Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
A. Reinders, K. Vringer, K. Blok (2003)
The direct and indirect energy requirement of households in the European UnionEnergy Policy, 31
A. Plappally, J. Lienhard (2012)
Energy requirements for water production, treatment, end use, reclamation, and disposalRenewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16
(2010)
Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics, Paris. OECD/IEA (2010), Power Generation From Coal, Measuring and Reporting Efficiency Performance
L. Rodolfi, G. Zittelli, N. Bassi, Giulia Padovani, N. Biondi, Gimena Bonini, M. Tredici (2009)
Microalgae for oil: Strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low‐cost photobioreactorBiotechnology and Bioengineering, 102
A. uiterkamp (1997)
Green Households? Domestic Consumers, Environment and Sustainability
K. Blok, E. Nieuwlaar (2008)
Introduction to Energy Analysis
B. Guieysse, Q. Béchet, A. Shilton (2013)
Variability and uncertainty in water demand and water footprint assessments of fresh algae cultivation based on case studies from five climatic regions.Bioresource technology, 128
(2006)
prints versus blue water availability, PLoS ONE
M. Mekonnen, A. Hoekstra (2011)
The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crops productsAmerican Journal of Hematology
C. Pizarroa, W. Mulbryb, D. Blerscha, P. Kangasa (2006)
An economic assessment of algal turf scrubber technology for treatment of dairy manure effluent
(2010)
cultivation based on case studies from five climatic regions, Bioresour
A. Hoekstra (2013)
Sustainable, efficient, and equitable water use: the three pillars under wise freshwater allocationWiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 1
A. Clarens, Eleazer Resurreccion, Mark White, L. Colosi (2010)
Environmental life cycle comparison of algae to other bioenergy feedstocks.Environmental science & technology, 44 5
J. Sheehan, T. Dunahay, J. Benemann, P. Roessler (1998)
Look Back at the U.S. Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program: Biodiesel from Algae; Close-Out Report
A. Hoekstra, M. Mekonnen (2011)
The water footprint of humanityProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109
Jia Yang, Ming Xu, Xuezhi Zhang, Q. Hu, M. Sommerfeld, Yongsheng Chen (2011)
Life-cycle analysis on biodiesel production from microalgae: water footprint and nutrients balance.Bioresource technology, 102 1
K. Erb, Andreas Mayer, F. Krausmann, C. Lauk, C. Plutzar, J. Steinberger, H. Haberl (2012)
Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Biofuels: The interrelations of Future Global Bioenergy Potentials, Food demand, and Agricultural Technology
R. Kok, H. Falkena, R. Benders, H. Moll, K. Noorman (2003)
Household metabolism in European countries and cities
(2005)
Biofuels: Prospects, Risks and Oppor
Paying Farmers (1970)
The State of Food and AgricultureCanadian journal of comparative medicine, 34
A. Hoekstra, M. Mekonnen, A. Chapagain, Ruth Mathews, B. Richter (2012)
Global Monthly Water Scarcity: Blue Water Footprints versus Blue Water AvailabilityPLoS ONE, 7
M. Huntley, D. Redalje (2007)
CO2 Mitigation and Renewable Oil from Photosynthetic Microbes: A New AppraisalMitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12
Alternate Fuels (1992)
Electric power monthly
Per Stromberg, A. Gasparatos (2012)
Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Biofuels: Biofuels at the Confluence of Energy Security, Rural Development, and Food Security: A Developing Country Perspective
(2012)
Sustainable Development of Algal Biofuels
Y. Chisti (2008)
Response to Reijnders: Do biofuels from microalgae beat biofuels from terrestrial plants?Trends in Biotechnology, 26
M. Wigmosta, A. Coleman, Richard Skaggs, M. Huesemann, L. Lane (2011)
National microalgae biofuel production potential and resource demandWater Resources Research, 47
P. Gerbens-Leenes, A. Lienden, A. Hoekstra, T. Meer (2012)
Biofuel scenarios in a water perspective: the global blue and green water footprint of road transport in 2030, 43
M. Aldaya, A. Chapagain, A. Hoekstra, M. Mekonnen (2011)
The Water Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting the Global Standard
Hong Yang, Yuan Zhou, Junguo Liu (2009)
Land and water requirements of biofuel and implications for food supply and the environment in ChinaEnergy Policy, 37
C. Murphy, D. Allen (2011)
Energy-water nexus for mass cultivation of algae.Environmental science & technology, 45 13
Liaw Batan, Jason Quinn, Thomas Bradley (2013)
Analysis of water footprint of a photobioreactor microalgae biofuel production system from blue, green and lifecycle perspectivesAlgal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts, 2
H. Falkena, H. Moll, K. Noorman, R. Kok, R. Benders (2003)
Household metabolism in Groningen.
