Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
J. Sweeney (1997)
The International Geosphere-Biosphere programme.
P. Rayner, I. Enting, R. Francey, R. Langenfelds (1999)
Reconstructing the recent carbon cycle from atmospheric CO2, δ13C and O2/N2 observations*Tellus B, 51
J. Mitchell, T. Johns, J. Gregory, S. Tett (1995)
Climate response to increasing levels of greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosolsNature, 376
(1995)
Vegetation/ecosystem modeling and analysis project: Comparing biogeography and biogeochemistry models in a continental-scale study of terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change and CO2 doubling
J. Monteith (1965)
Evaporation and environment.Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 19
G. Collatz, J. Ball, C. Grivet, J. Berry (1991)
Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: a model that includes a laminar boundary layerAgricultural and Forest Meteorology, 54
P. Jarvis (1976)
The Interpretation of the Variations in Leaf Water Potential and Stomatal Conductance Found in Canopies in the FieldPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 273
I. Prentice, M. Heimann, S. Sitch (2000)
The Carbon Balance of the Terrestrial Biosphere: Ecosystem Models and Atmospheric ObservationsEcological Applications, 10
M. Heimann (1997)
A review of the contemporary global carbon cycle and as seen a century ago by Arrhenius and HogbomAMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 26
L. Greene (2000)
EHPnet: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeEnvironmental Health Perspectives, 108
A. Friend (1995)
PGEN: an integrated model of leaf photosynthesis, transpiration, and conductanceEcological Modelling, 77
D. Pollard, S. Thompson (1995)
Use of a land-surface-transfer scheme (LSX) in a global climate model: the response to doubling stomatal resistanceGlobal and Planetary Change, 10
I. Prentice (1989)
Developing a Global Vegetation Dynamics Model: Results of an IIASA Summer Workshop
P. Cox, C. Huntingford, R. Harding (1998)
A canopy conductance and photosynthesis model for use in a GCM land surface schemeJournal of Hydrology, 212
R. Leuning (1995)
A critical appraisal of a combined stomatal‐photosynthesis model for C3 plantsPlant Cell and Environment, 18
R. Betts, P. Cox, Susan Lee, F. Woodward (1997)
Contrasting physiological and structural vegetation feedbacks in climate change simulationsNature, 387
W. Parton, J. Scurlock, D. Ojima, T. Gilmanov, R. Scholes, D. Schimel, T. Kirchner, J. Menaut, T. Seastedt, E. Moya, A. Kamnalrut, J. Kinyamario (1993)
Observations and modeling of biomass and soil organic matter dynamics for the grassland biome worldwideGlobal Biogeochemical Cycles, 7
A. Ganopolski, C. Kubatzki, M. Claussen, V. Brovkin, V. Petoukhov (1998)
The influence of vegetation-atmosphere-ocean interaction on climate during the mid-holoceneScience, 280 5371
T. Wigley (1997)
Implications of recent CO2 emission-limitation proposals for stabilization of atmospheric concentrationsNature, 390
R. Keeling, S. Piper, M. Heimann (1996)
Global and hemispheric CO2 sinks deduced from changes in atmospheric O2 concentrationNature, 381
J. Mellilo, I. Prentice, G. Farquhar, E. Schulze, O. Sala, Contributors., Rj. Bartlein, F. Bazzaz, R. Bradshaw, J. Clark, M. Claussen, G. Collatz, M. Coughenhour, C. Field, J. Foley, A. Friend, B. Huntley, C. Körner, W. Kurz, J. Lloyd, R. Leemans, Rh Martin, A. McGuire, K. McNaughton, R. Neilson, W. Oechel, J. Overpeck, W. Parton, L. Pitelka, D. Rind, S. Running, D. Schimel, T. Smith, T. Webb,, С. Whitlock (1996)
