Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
Loading next page...
/lp/wiley/two-decades-of-urban-climate-research-a-review-of-turbulence-exchanges-Ec0Xdq1T2O
References (330)
-
V. Masson (2000)
A Physically-Based Scheme For The Urban Energy Budget In Atmospheric ModelsBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 94
-
Randall Frank, R. Gerding, P. O'Rourke, W. Terjung (1981)
Simulating urban obstructionsSimulation, 36
-
D. Johnson (1985)
Urban modification of diurnal temperature cycles in birmingham, U.K.International Journal of Climatology, 5
-
A. Arnfield (1982)
Estimation of diffuse irradiance on sloping, obstructed surfaces: An error analysisArchives for meteorology, geophysics, and bioclimatology, Series B, 30
-
C. Grimmond, S.K. Potter, H. Zutter, C. Souch (2001)
Rapid methods to estimate sky‐view factors applied to urban areasInternational Journal of Climatology, 21
-
D. Epperson, Jerry Davis, P. Bloomfield, T. Karl, Alan Mcnab, K. Gallo (1995)
Estimating the urban bias of surface shelter temperatures using upper-air and satellite data. Part 1: Development of models predicting surface shelter temperaturesJournal of Applied Meteorology, 34
-
H. Swaid (1993)
Urban climate effects of artificial heat sources and ground shadowing by buildingsInternational Journal of Climatology, 13
-
C. Jones, P. Suckling (1983)
Comparison of the radiation balance of a rooftop lawn with that of a conventional rooftop surfaceArchives for meteorology, geophysics, and bioclimatology, Series B, 33
-
S. Hanna, Joseph Chang (1992)
Boundary-layer parameterizations for applied dispersion modeling over urban areasBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 58
-
D. Lee (1984)
Urban climatesProgress in Physical Geography, 8
-
W. Terjung, P. O'Rourke (1981)
Energy input and resultant surface temperatures for individual urban interfaces, selected latitudes and seasonsArchives for meteorology, geophysics, and bioclimatology, Series B, 29
-
K. Runnalls, T. Oke (2000)
DYNAMICS AND CONTROLS OF THE NEAR-SURFACE HEAT ISLAND OF VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIAPhysical Geography, 21
-
I. Eliasson (1994)
URBAN-SUBURBAN-RURAL AIR TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES RELATED TO STREET GEOMETRYPhysical Geography, 15
-
M. Aida (1982)
Urban albedo as a function of the urban structure — A model experimentBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 23
-
L. Bärring, J. Mattsson, S. Lindqvist (1985)
Canyon geometry, street temperatures and urban heat island in malmö, swedenInternational Journal of Climatology, 5
-
Y. Adebayo (1987)
A note on the effect of urbanization on temperature in IbadanInternational Journal of Climatology, 7
-
A. Hoyano, K. Asano, T. Kanamaru (1999)
Analysis of the sensible heat flux from the exterior surface of buildings using time sequential thermographyAtmospheric Environment, 33
-
S. Tumanov, Aurora Stan-Sion, A. Lupu, C. Soci, C. Oprea (1999)
Influences of the city of Bucharest on weather and climate parametersAtmospheric Environment, 33
-
W. Terjung, S. Louie (1973)
SOLAR RADIATION AND URBAN HEAT ISLANDSAnnals of The Association of American Geographers, 63
-
C. Estournel, R. Vehil, D. Guédalia, J. Fontan, A. Druilhet (1983)
Observations and Modeling of Downward Radiative Fluxes (Solar and Infrared) in Urban/Rural Areas, 22
-
I. Eliasson (1996)
Urban nocturnal temperatures, street geometry and land useAtmospheric Environment, 30
-
A. Yoshida, K. Tominaga, S. Watatani (1990)
Field measurements on energy balance of an urban canyon in the summer seasonEnergy and Buildings, 15
-
J. Ching (1985)
Urban-scale variations of turbulence parameters and fluxesBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 33
-
(2001)
Indicators on Human Settlements -
G. Mills, A. Arnfield (1993)
Simulation of the energy budget of an urban canyon. II: Comparison of model results with measurementsAtmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere, 27
-
N. Tapper, P. Tyson, I. Owens, W. Hastie (1981)
Modeling the Winter Urban Heat Island Over Christchurch, New ZealandJournal of Applied Meteorology, 20
-
(2001)
World Population Writer’s Forum, Quick Facts -
Chow Djen (1992)
The urban climate of ShanghaiAtmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere, 26