J. Pittman, A. Dean, Olumayowa Osundeko (2011)
The potential of sustainable algal biofuel production using wastewater resources.Bioresource technology, 102 1
P. Gleick (1998)
WATER IN CRISIS: PATHS TO SUSTAINABLE WATER USEEcological Applications, 8
Günther Fischer, E. Hizsnyik, S. Prieler, M. Shah, H. Velthuizen (2009)
Biofuels and Food Security: Implications of an Accelerated Biofuels Production
(2010)
Power Generation From Coal, Measuring and Reporting Efficiency Performance and CO 2
(2012)
Biofuels at the confluence of energy security , rural development , and food security : A developing country perspective , in Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Biofuels , edited by
(2010)
EU Energy Trends to 2030 Update, Brussels
N. Moheimani, M. Borowitzka (2006)
The long-term culture of the coccolithophore Pleurochrysis carterae (Haptophyta) in outdoor raceway pondsJournal of Applied Phycology, 18
K. Kadam (2002)
Environmental implications of power generation via coal-microalgae cofiringEnergy, 27
V. Vasudevan, R. Stratton, Matthew Pearlson, G. Jersey, Abraham Beyene, J. Weissman, M. Rubino, J. Hileman (2012)
Environmental performance of algal biofuel technology options.Environmental science & technology, 46 4
A. Clarens, H. Nassau, Eleazer Resurreccion, Mark White, L. Colosi (2011)
Environmental impacts of algae-derived biodiesel and bioelectricity for transportation.Environmental science & technology, 45 17
J. Foley, R. DeFries, G. Asner, C. Barford, G. Bonan, S. Carpenter, F. Chapin, M. Coe, M. Coe, G. Daily, H. Gibbs, J. Helkowski, T. Holloway, E. Howard, C. Kucharik, C. Monfreda, J. Patz, I. Prentice, N. Ramankutty, P. Snyder (2005)
Global Consequences of Land UseScience, 309
Lixian Xu, Derk Brilman, J.A.M. Withag, G. Brem, S. Kersten (2011)
Assessment of a dry and a wet route for the production of biofuels from microalgae: energy balance analysis.Bioresource technology, 102 8
P. Slegers, R. Wijffels, G. Straten, A. Boxtel (2011)
Design scenarios for flat panel photobioreactorsApplied Energy, 88
R. Geider, J. Roche (2002)
Redfield revisited: variability of C:N:P in marine microalgae and its biochemical basisEuropean Journal of Phycology, 37
Rosa Dominguez-Faus, S. Powers, J. Burken, P. Alvarez (2009)
The water footprint of biofuels: a drink or drive issue?Environmental science & technology, 43 9
Jinyue Yan (2009)
Biofuels in AsiaApplied Energy, 86
Anoop Singh, P. Nigam, J. Murphy (2011)
Renewable fuels from algae: an answer to debatable land based fuels.Bioresource technology, 102 1
E. Becker (1994)
Microalgae: Biotechnology and Microbiology
Συνοπτική Παρουσίαση (2021)
World Energy Outlook 2021World Energy Outlook
M. Menetrez (2012)
An overview of algae biofuel production and potential environmental impact.Environmental science & technology, 46 13
Winnie Gerbens-Leenes, A. Hoekstra, T. Meer (2009)
The water footprint of bioenergyProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106
C. Harto, R. Meyers, E. Williams (2010)
Life cycle water use of low-carbon transport fuelsEnergy Policy, 38
Jason Quinn, Tracy Yates, N. Douglas, Kristina Weyer, Joel Butler, Thomas Bradley, P. Lammers (2012)
Nannochloropsis production metrics in a scalable outdoor photobioreactor for commercial applications.Bioresource technology, 117
Biofuels from microalgae are potentially important sources of liquid renewable energy. Algae are not yet produced on a large scale, but research shows promising results. This study assesses the blue water footprint (WF) and land use of algae‐based biofuels. It combines the WF concept with an energy balance approach to determine the blue WF of net energy. The study considers open ponds and closed photobioreactors (PBRs). All systems have a positive energy balance, with output‐input ratios ranging between 1.13 and 1.98. This study shows that the WF of algae‐based biofuels lies between 8 and 193 m3/GJ net energy provided. The land use of microalgal biofuels ranges from 20 to 200 m2/GJ net energy. For a scenario in which algae‐based biofuels provide 3.5% of the transportation fuels in the European Union in 2030, the system with the highest land productivity needs 17,000 km2 to produce the 850 PJ/yr. Producing all algae‐based biofuels through the system with the highest water productivity would lead to a blue WF of 7 Gm3/yr, which is equivalent to 15% of the present blue WF in the EU28. A transition to algae‐based transportation fuels will substantially increase competition over water and land resources.
Water Resources Research – Wiley
Published: Jan 1, 2014
Keywords: ; ;
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.