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MOST STUDIES of physiological s have been limited to cardiovascular and sympathetic-sympathoadrenal medullary s (50). It is important to also understand adaptations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) cortical axis because they are involved in models of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (32), anxiety disorders (21), major depression (18), and immunocompetence (5). Studies examining the question of whether alters the HPA axis usually have been conducted under conditions of , rest, or pharmacological challenge and yielded mixed results (7, 8, 19, 26, 36, 37, 43, 54). Another approach to the question is to examine the effect of on the magnitude and of physiological s of the HPA axis elicited by standardized stressors other than , thus testing the hypothesis that induces crossstressor adaptations in HPA responsiveness (50). Studies using this approach also have yielded conflicting results (6, 14, 45, 55, 56), partly because the authors did not 1) compare acute s to with s to other stressors that are familiar (i.e., homotypic) vs. novel (i.e., heterotypic) (50) or 2) consider influences on s exerted by reproductive hormones known to influence physiological s to non stressors. Many types of acute stress, including (28), stimulate the release of HPA hormones (29, 30).
Journal of Applied Physiology – The American Physiological Society
Published: Mar 1, 1996
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