-
Randall Frank, R. Gerding, P. O'Rourke, W. Terjung (1981)
An urban radiation obstruction modelBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 20
-
G. Rooney (2001)
Comparison Of Upwind Land Use And Roughness Length Measured In The Urban Boundary LayerBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 100
-
E. Jáuregui (1997)
Heat island development in Mexico CityAtmospheric Environment, 31
-
K. Gallo, Alan Mcnab, T. Karl, Jesslyn Brown, J. Hood, J. Tarpley (1993)
The use of a vegetation index for assessment of the urban heat island effectInternational Journal of Remote Sensing, 14
-
R. Brázdil, M. Budíková (1999)
An urban bias in air temperature fluctuations at the Klementinum, Prague, The Czech RepublicAtmospheric Environment, 33
-
W. Smith, J. Reisner, C.Y.J. Kao (2001)
Simulations of flow around a cubical building: comparison with towing-tank data and assessment of radiatively induced thermal effectsAtmospheric Environment, 35
-
V. Sievers, W. Zdunkowski (1986)
A microscale urban climate model, 59
-
D. Verseghy, D. Munro (1989)
Sensitivity studies on the calculation of the radiation balance of urban surfaces: II. Longwave radiationBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 48
-
S. Oikawa, Y. Meng (1995)
Turbulence characteristics and organized motion in a suburban roughness sublayerBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 74
-
M. Moreno-garcia (1994)
Intensity and form of the urban heat island in barcelonaInternational Journal of Climatology, 14
-
T. Oke, J. Mccaughey (1983)
Suburban-rural energy balance comparisons for Vancouver, B.C.: An extreme case?Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 26
-
C. Morris, I. Simmonds (2000)
Associations between varying magnitudes of the urban heat island and the synoptic climatology in Melbourne, AustraliaInternational Journal of Climatology, 20
-
C. Grimmond, T. Oke, D. Steyn (1986)
Urban Water Balance: 1. A Model for Daily TotalsWater Resources Research, 22
-
R. Cole, N. Sturrock (1977)
The convective heat exchange at the external surface of buildingsBuilding and Environment, 12
-
S. Bretz, H. Akbari, A. Rosenfeld (1998)
Practical issues for using solar-reflective materials to mitigate urban heat islandsAtmospheric Environment, 32
-
J. Voogt, C. Grimmond (2000)
Modeling Surface Sensible Heat Flux Using Surface Radiative Temperatures in a Simple Urban AreaJournal of Applied Meteorology, 39
-
John Kim (2004)
Rough-Wall Turbulent Boundary Layers -
J. Burt, W. Terjung, P. O'Rourke (1982)
View-factors leading to the simulation of human heat stress and radiant exchange: An algorithmArchives for meteorology, geophysics, and bioclimatology, Series B, 30
-
J. Funk (1960)
Measured radiative flux divergence near the ground at nightQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 86
-
M. Roth, T. Oke, D. Steyn (1989)
Velocity and temperature spectra and cospectra in an unstable suburban atmosphereBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 47
-
M. Roth, T. Oke (1994)
Comparison of modelled and «measured» heat storage in suburban terrainContributions to atmospheric physics, 67
-
D. Travis, Vernon Meentemeyer, P. Suckling (2013)
Influence of Meteorological Conditions on Urban/Rural Temperature and Humidity Differences for a Small CitySoutheastern Geographer, 27
-
N. Magee, J. Curtis, G. Wendler (1999)
The Urban Heat Island Effect at Fairbanks, AlaskaTheoretical and Applied Climatology, 64
-
C. Feigenwinter, R. Vogt, E. Parlow (1999)
Vertical Structure of Selected Turbulence Characteristics above an Urban CanopyTheoretical and Applied Climatology, 62
-
G. Johnson, T. Oke, T. Lyons, D. Steyn, I. Watson, J. Voogt (1991)
Simulation of surface urban heat islands under ‘IDEAL’ conditions at night part 1: Theory and tests against field dataBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 56
-
Hyoun-Young Lee (1993)
An application of NOAA AVHRR thermal data to the study of urban heat islandsAtmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere, 27
-
U. Sievers, W. Zdunkowski (1985)
A numerical simulation scheme for the albedo of city street canyonsBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 33
-
C. Tso (1996)
