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Articles Mutualism, Facilitation, and the Structure of Ecological Communities JOHN J. STACHOWICZ acilitative, or positive, interactions are encounters Fbetween organisms that benefit at least one of the par- POSITIVE INTERACTIONS PLAY A CRITICAL, ticipants and cause harm to neither. Such interactions are con- sidered “mutualisms” when both species derive benefit from BUT UNDERAPPRECIATED, ROLE IN the interaction. Positive interactions are ubiquitous: They ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES BY REDUCING may lie at the root of such diverse evolutionary phenomena as the origin of eukaryotic cells, the radiation of flowering PHYSICAL OR BIOTIC STRESSES IN EXISTING plants, and the flourishing of coral reefs. Although a few ecologists have long recognized the importance of positive in- HABITATS AND BY CREATING NEW teractions in stressful environments (e.g., Clements 1916, Addicott 1984), ecological research on positive interactions is HABITATS ON WHICH MANY SPECIES still far less common than that on other forms of interactions DEPEND among species (Bronstein 1994a, Bruno and Bertness 2000). Consequently, positive interactions are rarely factored into models or even into thinking about factors impacting pop- ulations and communities. Recent empirical work and the con- ceptual models derived from this work (e.g., Bertness and Call- stress via baffling) or indirectly (such as by
BioScience – Oxford University Press
Published: Mar 1, 2001
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