Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
Somerville Somerville, Remer Remer (1984)
Cloud optical thickness feedbacks in the CO 2 climate problemJ. Geophys. Res., 89
R. Wetherald, S. Manabe (1975)
The Effects of Changing the Solar Constant on the Climate of a General Circulation ModelJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 32
M. Schlesinger (1984)
Climate Model Simulations of CO2-Induced Climatic ChangeAdvances in Geophysics, 26
L. Jaeger (1976)
Monatskarten des Niederschlags für die ganze Erde
Y. Han, M. Schlesinger, W. Gates (1985)
An analysis of the air-sea-ice interaction simulated by the OSU-coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation modelElsevier oceanography series, 40
S. Manabe, R. Strickler (1964)
Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective AdjustmentJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 21
E. Pitcher, R. Malone, V. Ramanathan, M. Blackmon, K. Puri, W. Bourke (1983)
January and July Simulations with a Spectral General Circulation ModelJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 40
H. Bode (1945)
Network analysis and feedback amplifier design
Wei‐Chyung Wang, P. Stone (1980)
Effect of Ice-Albedo Feedback on Global Sensitivity in a One-Dimensional Radiative-Convective Climate ModelJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 37
R. Malone, E. Pitcher, M. Blackmon, K. Puri, W. Bourke (1984)
The Simulation of Stationary and Transient Geopotential-Height Eddies in January and July with a Spectral General Circulation ModelJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 41
K. Bryan, F. Komro, S. Manabe, M. Spelman (1982)
Transient Climate Response to Increasing Atmospheric Carbon DioxideScience, 215
J. Hummel, W. Kuhn (1981)
Comparison of radiative-convective models with constant and pressure-dependent lapse ratesTellus A, 33
K. Bryan, M. Spelman (1985)
The ocean's response to a CO2-induced warmingJournal of Geophysical Research, 90
R. Katz (1983)
Statistical procedures for making inferences about precipitation changes simulated by an atmospheric general-circulation modelJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 40
S. Manabe, R. Wetherald, R. Stouffer (1981)
Summer dryness due to an increase of atmospheric CO2 concentrationClimatic Change, 3
T. Augustsson, V. Ramanathan (1977)
A Radiative-Convective Model Study of the CO2 Climate ProblemJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 34
B. Hunt (1981)
An examination of some feedback mechanisms in the carbon dioxide climate problemTellus A, 33
S. Manabe, R. Stouffer (1979)
A CO2-climate sensitivity study with a mathematical model of the global climateNature, 282
Wetherald Wetherald, Manabe Manabe (1981)
Influence of seasonal variation upon the sensitivity of a model climateJ. Geophys. Res., 86
L. Jenne (1975)
Data Sets for Meteorological Research
T. Charlock (1981)
Cloud Optics as a Possible Stabilizing Factor in Climate ChangeJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 38
J. Hummel, R. Reck (1981)
Carbon dioxide and climate: The effects of water transport in radiative-convective modelsJournal of Geophysical Research, 86
J. Taljaard, L. Crutcher, L. Jenne, H. Loon (1969)
Climate of the Upper Air: Southern Hemisphere: Volume 1: Temperatures, Dew Points, and Heights at Selected Pressure Levels
W. Washington, G. Meehl (1983)
General circulation model experiments on the climatic effects due to a doubling and quadrupling of carbon dioxide concentrationJournal of Geophysical Research, 88
S. Manabe, R. Stouffer (1980)
Sensitivity of a global climate model to an increase of CO2 concentration in the atmosphereJournal of Geophysical Research, 85
W. Sellers (1969)
A Global Climatic Model Based on the Energy Balance of the Earth-Atmosphere System.Journal of Applied Meteorology, 8
A. Lacis, J. Hansen (1974)
A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation in the earth's atmosphereJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 31
M. Spelman, S. Manabe (1984)
Influence of Oceanic Heat Transport Upon the Sensitivity of a Model ClimateJournal of Geophysical Research, 89
M. Schlesinger, W. Gates, Y. Han (1985)
The role of the ocean in CO2-induced climate change: preliminary results from the OSU coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation modelElsevier oceanography series, 40
Manabe Manabe, Smagorinsky Smagorinsky, Strickler Strickler (1965)
Simulated climatology of a general circulation model with a hydrological cycleMon. Weather Rev., 93
B. Hunt, N. Wells (1979)
An assessment of the possible future climatic impact of carbon dioxide increases based on a coupled one‐dimensional atmospheric‐oceanic modelJournal of Geophysical Research, 84
R. Wetherald, S. Manabe (1981)