A survey of urban heat island studies in two tropical citiesAtmospheric Environment, 30
-
Hye-Sook Park (1986)
Features of the heat island in seoul and its surrounding citiesAtmospheric Environment, 20
-
(1980)
Academic Press: New York; 1–47 -
R. Richiardone, G. Brusasca (1989)
Numerical experiments on urban heat island intensityQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 115
-
(1992)
Scaling North American urban climates by lines, lanes, and rows -
A. Arnfield (1990)
Street Design and Urban Canyon Solar AccessEnergy and Buildings, 14
-
M. Bottema (1997)
Urban roughness modelling in relation to pollutant dispersionAtmospheric Environment, 31
-
B. Holmer, I. Eliasson (1999)
Urban–rural vapour pressure differences and their role in the development of urban heat islandsInternational Journal of Climatology, 19
-
E. Jáuregui, E. Luyando (1999)
Global radiation attenuation by air pollution and its effects on the thermal climate in Mexico CityInternational Journal of Climatology, 19
-
C. Brest (1987)
Seasonal albedo of an urban/rural landscape from satellite observations, 26
-
D. Steyn, J. Hay, I. Watson, G. Johnson (1986)
The Determination of Sky View-Factors in Urban Environments Using Video ImageryJournal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 3
-
Sturman Sturman (1998)
Applied climatologyProgress in Physical Geography, 22
-
M. Rotach (1993)
Turbulence close to a rough urban surface part II: Variances and gradientsBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 66
-
Hongsheng Zhang, Jiayi Chen, Soon-Ung Park (2001)
Turbulence Structure In Unstable Conditions Over Various SurfacesBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 100
-
K. Noto (1996)
Dependence of heat island phenomena on stable stratification and heat quantity in a calm environmentAtmospheric Environment, 30
-
I. Eliasson (1992)
Infrared thermography and urban temperature patternsInternational Journal of Remote Sensing, 13
-
R. Spronken-Smith, T. Oke, W. Lowry (2000)
Advection and the surface energy balance across an irrigated urban parkInternational Journal of Climatology, 20
-
D. Unwin (1980)
THE SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY OF BIRMINGHAM'S URBAN HEAT ISLAND, 1965–74Weather, 35
-
D. Doll, J. Ching, Jack Kaneshiro (1985)
Parameterization of subsurface heating for soil and concrete using net radiation dataBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 32
-
D. Epperson, Jerry Davis, P. Bloomfield, T. Karl, Alan Mcnab, K. Gallo (1995)
Estimating the urban bias of surface shelter temperatures using upper-air and satellite data. Part 2: Estimation of the urban biasJournal of Applied Meteorology, 34
-
W. Terjung, P. O'Rourke (1980)
An economical canopy model for use in urban climatologyInternational Journal of Biometeorology, 24
-
Fowler Duckworth, J. Sandberg (1954)
The effect of cities upon horizontal and vertical temperature gradientsBulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 35
-
T. Oke, J. Crowther, K. Mcnaughton, J. Monteith, B. Gardiner (1989)
The Micrometeorology of the Urban Forest [and Discussion]Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 324
-
T. Ichinose, Kazuhiro Shimodozono, K. Hanaki (1999)
Impact of anthropogenic heat on urban climate in TokyoAtmospheric Environment, 33
-
J. Arnfield (2000)
A SIMPLE MODEL OF URBAN CANYON ENERGY BUDGET AND ITS VALIDATIONPhysical Geography, 21
-
I. Uno, S. Wakamatsu, H. Ueda, A. Nakamura (1988)
An observational study of the structure of the nocturnal urban boundary layerBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 45
-
Rudolf zdil (1999)
An urban bias in air temperature #uctuations at the Klementinum, Prague, The Czech Republic -
T. Schmidlin (1989)
The Urban Heat Island at Toledo, Ohio -
I. Eliasson (1990)
Urban Geometry, surface temperature and air temperatureEnergy and Buildings, 15
-
Westendorf Westendorf, Leuthart Leuthart, Howarth Howarth (1989)
A preliminary assessment of the Louisville urban heat islandTransactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science, 50
-
H. Taha (1999)
Modifying a Mesoscale Meteorological Model to Better Incorporate Urban Heat Storage: A bulk-parameterization approachJournal of Applied Meteorology, 38
-
C. Grimmond (1998)