Terrestrial biotic responses to environmental change and feedbacks to climate
R. Neilson, I. Prentice, Benjamin Smith (1998)
Simulated changes in vegetation distribution under global warming
J. Foley, I. Prentice, N. Ramankutty, S. Levis, D. Pollard, S. Sitch, A. Haxeltine (1996)
An integrated biosphere model of land surface processes
P. Ciais, P. Tans, M. Trolier, J. White, R. Francey (1995)
A Large Northern Hemisphere Terrestrial CO2 Sink Indicated by the 13C/12C Ratio of Atmospheric CO2Science, 269
(1990)
Carbon ± Transformations of the Global Environment. In: The Earth as Transformed by Human
K. Nadelhoffer, B. Emmett, P. Gundersen, O. Kjønaas, C. Koopmans, P. Schleppi, A. Tietema, R. Wright (1999)
Nitrogen deposition makes a minor contribution to carbon sequestration in temperate forestsNature, 398
P. Jones (1994)
Hemispheric Surface Air Temperature Variations: A Reanalysis and an Update to 1993.Journal of Climate, 7
M. Kirschbaum, P. Bullock, R. Evans, K. Goulding, P. Jarvis, I. Noble, M. Rounsevell, T. Sharkey (1996)
Climate Change 1995: impacts, adaptations and mitigation of climate change: scientific-technical analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
R Mckane, E. Rastetter, J. Melillo, G. Shaver, C. Hopkinson, R Swap, M. Garstang, S. Greco, R. Talbot, P. Kållberg, E. Tanner, V. Kapos, W. Franco, Amazonia, J. Carvalho, J. Santos, J. Santos, M. Leitão, N. Higuchi, T. Araujo, S. Cairns, E. Brown, G. Helmer, Oeco Baumgardner, M. Aguilar, C. Díaz, C. Grán-Dez, N. Jaramillo, M. Jarrell, K. Johnson, D. Milanowski, R. Ortíz, S. Rose, J. Terborgh, A. Vásquez, Del Cusco, Puerto Cusco, In Maldonado, Brazil, J. Ribeiro, Y. Biot, P. Delamônica, C. Gascon, We, R. Foster, R. Condit, S. Lao, S. Hubbell, D. Swaine, R. Nichol-Son, T. Keenan, J. Richards, J. Silva, J. Veillon, R. Comiskey, Moraes Jesus, Mellon Work, S. Fan, M. Gloor, J. Mahlman, S. Pacala, J. Sarmiento, T. Takahashi, P. Tans
A Large Terrestrial Carbon Sink in North America Implied by Atmospheric and Oceanic Carbon Dioxide Data and Models
A. Haxeltine, I. Prentice (1996)
BIOME3: An equilibrium terrestrial biosphere model based on ecophysiological constraints, resource availability, and competition among plant functional typesGlobal Biogeochemical Cycles, 10
A. Haxeltine, I. Prentice (1996)
A general model for the light-use efficiency of primary productionFunctional Ecology, 10
G. Collatz, M. Ribas-Carbó, J. Berry (1992)
Coupled Photosynthesis-Stomatal Conductance Model for Leaves of C4 PlantsAustralian Journal of Plant Physiology, 19
R. Leemans, W. Cramer (1991)
The IIASA database for mean monthly values of temperature
P. Sellers (1985)
Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis and transpirationInternational Journal of Remote Sensing, 6
C. Keeling, T. Whorf, M. Wahlen, J. Plicht (1995)
Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980Nature, 375
T. Smith, H. Shugart (1993)
The transient response of terrestrial carbon storage to a perturbed climateNature, 361
J. Grace, Y. Malhi, J. Lloyd, J. Mcintyre, A. Miranda, P. Meir, H. Miranda (1996)
The use of eddy covariance to infer the net carbon dioxide uptake of Brazilian rain forestGlobal Change Biology, 2
J. Stewart (1988)
Modelling surface conductance of pine forestAgricultural and Forest Meteorology, 43
R. Houghton, J. Hackler, K. Lawrence (1999)
The U.S. Carbon budget: contributions from land-Use changeScience, 285 5427
A. Friend, A. Stevens, R. Knox, M. Cannell (1997)
A process-based, terrestrial biosphere model of ecosystem dynamics (Hybrid v3.0)Ecological Modelling, 95
(1990)
Principles of Environmental Physics. Edward Arnold, London
