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Experimental studies of simulated fault gouge and their application to studies of natural fault zones
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2001 by the American Geophysical Union.
- ISSN
- 0094-8276
- eISSN
- 1944-8007
- DOI
- 10.1029/2001GL012869
- Publisher site
- See Article on Publisher Site
Abstract
A central problem in explaining the apparent weakness of the San Andreas and other plate boundary faults has been identifying candidate fault zone materials that are both weak and capable of hosting earthquake‐like unstable rupture. Our results demonstrate that smectite clay can be both weak and velocity weakening at low normal stress (<30 MPa). Our data are consistent with previous work, which has focused on higher normal stress conditions (50 MPa and greater) and found only velocity strengthening. If natural fault zones contain significant smectite, one key implication of our results is that localized zones of high pore pressure, which reduce effective normal stress, could be important in controlling potential sites of earthquake nucleation. Our experiments indicate that friction of smectite is complex, and depends upon both sliding velocity and normal stress. This complexity highlights the need for detailed experiments that reflect in‐situ conditions for fault gouges.
Journal
Geophysical Research Letters – Wiley
Published: Jun 15, 2001