Aerodynamic Roughness of Urban Areas Derived from Wind ObservationsBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 89
-
T. Oke (1974)
Review of urban climatology 1968-1973 -
W. Lowry (1998)
Urban effects on precipitation amountProgress in Physical Geography, 22
-
F. Vukovich (1983)
An Analysis of the Ground Temperature and Reflectivity Pattern about St. Louis, Missouri, Using HCMM Satellite Data, 22
-
Jong‐Jin Baik, Yeon‐Hee Kim, H. Chun (2001)
Dry and Moist Convection Forced by an Urban Heat IslandJournal of Applied Meteorology, 40
-
M. Kerschgens, J. Hacker (1985)
On the energy budget of the convective boundary layer over an urban and rural environment, 58
-
S. Hsu (1984)
VARIATION OF AN URBAN HEAT ISLAND IN PHOENIXThe Professional Geographer, 36
-
(1981)
1981a. City climate -
H. Schmid, H. Cleugh, C. Grimmond, T. Oke (1991)
Spatial variability of energy fluxes in suburban terrainBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 54
-
T. Oke (1988)
Street design and urban canopy layer climateEnergy and Buildings, 11
-
J. Voogt, T. Oke (1991)
Validation of an urban canyon radiation model for nocturnal long-wave fluxesBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 54
-
Jan Herbert, G. Johnson, A. Arnfield (1998)
Modelling the thermal climate in city canyonsEnvironmental Modelling and Software, 13
-
R. Ellefsen (1991)
Mapping and measuring buildings in the canopy boundary layer in ten U.S. citiesEnergy and Buildings, 16
-
D. Steyn (1980)
The calculation of view factors from fisheye‐lens photographs: Research noteAtmosphere-ocean, 18
-
Shao Shao, Lister Lister, Fairmaner Fairmaner (1994)
Numerical simulations of shading effect and road‐surface stateMeteorological Applications, 1
-
Xu Yumao, Zhou Chaofu, Lin Zhongkai, Zhang Wei (1997)
TURBULENT STRUCTURE AND LOCAL SIMILARITY IN THE TOWER LAYER OVER THE NANJING AREABoundary-Layer Meteorology, 82
-
R. Balling, Sandra Brazel (1988)
High-resolution surface temperature patterns in a complex urban terrainPhotogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 54
-
(1982)
presence of obstructing mountains or buildings. Archiv für Meteorologie -
Johnson Johnson, Watson Watson (1985)
ReplyJournal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 24
-
S. Changnon (1981)
METROMEX, a review and summaryMeteorological Monographs, 40
-
(1976)
Numerical modelling of urban surface radiative parameters -
J. Peterson, T. Stoffel (1980)
Analysis of Urban-Rural Solar Radiation Data from St. Louis, MissouriJournal of Applied Meteorology, 19
-
T. Oke, H. Cleughl, S. Grhnmond, H. Schmid, M. Roth (1989)
EVALUATION OF SPATIALLY -AVERAGED FLUXES OF HEAT, MASS AND MOMENTUM IN THE URBAN BOUNDARY LAYER, 9
-
C. Grimmond, T. Oke (1995)
Comparison of heat fluxes from summertime observations in the suburbs of four North American citiesJournal of Applied Meteorology, 34
-
G. Mills (1993)
Simulation of the energy budget of an urban canyon—I. Model structure and sensitivity testAtmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere, 27
-
G. Mills (1997)
The radiative effects of building groups on single structuresEnergy and Buildings, 25
-
Oke Oke (1989)
The micrometeorology of the urban forestPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 324
-
J. Lorente, A. Redan, X. Cabo (1994)
Influence of urban aerosol on spectral solar irradianceJournal of Applied Meteorology, 33
-
D. Paterson, C. Apelt (1989)
Simulation of wind flow around three-dimensional buildingsBuilding and Environment, 24
-
T. Method, T. Carlson (1982)
Radiative heating rates and some optical properties of the St. Louis aerosol, as inferred from aircraft measurementsAtmospheric Environment, 16
-
(1987)
Atmospheric Environment B -
M. Yersel, R. Goble (1986)
Roughness effects on urban turbulence parametersBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 37
-
G. McBoyle (1968)
A review of urban climatology -
P. Todhunter (1990)
MICROCLIMATIC VARIATIONS ATTRIBUTABLE TO URBAN-CANYON ASYMMETRY AND ORIENTATIONPhysical Geography, 11
-
Roth Roth (2000)
Review of atmospheric turbulence over citiesQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 126
-
M. Roth, T. Oke (1995)
Relative Efficiencies of Turbulent Transfer of Heat, Mass, and Momentum over a Patchy Urban SurfaceJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 52
