Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
R. Lande (1979)
EFFECTIVE DEME SIZES DURING LONG‐TERM EVOLUTION ESTIMATED FROM RATES OF CHROMOSOMAL REARRANGEMENTEvolution, 33
H. Orr, J. Masly, Nitin Phadnis (2007)
Speciation in Drosophila: from phenotypes to molecules.The Journal of heredity, 98 2
S. Edmands (2002)
Does parental divergence predict reproductive compatibilityTrends in Ecology and Evolution, 17
A. Bennett (1872)
The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection; or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for LifeNature, 5
R. Mengel, J. Jackson (1977)
Geographic variation of the red cockaded woodpeckerThe Condor, 79
M. Bowles (1996)
Restoration of Endangered Species: Conceptual Issues, Planning and Implementation
(2007)
Feasibility and strategies for reintroducing San Joaquin kit foxes to vacant or restored habitats
Ian Wang, K. Summers (2010)
Genetic structure is correlated with phenotypic divergence rather than geographic isolation in the highly polymorphic strawberry poison‐dart frogMolecular Ecology, 19
M. McCartney, H. Lessios (2004)
Adaptive evolution of sperm bindin tracks egg incompatibility in neotropical sea urchins of the genus Echinometra.Molecular biology and evolution, 21 4
A. Hendry, P. Nosil, L. Rieseberg (2007)
The speed of ecological speciation.Functional ecology, 21 3
C. Fenster, L. Galloway (2000)
Inbreeding and Outbreeding Depression in Natural Populations of Chamaecrista fasciculata (Fabaceae)Conservation Biology, 14
M. Hall, J. Willis (2006)
DIVERGENT SELECTION ON FLOWERING TIME CONTRIBUTES TO LOCAL ADAPTATION IN MIMULUS GUTTATUS POPULATIONS, 60
S. Haig, J. Avise (1996)
Avian Conservation Genetics
D. Churikov, A. Gharrett (2002)
Comparative phylogeography of the two pink salmon broodlines: an analysis based on a mitochondrial DNA genealogyMolecular Ecology, 11
(2006)
Connectivity conservation
Cedric Smith, S. Wright (1968)
Evolution and the Genetics of Populations: Volume 2, The Theory of Gene Frequencies
S. Edmands, J. Harrison (2003)
MOLECULAR AND QUANTITATIVE TRAIT VARIATION WITHIN AND AMONG POPULATIONS OF THE INTERTIDAL COPEPOD TIGRIOPUS CALIFORNICUS, 57
J. Emlen (1991)
Heterosis and outbreeding depression: a multi-locus model and an application to salmon productionFisheries Research, 12
P. Nosil, L. Harmon, O. Seehausen (2009)
Ecological explanations for (incomplete) speciation.Trends in ecology & evolution, 24 3
A. Templeton (2008)
The reality and importance of founder speciation in evolution.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology, 30 5
S. Edmands (2006)
Between a rock and a hard place: evaluating the relative risks of inbreeding and outbreeding for conservation and managementMolecular Ecology, 16
Maryann Burbidge, R. Colbourne, H. Robertson, A. Baker (2003)
Molecular and other biological evidence supports the recognition of at least three species of brown kiwiConservation Genetics, 4
F. Allendorf, R. Waples (1996)
Conservation and Genetics of Salmonid Fishes
N. Myers, M. Soulé (1987)
Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and DiversityBioScience
D. Byers, D. Waller (1999)
Do Plant Populations Purge Their Genetic Load? Effects of Population Size and Mating History on Inbreeding DepressionAnnual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 30
C. Fenster, M. Dudash (1994)
Restoration of Endangered Species: Genetic considerations for plant population restoration and conservation
J. Hereford (2009)
A Quantitative Survey of Local Adaptation and Fitness Trade‐OffsThe American Naturalist, 173
Roosa Leimu, M. Fischer (2008)
A Meta-Analysis of Local Adaptation in PlantsPLoS ONE, 3
F. Turček, J. Hickey (1951)
Effect of Introductions on Two Game Populations in CzechoslovakiaJournal of Wildlife Management, 15
W. Hill (1982)
Predictions of response to artificial selection from new mutations.Genetical research, 40 3
Melanie Culver, Warren Johnson, J. Pecon-Slattery, Stephen O’Brien (2000)
Genomic ancestry of the American puma (Puma concolor).The Journal of heredity, 91 3
(2004)
Speciation. Sinauer
Leimu Leimu, Fischer Fischer (2008)
A meta‐analysis of local adaptation in plantsPublic Library of Science ONE, 3
J. Buskirk, Y. Willi (2006)
THE CHANGE IN QUANTITATIVE GENETIC VARIATION WITH INBREEDING, 60
R. Frankham (2010)
Where are we in conservation genetics and where do we need to go?Conservation Genetics, 11
(2003)
Recovery plan for the red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis): second revision
D. Funk, P. Nosil, W. Etges (2006)
Ecological divergence exhibits consistently positive associations with reproductive isolation across disparate taxa.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103 9
J. Hey (2006)
Recent advances in assessing gene flow between diverging populations and species.Current opinion in genetics & development, 16 6
H. Rundle (2002)
A TEST OF ECOLOGICALLY DEPENDENT POSTMATING ISOLATION BETWEEN SYMPATRIC STICKLEBACKS, 56
C. Fenster, L. Galloway (2000)
POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION IN AN ANNUAL LEGUME: GENETIC ARCHITECTURE, 54
R. Frankham, J. Ballou, D. Briscoe, Karina McInnes (2002)
Introduction to Conservation Genetics: Preface
A. Templeton (1986)
Coadaptation and outbreeding depression
Historical estimates of world population
S. Edmands, C. Timmerman (2003)
Modeling Factors Affecting the Severity of Outbreeding DepressionConservation Biology, 17
L. Keller, D. Waller (2002)
Inbreeding effects in wild populations.Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17
P. Hedrick, R. Fredrickson (2009)
Genetic rescue guidelines with examples from Mexican wolves and Florida panthersConservation Genetics, 11
V. Savolainen, Marie‐Charlotte Anstett, C. Lexer, I. Hutton, J. Clarkson, M. Norup, M. Powell, D. Springate, N. Salamin, W. Baker (2006)
Sympatric speciation in palms on an oceanic islandNature, 441
S. Edmands (1999)
HETEROSIS AND OUTBREEDING DEPRESSION IN INTERPOPULATION CROSSES SPANNING A WIDE RANGE OF DIVERGENCEEvolution, 53
L. Lim (2001)
Introduction to Conservation GeneticsPacific Conservation Biology, 7
R. Frankham (2008)
Genetic adaptation to captivity in species conservation programsMolecular Ecology, 17
J. Coyne (1984)
Correlation between Heterozygosity and Rate of Chromosome Evolution in AnimalsThe American Naturalist, 123
J. Ragle, D. Remsen (2010)
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
(2012)
IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature West Asia/Middle East (WAME) Regional Office In cooperation with Bibliotheca Alexandrina Funded by Ford Foundation Outcome Report on Future of Sustainability Debate in the Arab Region
W. Rice, Ellen Hostert (1993)
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ON SPECIATION: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED IN 40 YEARS?Evolution, 47
N. Barton (2004)
Fitness Landscapes and the Origin of Species
H. Rundle, M. Whitlock (2001)
A GENETIC INTERPRETATION OF ECOLOGICALLY DEPENDENT ISOLATION, 55
M. Soulé (1985)
What is Conservation Biology?A new synthetic discipline addresses the dynamics and problems of perturbed species, communities, and ecosystemsBioScience, 35
S. Edmands, H. Feaman, J. Harrison, C. Timmerman (2005)
Genetic consequences of many generations of hybridization between divergent copepod populations.The Journal of heredity, 96 2
E. McClelland, Kerry Naish (2007)
What is the fitness outcome of crossing unrelated fish populations? A meta-analysis and an evaluation of future research directionsConservation Genetics, 8
W. Osborne, Ra Zentelis, M. Lau (1996)
Geographical variation in corroboree frogs, Pseudophryne corroboree moore (Anura:Myobatrachidae): A reappraisal supports recognition of P. pengilleyi Wells & WellingtonAustralian Journal of Zoology, 44
D. Dodd (1989)
REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION AS A CONSEQUENCE OF ADAPTIVE DIVERGENCE IN DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURAEvolution, 43
Jinliang Wang (2004)
Application of the One‐Migrant‐per‐Generation Rule to Conservation and ManagementConservation Biology, 18
L. Rieseberg (2001)
Chromosomal rearrangements and speciation.Trends in ecology & evolution, 16 7
De Boer De Boer (1982)
Karyological problems in breeding owl monkeys, Aotus trivirgatusInternational Zoo Yearbook, 22
(1979)
Partitioning additive , dominance , epistatic and maternal effects on reproductive performance in crosses between sub - species of Peromyscus polionotes
R. Sukumar (1996)
Book reviewJournal of Genetics, 76
M. Carleton, G. Musser (2009)
The Mammal Species of the World
Soulé Soulé (1985)
What is conservation biology?BioScience, 35
David Erickson, C. Fenster (2006)
INTRASPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION AND THE RECOVERY OF FITNESS IN THE NATIVE LEGUME CHAMAECRISTA FASCICULATA, 60
A. Gharrett, W. Smoker, R. Reisenbichler, Sidney Taylor (1999)
Outbreeding depression in hybrids between odd- and even-broodyear pink salmonAquaculture, 173
(1989)
Chromosomal divergence and reproductive isolation in dik-diks. Pages 208–225 in
C. Lee (2000)
GLOBAL PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF A CRYPTIC COPEPOD SPECIES COMPLEX AND REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION BETWEEN GENETICALLY PROXIMATE “POPULATIONS”Evolution, 54
Thorpe Thorpe, Surget‐Groba Surget‐Groba, Johansson Johansson (2010)
Genetic tests for ecological and allopatric speciation in anoles on an island archipelagoPublic Library of Science Genetics
Alice Oliveira, A. Cordeiro (1980)
Adaptation of Drosophila willistoni experimental populations to extreme pH mediumHeredity, 44
M. Whitlock, P. Phillips, F. Moore, S. Tonsor (1995)
MULTIPLE FITNESS PEAKS AND EPISTASISAnnual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 26
P. Nosil (2007)
Divergent Host Plant Adaptation and Reproductive Isolation between Ecotypes of Timema cristinae Walking SticksThe American Naturalist, 169
S. Egan, D. Funk (2009)
Ecologically dependent postmating isolation between sympatric host forms of Neochlamisus bebbianae leaf beetlesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106
