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L. Lan, Li Lan, P. Wargocki, D. Wyon, Z. Lian (2011)
Effects of thermal discomfort in an office on perceived air quality, SBS symptoms, physiological responses, and human performance.Indoor air, 21 5
I. Buchanan, M. Mendell, A. Mirer, M. Apte (2008)
Air filter materials, outdoor ozone and building-related symptoms in the BASE study.Indoor air, 18 2
W. Fisk, A. Mirer, M. Mendell (2009)
Quantitative relationship of sick building syndrome symptoms with ventilation rates.Indoor air, 19 2
J. Sundell, H. Levin, W. Nazaroff, W. Cain, W. Fisk, D. Grimsrud, F. Gyntelberg, Yuguo Li, A. Persily, A. Pickering, J. Samet, J. Spengler, S. Taylor, C. Weschler, C. Weschler (2011)
Ventilation rates and health: multidisciplinary review of the scientific literature.Indoor air, 21 3
K. Benne, B. Griffith, N. Long, P. Torcellini, D. Crawley, T. Logee (2009)
Assessment of the Energy Impacts of Outside Air in the Commercial Sector
O. Seppänen, W. Fisk (2006)
Some Quantitative Relations between Indoor Environmental Quality and Work Performance or HealthHVAC&R Research, 12
M. Apte (2009)
Response to 'Does filter media type really affect BRS?'.Indoor air, 19 6
D. Milton, P. Glencross, M. Walters (2000)
Risk of sick leave associated with outdoor air supply rate, humidification, and occupant complaints.Indoor air, 10 4
W. Fisk, D. Faulkner, D. Sullivan (2004)
An evaluation of three commercially available technologies forreal-time measurement of rates of outdoor airflow into HVAC systemsAshrae Transactions, 111
L. Lan, P. Wargocki, Z. Lian (2011)
Quantitative measurement of productivity loss due to thermal discomfortEnergy and Buildings, 43
M. Mendell, Q. Lei-Gomez, A. Mirer, O. Seppänen, G. Brunner (2008)
Risk factors in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems for occupant symptoms in US office buildings: the US EPA BASE study.Indoor air, 18 4
Mark Mendell, Anna Mirer (2008)
Indoor thermal factors and symptoms in office workers: findings from the US EPA BASE study.Indoor air, 19 4
W. Fisk, D. Faulkner, D. Sullivan (2004)
Technologies for measuring flow rates of outdoor air into HVACsystems: Some causes and suggested cures for measurement errorsAshrae Transactions, 111
Abstract This field study of 37 small and medium commercial buildings throughout California obtained information on ventilation rate, temperature, and heating, ventilating, and air‐conditioning (HVAC) system characteristics. The study included seven retail establishments; five restaurants; eight offices; two each of gas stations, hair salons, healthcare facilities, grocery stores, dental offices, and fitness centers; and five other buildings. Fourteen (38%) of the buildings either could not or did not provide outdoor air through the HVAC system. The air exchange rate averaged 1.6 (s.d. = 1.7) exchanges per hour and was similar between buildings with and without outdoor air supplied through the HVAC system, indicating that some buildings have significant leakage or ventilation through open windows and doors. Not all buildings had sufficient air exchange to meet ASHRAE 62.1 Standards, including buildings used for fitness centers, hair salons, offices, and retail establishments. The majority of the time, buildings were within the ASHRAE temperature comfort range. Offices were frequently overcooled in the summer. All of the buildings had filters, but over half the buildings had a filter with a minimum efficiency reporting value rating of 4 or lower, which are not very effective for removing fine particles. Practical Implications Most U.S. commercial buildings (96%) are small‐ to medium‐sized, using nearly 18% of the country’s energy, and sheltering a large population daily. Little is known about the ventilation systems in these buildings. This study found a wide variety of ventilation conditions, with many buildings failing to meet relevant ventilation standards. Regulators may want to consider implementing more complete building inspections at commissioning and point of sale.
Indoor Air – Wiley
Published: Aug 1, 2012
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