-
D. Sailor (1998)
Simulations of annual degree day impacts of urban vegetative augmentationAtmospheric Environment, 32
-
I. Eliasson, B. Holmer (1990)
Urban Heat Island Circulation in Göteborg, SwedenTheoretical and Applied Climatology, 42
-
D. Verseghy, D. Munro (1989)
Sensitivity studies on the calculation of the radiation balance of urban surfaces: I. Shortwave radiationBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 46
-
I. Henry, S. Dicks, O. Wetterqvist, S. Roguski (1989)
Comparison of satellite, ground-based, and modeling techniques for analyzing the urban heat IslandPhotogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 55
-
R. Cionco, R. Ellefsen (1998)
High resolution urban morphology data for urban wind flow modelingAtmospheric Environment, 32
-
A. Arnfield (1990)
CANYON GEOMETRY, THE URBAN FABRIC AND NOCTURNAL COOLING: A SIMULATION APPROACHPhysical Geography, 11
-
J. Winkler, R. Skaggs, D. Baker (1981)
Effect of Temperature Adjustments on the Minneapolis-St. Paul Urban Heat IslandJournal of Applied Meteorology, 20
-
A. Arnfield, G. Mills (1994)
An analysis of the circulation characteristics and energy budget of a dry, asymmetric, east-west urban canyon. I: Circulation characteristicsInternational Journal of Climatology, 14
-
P. Todhunter (1989)
An approach to the variability of urban surface energy budgets under stratified synoptic weather typesInternational Journal of Climatology, 9
-
M. Shoshany, R. Aminov, Y. Goldreich (1994)
The extraction of roof tops from thermal imagery for analyzing the urban heat island structureGeocarto International, 9
-
C. Grimmond, T. Oke (1986)
Urban Water Balance: 2. Results From a Suburb of Vancouver, British ColumbiaWater Resources Research, 22
-
energy balance measurements of the type now employed routinely for suburban locations are required for central city sites -
K. Anandakumar (1999)
A study on the partition of net radiation into heat fluxes on a dry asphalt surfaceAtmospheric Environment, 33
-
K. Goh, C. Chang (1999)
The relationship between height to width ratios and the heat island intensity at 22:00 h for SingaporeInternational Journal of Climatology, 19
-
C. Repapis, H. Mantis, A. Paliatsos, C. Philandras, A. Bais, C. Meleti (1998)
Case study of UV-B modification during episodes of urban air pollutionAtmospheric Environment, 32
-
T. Oke (1982)
The energetic basis of the urban heat islandQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 108
-
(1987)
Cleugh -
M. Roth (1993)
Turbulent transfer relationships over an urban surface. II: Integral statisticsQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 119
-
I. Tereshchenko, A. Filonov (2001)
Air temperature fluctuations in Guadalajara, Mexico, from 1926 to 1994 in relation to urban growthInternational Journal of Climatology, 21
-
S. Kidder, Huey-Tzu Wu (1987)
A multispectral study of the St. Louis area under snow-covered conditions using NOAA-7 AVHRR dataRemote Sensing of Environment, 22
-
(1987)
(a) equatorial wet climates — Singapore (Tso, 1996; Goh and Chang, 1999), Kuala Lumpur (Tso, 1996) and Ibadan (Adebayo, -
Jie Lu, S. Arya, W. Snyder, R. Lawson (1997)
A Laboratory Study of the Urban Heat Island in a Calm and Stably Stratified Environment. Part II: Velocity FieldJournal of Applied Meteorology, 36
-
Dario Camuffo, G. Sturaro, A. Valentino (1999)
Urban Climatology Applied to the Deterioration of the Pisa Leaning Tower, ItalyTheoretical and Applied Climatology, 63
-
(1983)
The Climate of Cities. Public Administration Series Bibliography P-1168 -
W. Terjung (1976)
CLIMATOLOGY FOR GEOGRAPHERSAnnals of The Association of American Geographers, 66
-
Y. Goldreich (1995)
Urban climate studies in Israel—A review☆Atmospheric Environment, 29
-
J. Shao, P. Lister (1995)
The prediction of road surface state and simulation of the shading effectBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 73
-
J. Hafner, S. Kidder (1999)
Urban Heat Island Modeling in Conjunction with Satellite-Derived Surface/Soil ParametersJournal of Applied Meteorology, 38
-
J. Voogt, T. Oke (1997)
Complete urban surface temperaturesJournal of Applied Meteorology, 36
-
M. Raupach, A. Thom, I. Edwards (1980)
A wind-tunnel study of turbulent flow close to regularly arrayed rough surfacesBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 18