A. Bouwman, R. Volkshuisvesting (1990)
Soils and the greenhouse effect : the present status and future trends concerning the effect of soils and their cover on the fluxes of greenhouse gasses, the surface energy balance, and the water balance
W. Steffen, I. Noble, J. Canadell, M. Apps, E. Schulze, P. Jarvis, D. Baldocchi, P. Ciais, W. Cramer, J. Ehleringer, G. Farquhar, C. Field, A. Ghazi, Ralph Gifford, M. Heimann, R. Houghton, P. Kabat, C. Körner, E. Lambin, S. Linder, H. Mooney, D. Murdiyarso, W. Post, I. Prentice, M. Raupach, D. Schimel, A. Shvidenko, R. Valentini (1998)
The Terrestrial Carbon Cycle: Implications for the Kyoto ProtocolScience, 280
M. Chahine (1992)
The hydrological cycle and its influence on climateNature, 359
Sellers Sellers, Berry Berry, Collatz Collatz, Field Field, Hall Hall (1992)
Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis and transpiration. III. A reanalysis using improved leaf models and a new canopy integration schemeRemote Sensing of Environment, 42
Mingkui Cao, Mingkui Cao, F. Woodward (1998)
Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to global climate changeNature, 393
I. Fung, C. Field, J. Berry, M. Thompson, J. Randerson, C. Malmstrom, P. Vitousek, G. Collatz, P. Sellers, D. Randall, A. Denning, F. Badeck, J. John (1997)
Carbon 13 exchanges between the atmosphere and biosphereGlobal Biogeochemical Cycles, 11
H. Comins, R. McMurtrie (1993)
Long-Term Response of Nutrient-Limited Forests to CO"2 Enrichment; Equilibrium Behavior of Plant-Soil Models.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America, 3 4
S. Sitch (2000)
The role of vegetation dynamics in the control of atmospheric CO2 content
J. Scurlock, W. Cramer, R. Olson, W. Parton, S. Prince (1999)
TERRESTRIAL NPP: TOWARD A CONSISTENT DATA SET FORGLOBAL MODEL EVALUATIONEcological Applications, 9
P. Sellers, J. Berry, G. Collatz, C. Field, F. Hall (1992)
A reanalysis using improved leaf models and a new canopy integration scheme
R. Dixon, A. Solomon, Sandra Brown, R. Houghton, M. Trexier, J. Wisniewski (1994)
Carbon Pools and Flux of Global Forest EcosystemsScience, 263
J. Clark, C. Fastie, G. Hurtt, S. Jackson, Carter Johnson, G. King, M. Lewis, J. Lynch, S. Pacala, C. Prentice, E. Schupp, T. Webb,, P. Wyckoff (1998)
Reid's Paradox of Rapid Plant Migration Dispersal theory and interpretation of paleoecological recordsBioScience, 48
T. Wigley, R. Richels, J. Edmonds (1996)
Economic and environmental choices in the stabilization of atmospheric CO2 concentrationsNature, 379
A. King, W. Post, S. Wullschleger (1997)
The Potential Response of Terrestrial Carbon Storage to Changes in Climate and Atmospheric CO2Climatic Change, 35
J. Lloyd, John Taylor (1994)
On the temperature dependence of soil respirationFunctional Ecology, 8
R. Monserud, R. Leemans (1992)
Comparing global vegetation maps with the Kappa statisticEcological Modelling, 62
T. Wigley, S. Raper (1992)
Implications for climate and sea level of revised IPCC emissions scenariosNature, 357
T. Loveland, A. Belward (1997)
The IGBP-DIS global 1km land cover data set, DISCover: First resultsInternational Journal of Remote Sensing, 18
(1997)
Using plant functional types in a global vegetation model. In: Plant Functional Types: Their Relevance
L. Pitelka, R. Gardner, J. Ash, S. Berry, H. Gitay, I. Noble, A. Saunders, R. Bradshaw, L. Brubaker, J. Clark, M. Davis, S. Sugita, James Dyer, R. Hengeveld, G. Hope, B. Huntley, G. King, S. Lavorel, R. Mack, G. Malanson, M. McGlone, I. Prentice, M. Rejmánek (1997)
Plant migration and climate changeAmerican Scientist, 85
