Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
G. Bohrer (2007)
Large eddy simulations of forest canopies for determination of biological dispersal by wind
Claire Williams, S. LaDeau, R. Oren, G. Katul (2006)
Modeling seed dispersal distances: implications for transgenic Pinus taeda.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America, 16 1
Ana Trakhtenbrot, Ran Nathan, G. Perry, D. Richardson (2005)
The importance of long‐distance dispersal in biodiversity conservationDiversity and Distributions, 11
S. Levin, H. Muller‐Landau, Ran Nathan, J. Chave (2003)
The Ecology and Evolution of Seed Dispersal: A Theoretical PerspectiveAnnual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 34
J. Clark, M. Lewis, Lajos Horváth (2001)
Invasion by Extremes: Population Spread with Variation in Dispersal and ReproductionThe American Naturalist, 157
R. Avissar, T. Schmidt (1998)
An Evaluation of the Scale at which Ground-Surface Heat Flux Patchiness Affects the Convective Boundary Layer Using Large-Eddy SimulationsJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 55
H. McCarthy, R. Oren, Adrien Finzi, D. Ellsworth, Hyunseok Kim, K. Johnsen, Bonnie Millar (2007)
Temporal dynamics and spatial variability in the enhancement of canopy leaf area under elevated atmospheric CO2Global Change Biology, 13
J. Weil, P. Sullivan, C. Moeng (2004)
The Use of Large-Eddy Simulations in Lagrangian Particle Dispersion ModelsJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 61
M. Andersen (1991)
Mechanistic Models for the Seed Shadows of Wind-Dispersed PlantsThe American Naturalist, 137
S. Volis, G. Bohrer, Gerard Oostermeijer, P. Tienderen (2005)
Regional Consequences of Local Population Demography and Genetics in Relation to Habitat Management in Gentiana pneumonantheConservation Biology, 19
(2001)
HYPACT-Hybrid Particle and Concentration Transport Model, Version 1.2.0, User's Guide. ASTER Division
Ran Nathan, G. Perry, J. Cronin, A. Strand, M. Cain (2003)
Methods for estimating long-distance dispersalOikos, 103
John Wilson, D. Richardson, M. Rouget, Ş. Procheş, Mao Amis, L. Henderson, W. Thuiller (2007)
Residence time and potential range: crucial considerations in modelling plant invasionsDiversity and Distributions, 13
Si‐Wan Kim, C. Moeng, J. Weil, M. Barth (2005)
Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Modeling of the Fumigation Process Using Large-Eddy SimulationJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 62
O. Tackenberg (2003)
Modeling long‐distance dispersal of plant diaspores by windEcological Monographs, 73
M. Raupach, N. Woods, G. Dorr, J. Leys, H. Cleugh (2001)
The entrapment of particles by windbreaksAtmospheric Environment, 35
D. Greene, E. Johnson (1989)
A MODEL OF WIND DISPERSAL OF WINGED OR PLUMED SEEDSEcology, 70
Katul, Porporato, Nathan, Siqueira, Soons, Poggi, Levin (2005)
Mechanistic Analytical Models for Long-Distance Seed Dispersal by WindThe American Naturalist, 166
A. Ōkubo, S. Levin (1989)
A Theoretical Framework for Data Analysis of Wind Dispersal of Seeds and PollenEcology, 70
F. Jones, H. Muller‐Landau (2008)
Measuring long‐distance seed dispersal in complex natural environments: an evaluation and integration of classical and genetic methodsJournal of Ecology, 96
J. Dalling, H. Muller‐Landau, S. Wright, S. Hubbell (2002)
Role of dispersal in the recruitment limitation of neotropical pioneer speciesJournal of Ecology, 90
R. Lien, E. D’Asaro (2002)
The Kolmogorov constant for the Lagrangian velocity spectrum and structure functionPhysics of Fluids, 14
R. Stull (1988)
An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology
Ran Nathan (2006)
Long-Distance Dispersal of PlantsScience, 313
T. Nuttle, J. Haefner (2005)
Seed Dispersal in Heterogeneous Environments: Bridging the Gap between Mechanistic Dispersal and Forest Dynamics ModelsThe American Naturalist, 165
O. Skarpaas, O. Stabbetorp, Ingeborg Rønning, T. Svennungsen (2004)
How far can a hawk's beard fly? Measuring and modelling the dispersal of Crepis praemorsaJournal of Ecology, 92
A. Reynolds, G. Iacono (2004)
On the simulation of particle trajectories in turbulent flowsPhysics of Fluids, 16
G. Katul, W. Chang (1999)
Principal Length Scales in Second-Order Closure Models for Canopy TurbulenceJournal of Applied Meteorology, 38
E. Yee, John Wilson (2007)
Instability in Lagrangian stochastic trajectory models, and a method for its cureBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 122
D. Poggi, G. Katul, J. Albertson (2006)
Scalar dispersion within a model canopy: Measurements and three-dimensional Lagrangian modelsAdvances in Water Resources, 29
Ran Nathan, G. Katul (2005)
Foliage shedding in deciduous forests lifts up long-distance seed dispersal by wind.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102 23