Erratum: Influence of seasonal variation upon the sensitivity of a model climateJournal of Geophysical Research
J. Hansen, G. Russell, D. Rind, P. Stone, A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, R. Ruedy, L. Travis (1983)
Efficient Three-Dimensional Global Models for Climate Studies: Models I and IIMonthly Weather Review, 111
V. Ramanathan, E. Pitcher, R. Malone, M. Blackmon (1983)
The Response of a Spectral General Circulation Model to Refinements in Radiative ProcessesJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 40
W. Gates, K. Cook, M. Schlesinger (1981)
Preliminary analysis of experiments on the climatic effects of increased CO2 with an atmospheric general circulation model and a climatological oceanJournal of Geophysical Research, 86
P. Rowntree, J. Walker (1978)
THE EFFECTS OF DOUBLING THE CO2 CONCENTRATION ON RADIATIVE-CONVECTIVE EQUILIBRIUM
R. Rotty (1983)
Distribution of and changes in industrial carbon dioxide productionJournal of Geophysical Research, 88
R. Wetherald, S. Manabe (1986)
An investigation of cloud cover change in response to thermal forcingClimatic Change, 8
W. Washington, G. Meehl (1984)
Seasonal cycle experiment on the climate sensitivity due to a doubling of CO2 with an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a simple mixed‐layer ocean modelJournal of Geophysical Research, 89
J. Hummel (1982)
Surface temperature sensitivities in a multiple cloud radiative-convective model with a constant and pressure dependent critical lapse rateTellus A, 34
P. Rowntree, J. Bolton (1983)
Simulation of the atmospheric response to soil moisture anomalies over EuropeQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 109
M. Budyko (1969)
The effect of solar radiation variations on the climate of the EarthTellus A, 21
S. Manabe, R. Wetherald (1980)
On the Distribution of Climate Change Resulting from an Increase in CO2 Content of the AtmosphereJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 37
Mitchell Mitchell, Lupton Lupton (1984)
A 4 × CO 2 integration with prescribed changes in sea surface temperaturesProg. Biometeorol., 3
S. Manabe, R. Wetherald (1986)
Reduction in Summer Soil Wetness Induced by an Increase in Atmospheric Carbon DioxideScience, 232
F. Luther, Y. Fouquart (1985)
Intercomparison of Radiation Codes in Climate Models (ICRCCM): Longwave Clear-Sky Results—A Workshop SummaryBulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 69
M. Lal, V. Ramanathan (1984)
The Effects of Moist Convection and Water Vapor Radiative Processes on Climate SensitivityJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 41
S. Manabe, J. Smagorinsky (1965)
SIMULATED CLIMATOLOGY OF A GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL WITH A HYDROLOGIC CYCLE II. ANALYSIS OF THE TROPICAL ATMOSPHEREMonthly Weather Review, 95
W. Washington, A. Semtner, G. Meehl, David Knight, Thomas Mayer (1980)
A General Circulation Experiment with a Coupled Atmosphere, Ocean and Sea Ice ModelJournal of Physical Oceanography, 10
G. Meehl, W. Washington (1985)
Sea Surface Temperatures Computed by a Simple Ocean Mixed Layer Coupled to an Atmospheric GCMJournal of Physical Oceanography, 15
R. Somerville (1984)
Cloud optical thickness feedbacks in the CO2 climate problemAdvances in Space Research, 5
G. Bates, G. Meehl (1986)
The Effect of CO2 Concentration on the Frequency of Blocking in a General Circulation Model Coupled to a Simple Mixed Layer Ocean ModelMonthly Weather Review, 114
J. Hummel, W. Kuhn (1981)
An atmospheric radiative‐convective model with interactive water vapor transport and cloud developmentTellus A, 33
M. Schlesinger, J. Mitchell (1986)
Model projections of the equilibrium climatic response to increased carbon dioxide
J. Mitchell (1983)
The seasonal response of a general circulation model to changes in CO2 and sea temperaturesQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 109
M. Schlesinger (1986)
Equilibrium and transient climatic warming induced by increased atmospheric CO2Climate Dynamics, 1
Wei‐Chyung Wang, W. Rossow, M. Yao, M. Wolfson (1981)
Climate sensitivity of a one-dimensional radiative-convective model with cloud feedbackJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 38
R. Lindzen, A. Hou, Brian Farrell (1982)
The Role of Convective Model Choice in Calculating the Climate Impact of Doubling CO2Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 39
J. Hansen, David Johnson, A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, P. Lee, D. Rind, G. Russell (1981)
Climate Impact of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon DioxideScience, 213
Arakawa (1969)
Numerical simulations of the general circulation of the atmosphere
S. Manabe, R. Wetherald (1967)
Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative HumidityJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 24
J. Mitchell, Chris Wilson, W. Cunnington (1987)
On Co2 climate sensitivity and model dependence of resultsQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 113
S. Manabe, R. Wetherald (1975)
The Effects of Doubling the CO2 Concentration on the climate of a General Circulation ModelJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 32
W. Elliott, L. Machta, C. Keeling (1985)
An estimate of the biotic contribution to the atmospheric CO2 increase based on direct measurements at Mauna Loa ObservatoryJournal of Geophysical Research, 90
R. Wetherald, S. Manabe (1980)
Cloud cover and climate sensitivity.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 37
S. Manabe, K. Bryan, M. Spelman (1979)
A global ocean-atmosphere climate model with seasonal variation for future studies of climate sensitivityDynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 3
G. Meehl, W. Washington (1986)
Tropical response to increased CO2 in a GCM with a simple mixed layer ocean: similarities to an observed pacific warm eventMonthly Weather Review, 114
Chris Wilson, J. Mitchell (1987)
Simulated climate and CO2—Induced climate change over Western EuropeClimatic Change, 10
Mitchell Mitchell (1984)
The effect of global pollutants on climateMeteorol. Mag., 113
The first assessments of the potential climatic effects of increased CO2 were performed using simplified climate models, namely, energy balance models (EBMs) and radiative‐convective models (RCMs). A wide range of surface temperature warming has been obtained by surface EBMs as a result of the inherent difficulty of these models in specifying the behavior of the climate system away from the energy balance level. RCMs have given estimates of ΔTs for a CO2 doubling that range from 0.48° to 4.2°C. This response can be characterized by ΔTs = ΔRTG0/(1 ‐ f), where ΔRT is the radiative forcing at the tropopause due to the CO2 doubling (∼4 W m−2), G0 is the gain of the climate system without feedbacks (∼0.3°C/(W m−2)), and f is the feedback. The feedback processes in RCMs include water vapor feedback (f is 0.3 to 0.4), moist adiabatic lapse rate feedback (f is −0.25 to −0.4), cloud altitude feedback (f is 0.15 to 0.30), cloud cover feedback (f is unknown), cloud optical depth feedback (f is 0 to −1.32), and surface albedo feedback (f is 0.14 to 0.19). However, these feedbacks can be predicted credibly only by physically based models that include the essential dynamics and thermodynamics of the feedback processes. Such physically based models are the general circulation models (GCMs). The earliest GCM simulations of CO2‐induced climate change were performed without the annual insolation cycle. These “annual mean” simulations gave for a CO2 doubling a global mean surface air temperature warming of 1.3° to 3.9°C, an increase in the global mean precipitation rate of 2.7 to 7.8%, and an indication of a soil moisture drying in the middle latitudes. The first GCM simulation of the seasonal variation of CO2‐induced climate change was performed for a CO2 quadrupling and obtained annual global mean surface temperature and precipitation changes of 4.1°C and 6.7%, respectively. Substantial seasonal differences in the CO2‐induced climate changes were found, especially in polar latitudes where the warming was maximum in winter and in the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere where a soil moisture desiccation was found in summer. Recently, three CO2‐doubling experiments have been performed with GCMs that include the annual insolation cycle. These seasonal simulations give an annual global mean warming of 3.5° to 4.2°C and precipitation increases of 7.1 to 11%. These changes are approximately twice as large as those implied for a CO2 doubling by the earliest seasonal simulation, apparently as a result of a positive cloud feedback. The geographical distributions of the CO2‐induced warming obtained by the recent simulations agree qualitatively but not quantitatively. Furthermore, the precipitation and soil moisture changes do not agree quantitatively and even show qualitative differences. In particular, the summertime soil moisture drying in middle‐latitudes is simulated by only one of the GCMs. In order to improve the state of the art in simulating the equilibrium climatic change induced by increased CO2 concentrations, it is recommended first that the contemporary GCM simulations be analyzed to determine the feedback processes responsible for their differences and second that the parameterization of these processes in the GCMs be validated against highly detailed models and observations.
Reviews of Geophysics – Wiley
Published: May 1, 1987
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.