M. Hulme, T. Osborn, T. Johns (1998)
Precipitation sensitivity to global warming: Comparison of observations with HadCM2 simulationsGeophysical Research Letters, 25
W. Cramer, D. Kicklighter, A. Bondeau, B. Iii, G. Churkina, B. Nemry, A. Ruimy, A. Schloss, ThE. Intercomparison (1999)
Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): overview and key resultsGlobal Change Biology, 5
R. Kates (1997)
Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations, and MitigationEnvironment, 39
(1998)
The carbon equation
Bernt Bull, Timbo Keariki (1993)
Framework Convention on Climate Change
Farquhar Farquhar, Von Caemmerer Von Caemmerer, Berry Berry (1980)
A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO 2 assimilation in leaves of C 3 speciesPlanta, 149
W. Cramer (1997)
Modeling the Possible Impact of Climate Change on Broad-Scale Vegetation Structure: Examples from Northern Europe
Foley Foley, Prentice Prentice, Ramankutty Ramankutty, Levis Levis, Pollard Pollard, Sitch Sitch, Haxeltine Haxeltine (1996)
An integrated biosphere model of land surface processes, terrestrial carbon balance, and vegetation dynamicsGlobal Biogeochemical Cycles, 10
J. Houghton, B. Callander, S. Varney (1992)
Climate change 1992 : the supplementary report to the IPCC scientific assessment
(1996)
Climate Models ± Projections of Future Climate
A. Mcguire, J. Melillo, Linda Joyce, D. Kicklighter, A. Grace, B. Moore, C. Vörösmarty (1992)
Interactions between carbon and nitrogen dynamics in estimating net primary productivity for potential vegetation in North AmericaGlobal Biogeochemical Cycles, 6
Nadelhoffer Nadelhoffer, Emmett Emmett, Gundersen Gundersen (1999)
Nitrogen makes a minor contribution to carbon sequestration in temperate forestsNature, 398
M. Heimann, T. Kaminski (1999)
Inverse modelling approaches to infer surface trace gas fluxes from observed atmospheric mixing ratios, 24
P. Sellers, L. Bounoua, G. Collatz, D. Randall, D. Dazlich, S. Los, J. Berry, I. Fung, C. Tucker, C. Field, T. Jensen (1996)
Comparison of Radiative and Physiological Effects of Doubled Atmospheric CO2 on ClimateScience, 271
F. Woodward, M. Lomas, Susan Lee (2001)
Predicting the Future Productivity and Distribution of Global Terrestrial Vegetation
S. Tett, T. Johns, J. Mitchell (1997)
Global and regional variability in a coupled AOGCMClimate Dynamics, 13
W. Post, A. King, S. Wullschleger (1997)
Historical variations in terrestrial biospheric carbon storageGlobal Biogeochemical Cycles, 11
V. Brovkin, A. Ganopolski, Y. Svirezhev (1997)
A continuous climate-vegetation classification for use in climate-biosphere studiesEcological Modelling, 101
C. Keeling, J. Chin, T. Whorf (1996)
Increased activity of northern vegetation inferred from atmospheric CO2 measurementsNature, 382
J. Lloyd, G. Farquhar (1996)
The CO 2 Dependence of Photosynthesis, Plant Growth Responses to Elevated Atmospheric CO 2 Concentrations and Their Interaction with Soil Nutrient Status. I. General Principles and Forest EcosystemsFunctional Ecology, 10
J. Haigh (2002)
Radiative forcing of climate changeWeather, 57
T. Johns, R. Carnell, J. Crossley, J. Gregory, J. Mitchell, C. Senior, S. Tett, R. Wood (1997)
The second Hadley Centre coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM: model description, spinup and validationClimate Dynamics, 13
D. Kicklighter, M. Bruno, S. Dönges, G. Esser, M. Heimann, John Helfrich, F. Ift, F. Joos, J. Kaduk, G. Kohlmaier, A. McGuire, J. Melillo, R. Meyer, B. Moore, A. Nadler, I. Prentice, W. Sauf, A. Schloss, S. Sitch, U. Wittenberg, G. Würth (1999)
