviations used: CCR, CC chemokine receptor; clo-lip, clodronate-encapsulated liposome; DEX, dexamethasone; DT, diphtheria toxin; DTR, DT receptor; LX, latex bead; MO, monocyte; MP, macrophage; mpc, myogenic precursor cell; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; SLPI, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor; TA, tibialis anterior. Submitted: 8 January 2007 Accepted: 21 March 2007
The Journal of Experimental Medicine – Rockefeller University Press
Published: May 14, 2007
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