-
S. Nicholson (1975)
A pollution model for street-level air.Atmospheric environment, 9 1
-
C. Philandras, D. Metaxas, P. Nastos (1999)
Climate Variability and Urbanization in AthensTheoretical and Applied Climatology, 63
-
H. Schmid (1994)
Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxesBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 67
-
H. Cleugh, T. Oke (1986)
Suburban-rural energy balance comparisons in summer for Vancouver, B.C.Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 36
-
Arnfield Arnfield (1984)
Simulating radiative energy budgets within the urban canopy layerModeling and Simulation, 15
-
C. Grimmond (1992)
The suburban energy balance: Methodological considerations and results for a mid-latitude west coast city under winter and spring conditionsInternational Journal of Climatology, 12
-
C. Priestley, R. Taylor (1972)
On the Assessment of Surface Heat Flux and Evaporation Using Large-Scale ParametersMonthly Weather Review, 100
-
G. Hänel, D. Weidert, R. Busen (1990)
Absorption of solar radiation in an urban atmosphereAtmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere, 24
-
E. Ripley, O. Archibold, D. Bretell (1996)
Temporal and spatial temperature patterns in SaskatoonWeather, 51
-
W. Zdunkowski, C. Brühl (1983)
A fast approximate method for the calculation of the infrared radiation balance within city street cavitiesArchives for meteorology, geophysics, and bioclimatology, Series B, 33
-
J. Cermák (1995)
Wind climate in cities -
Unwin Unwin (1980)
The synoptic climatology of Birmingham's heat islandWeather, 35
-
D. Lummerzheim, M. Galand (2001)
The profile of the hydrogen H β emission line in proton auroraJournal of Geophysical Research, 106
-
G. Stanhill, J. Kalma (1995)
Solar dimming and urban heating at Hong KongInternational Journal of Climatology, 15
-
A. Arnfield, G. Mills (1994)
An analysis of the circulation characteristics and energy budget of a dry, asymmetric, east‐west urban canyon. II. Energy budgetInternational Journal of Climatology, 14
-
N. Duijm (1999)
Estimates of Roughness Parameters for Arrays of ObstaclesBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 91
-
S. Kidder, O. Essenwanger (1995)
The Effect of Clouds and Wind on the Difference in Nocturnal Cooling Rates between Urban and Rural AreasJournal of Applied Meteorology, 34
-
B. Kalanda, T. Oke, D. Spittlehouse (1980)
Suburban Energy Balance Estimates for Vancouver, B.C., Using the Bowen Ratio-Energy Balance ApproachJournal of Applied Meteorology, 19
-
R. Fuggle, T. Oke (1976)
Long-wave radiative flux divergence and nocturnal cooling of the urban atmosphereBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 10
-
C. Jacovides, F. Timbios, D. Asimakopoulos, M. Steven (1997)
Urban aerosol and clear skies spectra for global and diffuse photosynthetically active radiationAgricultural and Forest Meteorology, 87
-
A. Kondo, M. Ueno, A. Kaga, K. Yamaguchi (2001)
The Influence Of Urban Canopy Configuration On Urban AlbedoBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 100
-
K. Steinecke (1999)
Urban climatological studies in the Reykjavı́k subarctic environment, IcelandAtmospheric Environment, 33
-
J. Ching, J. Clarke, J. Godowitch (1983)
Modulation of heat flux by different scales of advection in an urban environmentBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 25
-
T. Oke, R. Taesler, L. Olsson (1990)
The tropical urban climate experiment (TRUCE)Energy and Buildings, 15
-
H. Swaid, M. Hoffman (1990)
Thermal effects of artificial heat sources and shaded ground areas in the urban canopy layerEnergy and Buildings, 15
-
M. Elnahas, T. Williamson (1997)
An improvement of the CTTC model for predicting urban air temperaturesEnergy and Buildings, 25
-
C. Grimmond, T. Oke (1991)
An evapotranspiration‐interception model for urban areasWater Resources Research, 27
-
M. Yoshino (1990)
Development of urban climatology and problems todayEnergy and Buildings, 15
-
H. Nasrallah, A. Brazel, R. Balling (1990)
Analysis of the Kuwait city urban heat islandInternational Journal of Climatology, 10
-
S. Changnon (1980)
More on the La Porte Anomaly: A ReviewBulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 61
-
M. Rotach (1995)
