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Jeremy Thomas (1986)
RSNC guide to butterflies of the British Isles
S. Wells, R. Pyle, N. Collins (1983)
The IUCN invertebrate red data book
U. Maschwitz, Margarete Wüst, K. Schurian (1975)
Bläulingsraupen als Zuckerlieferanten für AmeisenOecologia, 18
G. Elmes, J. Wardlaw (1983)
A comparison of the effect of a queen upon the development of large hibernated larvae of six species of the genusMyrmica (Hym. Formicidae)Insectes Sociaux, 30
N. Pierce, S. Easteal (1986)
The selective advantage of attendant ants for the larvae of a lycaenid butterfly, Glaucopsyche lygdamusJournal of Animal Ecology, 55
G. Elmes, J. Thomas, Norm Johnson, Joe Cora (1985)
Morphometrics as a tool in identification: a case study on a Myrmica from France (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)., 2
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Aphytophagy in butterflies: its relationship to myrmecophilyZoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 80
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Parasitoids as selective agents in the symbiosis between lycaenid butterfly larvae and ants.Science, 211 4487
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K. Fiedler, U. Maschwitz (1988)
Functional analysis of the myrmecophilous relationships between ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and lycaenids (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)Oecologia, 75
Martin Schroth, U. Maschwitz (1984)
Zur Larvalbiologie und Wirtsfindung von Maculinea teleius (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), eines Parasiten von Myrmica laevinodis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)Entomologia Generalis, 9
Ecological studies have been made of all 5 European species of Maculinea . These confirm that M. nausithous and M. rebeli live underground in Myrmica ant nests for 10 months of the year, as has long been known for the other 3 species. The main discovery was that each Maculinea species depends on a single, and different, host species of Myrmica . This specificity contradicts previous papers and scientific reviews of the relationship between Maculinea and ants. Therefore, early records are re-examined and 3 reasons are given to explain why most are misleading when applied to wild populations. Dependence on a single, rather than any, species of Myrmica explains why Maculinea populations exist in only a small minority of biotopes where their foodplants and Myrmica ants abound. It also explains the puzzling disappearance of Maculinea populations from apparently suitable sites. The discovery that M. alcon and M. rebeli depend on separate species of Myrmica that are not even closely related strengthens the argument that these butterflies are good species.
Oecologia – Springer Journals
Published: Jun 1, 1989
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