M. Lefsky, W. Cohen, G. Parker, D. Harding (2002)
Lidar Remote Sensing for Ecosystem Studies, 52
H. Horn, R. Nathan, S. Kaplan (2001)
Long-distance dispersal of tree seeds by windEcological Research, 16
O. Skarpaas, K. Shea (2007)
Dispersal Patterns, Dispersal Mechanisms, and Invasion Wave Speeds for Invasive ThistlesThe American Naturalist, 170
M. Soons, J. Bullock (2008)
Non‐random seed abscission, long‐distance wind dispersal and plant migration ratesJournal of Ecology, 96
D. Greene, E. Johnson (1990)
The dispersal of winged fruits and seeds differing in autorotative behaviourBotany, 68
P. Schippers, E. Jongejans (2005)
Release thresholds strongly determine the range of seed dispersal by windEcological Modelling, 185
(1978)
Simulation of 3-dimensional convective storm dynamics
G. Bohrer, Michael Wolosin, R. Brady, R. Avissar (2007)
A virtual canopy generator (V-CaGe) for modelling complex heterogeneous forest canopies at high resolutionTellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 59
S. Higgins, M. Cain (2002)
Spatially realistic plant metapopulation models and the colonization–competition trade‐offJournal of Ecology, 90
M. Boehm, D. Aylor (2005)
Lagrangian stochastic modeling of heavy particle transport in the convective boundary layerAtmospheric Environment, 39
D. Watson (2006)
Seed Fate: Predation, Dispersal and Seedling EstablishmentAustral Ecology, 31
J. Weishampel, J. Blair, R. Knox, R. Dubayah, D. Clark (2000)
Volumetric lidar return patterns from an old-growth tropical rainforest canopyInternational Journal of Remote Sensing, 21
A. Kuparinen, T. Markkanen, Hermanni Riikonen, T. Vesala (2007)
Modeling air-mediated dispersal of spores, pollen and seeds in forested areasEcological Modelling, 208
R. Neilson, L. Pitelka, A. Solomon, Ran Nathan, G. Midgley, J. Fragoso, H. Lischke, K. Thompson (2005)
Forecasting Regional to Global Plant Migration in Response to Climate Change, 55
Ran Nathan, U. Safriel, I. Noy‐Meir (2001)
FIELD VALIDATION AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF A MECHANISTIC MODEL FOR TREE SEED DISPERSAL BY WINDEcology, 82
G. Katul (1998)
An Investigation of Higher-Order Closure Models for a Forested CanopyBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 89
E. Pounden, D. Greene, M. Quesada, J. Sánchez (2008)
The effect of collisions with vegetation elements on the dispersal of winged and plumed seedsJournal of Ecology, 96
Ran Nathan, Nir Sapir, Ana Trakhtenbrot, G. Katul, G. Bohrer, M. Otte, R. Avissar, M. Soons, H. Horn, M. Wikelski, S. Levin (2005)
Long‐distance biological transport processes through the air: can nature's complexity be unfolded in silico?Diversity and Distributions, 11
H. Muller‐Landau, S. Wright, O. Calderón, R. Condit, S. Hubbell (2008)
Interspecific variation in primary seed dispersal in a tropical forestJournal of Ecology, 96
E. Patton (1997)
Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flow Above and Within a Plant Canopy
Ran Nathan, G. Katul, H. Horn, S. Thomas, R. Oren, R. Avissar, S. Pacala, S. Levin (2002)
Mechanisms of long-distance dispersal of seeds by windNature, 418
S. Bhushan, Z. Warsi (2005)
Large eddy simulation of turbulent channel flow using an algebraic modelInternational Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 49
Rudolf Schmid, P. Forget, J. Lambert, P. Hulme, Stephen Wall (2004)
Seed Fate: Predation, Dispersal and Seedling Establishment
Ran Nathan, H. Muller‐Landau (2000)
Spatial patterns of seed dispersal, their determinants and consequences for recruitment.Trends in ecology & evolution, 15 7
D. Greene, E. Johnson (1995)
LONG-DISTANCE WIND DISPERSAL OF TREE SEEDSBotany, 73
F. Schurr, O. Steinitz, Ran Nathan (2008)
Plant fecundity and seed dispersal in spatially heterogeneous environments: models, mechanisms and estimationJournal of Ecology, 96
B. Sawford, F. Guest (1991)
Lagrangian statistical simulation of the turbulent motion of heavy particlesBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 54
D. Levey, W. Silva, M. Galetti (2002)
Seed dispersal and frugivory : ecology, evolution, and conservation
D. Greene, E. Johnson (1992)
Fruit abscission in Acer saccharinum with reference to seed dispersalBotany, 70
J. Deardorff (1980)
Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a three-dimensional modelBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 18
P. Mason (1995)
Atmospheric boundary layer flows: Their structure and measurementBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 72
M. Kot, M. Lewis, P. Driessche (1996)
Dispersal data and the spread of invading organisms.Ecology, 77
D. Thomson (1987)
Criteria for the selection of stochastic models of particle trajectories in turbulent flowsJournal of Fluid Mechanics, 180