Profiles of turbulence statistics in and above an urban street canyonAtmospheric Environment, 29
-
S. Changnon (1992)
Inadvertent Weather Modification in Urban Areas: Lessons for Global Climate ChangeBulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 73
-
(2001)
Heat island intensities over Brihan Mumbai on a cold winter and hot summer night -
M. Aida, Kiyoshi Gotoh (1982)
Urban albedo as a function of the urban structure — A two-dimensional numerical simulationBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 23
-
S. Murakami, A. Mochida (1989)
Three-dimensional numerical simulation of turbulent flow around buildings using the k−ε turbulence modelBuilding and Environment, 24
-
W. Kuttler, A. Barlag, Frank Robmann (1996)
Study of the thermal structure of a town in a narrow valleyAtmospheric Environment, 30
-
W. Shuttleworth (1978)
A simplified one-dimensional theoretical description of the vegetation-atmosphere interactionBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 14
-
J. Nichol (1996)
High-Resolution Surface Temperature Patterns Related to Urban Morphology in a Tropical City: A Satellite-Based StudyJournal of Applied Meteorology, 35
-
W. Lowry (1977)
Empirical Estimation of Urban Effects on Climate: A Problem Analysis.Journal of Applied Meteorology, 16
-
Y. Adebayo (1990)
Aspects of the variation in some characteristics of radiation budget within the urban canopy of IbadanAtmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere, 24
-
Bernice Ackerman (1985)
Temporal March of the Chicago Heat Island, 24
-
Steyn Steyn (1980)
The calculation of view factors from fisheye‐lens photographsAtmosphere–Ocean, 18
-
C. Grimmond, C. Souch, MD Hubble (1996)
Influence of tree cover on summertime surface energy balance fluxes, San Gabriel Valley, Los AngelesClimate Research, 6
-
T. Asaeda, V. Ca (1993)
The subsurface transport of heat and moisture and its effect on the environment: A numerical modelBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 65
-
D. Steyn (1992)
Micro- and mesoclimatologyProgress in Physical Geography, 16
-
D. Scherer, Ute Fehrenbach, H.-D. Beha, E. Parlow (1999)
Improved concepts and methods in analysis and evaluation of the urban climate for optimizing urban planning processesAtmospheric Environment, 33
-
R. Cook (1953)
The Population Reference BureauScience
-
(1997)
(c) tropical highland climates — Mexico City -
S. Kotake, T. Sano (1981)
Simulation model of air pollution in complex terrains including streets and buildingsAtmospheric Environment, 15
-
I. Eliasson (1996)
Intra-urban nocturnal temperature differences: a multivariate approachClimate Research, 7
-
(2001)
b) Numerical models: Baik (1992), Baik and Chun (1997), Baik et al . ( -
H. Schmid, T. Oke (1990)
A model to estimate the source area contributing to turbulent exchange in the surface layer over patchy terrainQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 116
-
Jong‐Jin Baik (1992)
Response of a Stably Stratified Atmosphere to Low-Level Heating— An Application to the Heat Island ProblemJournal of Applied Meteorology, 31
-
J. Garratt (1980)
Surface influence upon vertical profiles in the atmospheric near-surface layerQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 106
-
C. Grimmond, H. Cleugh, T. Oke (1991)
An objective urban heat storage model and its comparison with other schemesAtmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere, 25
-
Kukla Kukla, Gavin Gavin, Karl Karl (1986)
Urban warmingJournal of Applied Meteorology, 25
-
T. Oke, G. Johnson, D. Steyn, I. Watson (1991)
Simulation of surface urban heat islands under ‘ideal’ conditions at night part 2: Diagnosis of causationBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 56
-
(1989)
Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics and Bioclimatology B -
T. Oke, H. Cleugh (1987)
Urban heat storage derived as energy balance residualsBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 39
-
J. Voogt, T. Oke (1998)
Effects of urban surface geometry on remotely-sensed surface temperatureInternational Journal of Remote Sensing, 19
-
M. Stoll, A. Brazel (1992)
SURFACE-AIR TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIPS IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT OF PHOENIX, ARIZONAPhysical Geography, 13