A first‐order analysis of the potential rôle of CO2 fertilization to affect the global carbon budget: a comparison of four terrestrial biosphere modelsTellus B, 51
J. Monteith (1995)
Accommodation between transpiring vegetation and the convective boundary layerJournal of Hydrology, 166
R. Neilson (1993)
Vegetation redistribution: A possible biosphere source of CO2 during climatic changeWater, Air, and Soil Pollution, 70
B. Braswell, D. Schimel, E. Linder, B. Moore (1997)
The response of global terrestrial ecosystems to interannual temperature variabilityScience, 278
W. Steffen, B. Walker, J. Ingram, G. Koch (1992)
Global change and terrestrial ecosystems. The operational plan.No source information available
H. Eswaran, Evert Berg, P. Reich (1993)
Organic Carbon in Soils of the WorldSoil Science Society of America Journal, 57
Jacob Cohen (1960)
A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal ScalesEducational and Psychological Measurement, 20
F. Woodward, M. Lomas, R. Betts (1998)
Vegetation-climate feedbacks in a greenhouse worldPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 353
F. Woodward, W. Cramer (1996)
Plant functional types and climatic change: IntroductionJournal of Vegetation Science, 7
Summary The possible responses of ecosystem processes to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate change are illustrated using six dynamic global vegetation models that explicitly represent the interactions of ecosystem carbon and water exchanges with vegetation dynamics. The models are driven by the IPCC IS92a scenario of rising CO2 (Wigley . 1991), and by climate changes resulting from effective CO2 concentrations corresponding to IS92a, simulated by the coupled ocean atmosphere model HadCM2‐SUL. Simulations with changing CO2 alone show a widely distributed terrestrial carbon sink of 1.4–3.8 Pg C y−1 during the 1990s, rising to 3.7–8.6 Pg C y−1 a century later. Simulations including climate change show a reduced sink both today (0.6–3.0 Pg C y−1) and a century later (0.3–6.6 Pg C y−1) as a result of the impacts of climate change on NEP of tropical and southern hemisphere ecosystems. In all models, the rate of increase of NEP begins to level off around 2030 as a consequence of the ‘diminishing return’ of physiological CO2 effects at high CO2 concentrations. Four out of the six models show a further, climate‐induced decline in NEP resulting from increased heterotrophic respiration and declining tropical NPP after 2050. Changes in vegetation structure influence the magnitude and spatial pattern of the carbon sink and, in combination with changing climate, also freshwater availability (runoff). It is shown that these changes, once set in motion, would continue to evolve for at least a century even if atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate could be instantaneously stabilized. The results should be considered illustrative in the sense that the choice of CO2 concentration scenario was arbitrary and only one climate model scenario was used. However, the results serve to indicate a range of possible biospheric responses to CO2 and climate change. They reveal major uncertainties about the response of NEP to climate change resulting, primarily, from differences in the way that modelled global NPP responds to a changing climate. The simulations illustrate, however, that the magnitude of possible biospheric influences on the carbon balance requires that this factor is taken into account for future scenarios of atmospheric CO2 and climate change.
Global Change Biology – Wiley
Published: Apr 1, 2001
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.