W. Koenig, N. Thornhill (1994)
The Natural History of Inbreeding and Outbreeding: Theoretical and Empirical PerspectivesJournal of Wildlife Management, 58
R. Frankham, D. Loebel (1992)
Modeling problems in conservation genetics using captive Drosophila populations: Rapid genetic adaptation to captivityZoo Biology, 11
Matthew Rutter, F. Shaw, C. Fenster (2010)
SPONTANEOUS MUTATION PARAMETERS FOR ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA MEASURED IN THE WILDEvolution, 64
Daven Presgraves (2010)
The molecular evolutionary basis of species formationNature Reviews Genetics, 11
LeeE. Frelich (2009)
Conservation BiologyThe Quarterly Review of Biology, 84
A. Young, B. Murray (2000)
Genetic bottlenecks and dysgenic gene flow into re-established populations of the grassland daisy, Rutidosis leptorrhynchoidesAustralian Journal of Botany, 48
G. Horridge (1964)
Animal species and evolution.The Eugenics Review, 55
R. Phillips, A. Kapuscinski (1988)
High frequency of translocation heterozygotes in odd year populations of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 48
L. Deboer (1982)
Karyological problems in breeding Owl monkeysInternational Zoo Yearbook, 22
de Oliveira de Oliveira, Cordeiro Cordeiro (1980)
Adaptation of Drosophila willistoni experimental populations to extreme p H medium. I. Changes in viability and development rateHeredity, 44
L. Rieseberg, J. Willis (2007)
Plant SpeciationScience, 317
G. Kilias, S. Alahiotis, M. Pelecanos (1980)
A MULTIFACTORIAL GENETIC INVESTIGATION OF SPECIATION THEORY USING DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTEREvolution, 34
(1996)
Selecting reintroduction sites. Pages 157-169 in
James Sobel, Grace Chen, Lorna Watt, D. Schemske (2010)
THE BIOLOGY OF SPECIATIONEvolution, 64
C. Waddington, H. Callan (1955)
“Animal Cytology and Evolution”Nature, 175
R. Stelkens, O. Seehausen (2009)
Phenotypic divergence but not genetic distance predicts assortative mating among species of a cichlid fish radiationJournal of Evolutionary Biology, 22
H. Rundle, L. Nagel, J. Boughman, D. Schluter (2000)
Natural selection and parallel speciation in sympatric sticklebacks.Science, 287 5451
R. Aguilar, M. Quesada, L. Ashworth, Y. Herrerías-Diego, J. Lobo (2008)
Genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation in plant populations: susceptible signals in plant traits and methodological approachesMolecular Ecology, 17
C. Moritz (2004)
CONSERVATION UNITS AND TRANSLOCATIONS : STRATEGIES FOR CONSERVING EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSESHereditas, 130
R. Thorpe, Y. Surget-Groba, H. Johansson (2010)
Genetic Tests for Ecological and Allopatric Speciation in Anoles on an Island ArchipelagoPLoS Genetics, 6
D. Tallmon, G. Luikart, R. Waples (2004)
The alluring simplicity and complex reality of genetic rescue.Trends in ecology & evolution, 19 9
Abstract: Fragmentation of animal and plant populations typically leads to genetic erosion and increased probability of extirpation. Although these effects can usually be reversed by re‐establishing gene flow between population fragments, managers sometimes fail to do so due to fears of outbreeding depression (OD). Rapid development of OD is due primarily to adaptive differentiation from selection or fixation of chromosomal variants. Fixed chromosomal variants can be detected empirically. We used an extended form of the breeders’ equation to predict the probability of OD due to adaptive differentiation between recently isolated population fragments as a function of intensity of selection, genetic diversity, effective population sizes, and generations of isolation. Empirical data indicated that populations in similar environments had not developed OD even after thousands of generations of isolation. To predict the probability of OD, we developed a decision tree that was based on the four variables from the breeders’ equation, taxonomic status, and gene flow within the last 500 years. The predicted probability of OD in crosses between two populations is elevated when the populations have at least one of the following characteristics: are distinct species, have fixed chromosomal differences, exchanged no genes in the last 500 years, or inhabit different environments. Conversely, the predicted probability of OD in crosses between two populations of the same species is low for populations with the same karyotype, isolated for <500 years, and that occupy similar environments. In the former case, we recommend crossing be avoided or tried on a limited, experimental basis. In the latter case, crossing can be carried out with low probability of OD. We used crosses with known results to test the decision tree and found that it correctly identified cases where OD occurred. Current concerns about OD in recently fragmented populations are almost certainly excessive.
Conservation Biology – Wiley
Published: Jun 1, 2011
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.