Tsutomu Watanabe (2004)
Large-Eddy Simulation of Coherent Turbulence Structures Associated with Scalar Ramps Over Plant CanopiesBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 112
J. Levine, D. Murrell (2003)
The Community-Level Consequences of Seed Dispersal PatternsAnnual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 34
J. Clark, M. Silman, R. Kern, Eric Macklin, J. HilleRisLambers (1999)
Seed Dispersal Near and Far: Patterns Across Temperate and Tropical ForestsEcology, 80
Ran Nathan (2005)
Long‐distance dispersal research: building a network of yellow brick roadsDiversity and Distributions, 11
M. Soons, G. Heil, Ran Nathan, G. Katul (2004)
DETERMINANTS OF LONG-DISTANCE SEED DISPERSAL BY WIND IN GRASSLANDSEcology, 85
D. Poggi, A. Porporato, L. Ridolfi, J. Albertson, G. Katul (2004)
The Effect of Vegetation Density on Canopy Sub-Layer TurbulenceBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 111
M. Raupach, J. Finnigan, Y. Brunet (1996)
Coherent eddies and turbulence in vegetation canopies: The mixing-layer analogyBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 78
A. Azuma, Y. Okuno (1987)
Flight of a samara, Alsomitra macrocarpaJournal of Theoretical Biology, 129
C. Augspurger, S. Franson (1988)
Input of wind–dispersed seeds into light–gaps and forest sites in a Neotropical forestJournal of Tropical Ecology, 4
A. Kuparinen (2006)
Mechanistic models for wind dispersal.Trends in plant science, 11 6
G. Csanady (1963)
Turbulent Diffusion of Heavy Particles in the AtmosphereJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 20
H. McCarthy, R. Oren, A. Finzi, D. Ellsworth, Hyunseok Kim, K. Johnsen, Bonnie Millar (2007)
Temporal dynamics and spatial variability in the enhancement of canopy leaf area under elevated atmospheric CO 2
J. Finnigan (2000)
Turbulence in plant canopiesAnnual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 32
Summary 1 Understanding seed dispersal by wind and, in particular, long‐distance dispersal (LDD) is needed for management of plant populations and communities, especially in response to changes in climate, land use and natural habitats. Numerical models designed to explore complex, nonlinear atmospheric processes are essential tools for understanding the fundamental mechanisms involved in seed dispersal. Yet, thus far, nearly all such models have not explicitly accounted for the spatial heterogeneity that is a typical feature of all ecosystems. 2 The recently developed Regional Atmospheric Modelling System (RAMS)‐based Forest Large Eddy Simulation (RAFLES) is used here to explore how within‐stand canopy heterogeneity impacts LDD. RAFLES resolves microscale canopy heterogeneity such as small gaps and variable tree heights, and it simulates their impacts on turbulence inside and above the canopy in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). For that purpose, an Eulerian–Lagrangian module of seed dispersal is added to RAFLES to simulate seed trajectories. 3 Particular attention is paid to the sensitivity of statistical attributes of the dispersal kernels (i.e. mean, mode, variance, tail) to key simplifications common to all seed dispersal models, such as horizontal homogeneity in the canopy and flow field, and the tight coupling between air parcel trajectories and seed trajectories (i.e. neglecting seed inertia). These attributes appear to be sensitive to various factors operating at scales ranging from the seed scale to the ABL scale. 4 Simulations with RAFLES show that LDD is characterized by a dispersal kernel with a ‘tail’, asymptotically approaching a power law decay of –3/2 (mainly occurring for lighter seeds at high wind speeds). This is consistent with asymptotic predictions from analytical models. The wind speed threshold at which seed abscission occurs, set‐up to be twice the standard deviation of the vertical wind speed, is shown to affect short‐distance dispersal, but has no significant impact on LDD. Ignoring the effects of seed inertia on the seed trajectory calculations has a minor effect on short‐distance dispersal and no effect on the probability of seed uplift. Thus, it has no significant impact on LDD. 5 Synthesis. Tree‐scale canopy heterogeneity affects the turbulence characteristics inside and above the canopy and, consequently, this affects dispersal kernel statistics. A key finding from this study is that ejection is enhanced above the shorter trees of the canopy. Seeds dispersed above shorter trees have a higher probability of experiencing LDD while their short‐distance dispersal remains practically the same. At inter‐annual time scales, such interactions could affect species composition.
Journal of Ecology – Wiley
Published: Jul 1, 2008
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.