-
D. Steyn, T. Lyons (1985)
Comments on “The Determination of View-Factors in Urban Canyons”Journal of Applied Meteorology, 24
-
R. Spronken-Smith, T. Oke (1999)
Scale Modelling of Nocturnal Cooling in Urban ParksBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 93
-
T. Oke, R. Spronken-Smith, E. Jáuregui, C. Grimmond (1999)
The energy balance of central Mexico City during the dry seasonAtmospheric Environment, 33
-
H. Tennekes (1973)
The Logarithmic Wind ProfileJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 30
-
M. Rotach (1993)
Turbulence close to a rough urban surface part I: Reynolds stressBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 65
-
Patricia Figuerola, N. Mazzeo (1998)
Urban-rural temperature differences in Buenos AiresInternational Journal of Climatology, 18
-
(2001)
b) tropical wet–dry and monsoonal climates — Guadalajara (Tereshchenko and Filonov, 2001) and Mumbai -
J. Simpson, E. McPherson (1998)
Simulation of tree shade impacts on residential energy use for space conditioning in SacramentoAtmospheric Environment, 32
-
A. Yadav, S. Raman, M. Sharan (1996)
Surface layer turbulence spectra and dissipation rates during low winds in tropicsBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 79
-
W. Terjung, P. O'Rourke (1981)
Relative influence of vegetation on urban energy budgets and surface temperaturesBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 21
-
N. Tapper (1984)
Prediction of the downward flux of atmospheric radiation in a polluted urban environment ( Christchurch, New Zealand).Australian Meteorological Magazine, 32
-
C. Brühl, W. Zdunkowski (1983)
An approximate calculation method for parallel and diffuse solar irradiances on inclined surfaces in the presence of obstructing mountains or buildingsArchives for meteorology, geophysics, and bioclimatology, Series B, 32
-
T. Oke, B. Kalanda, D. Steyn (1981)
Parameterization of heat storage in urban areasUrban Ecology, 5
-
H. Taha (1997)
Modeling the impacts of large-scale albedo changes on ozone air quality in the South Coast Air BasinAtmospheric Environment, 31
-
A. Brazel, J. Arnfield, D. Greenland, C. Willmott (1991)
PHYSICAL AND BOUNDARY-LAYER CLIMATOLOGYPhysical Geography, 12
-
A. Rutter, K. Kershaw, P. Robins, A. Morton (1971)
A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests, 1. Derivation of the model from observations in a plantation of Corsican pineAgricultural Meteorology, 9
-
Nunez Nunez, Oke Oke (1980)
Modeling the daytime urban surface energy balanceGeographical Analysis, 12
-
Jong‐Jin Baik, H. Chun (1997)
A DYNAMICAL MODEL FOR URBAN HEAT ISLANDSBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 83
-
(2003)
The Guildford Press: New York -
Terjung Terjung, Louie Louie (1974)
A climatic model of urban energy budgetsGeographical Analysis, 6
-
Lu Lu, Arya Arya, Snyder Snyder, Lawson Lawson (1997)
A laboratory study of the urban heat island in a calm and stably stratified environment. Part I: temperature fieldJournal of Applied Meteorology, 36
-
U. Högström, H. Bergström, H. Alexandersson (1982)
Turbulence characteristics in a near neutrally stratified urban atmosphereBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 23
-
Y. Goldreich (1992)
Urban climate studies in Johannesburg, A sub-tropical city located on a ridge—A review☆Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere, 26
-
C. Grimmond, C. Souch (1994)
Surface description for urban climate studies: A gis based methodologyGeocarto International, 9
-
W. Terjung, P. O'Rourke (1980)
Influences of physical structures on urban energy budgetsBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 19
-
R. Cerveny (1989)
Shadowing of Nonpolluted Locations by Urban PollutionAnnals of The Association of American Geographers, 79
-
H. Melling, R. List (1980)
Characteristics of Vertical Velocity Fluctuations in a Convective Urban Boundary LayerJournal of Applied Meteorology, 19
-
(1984)
Simulating radiative energy budgets within the urban canopy layer. Modeling and Simulation 15: 227–233 -
A. Thom, J. Stewart, H. Oliver, J. Gash (1975)
Comparison of aerodynamic and energy budget estimates of fluxes over a pine forestQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 101
-
J. Unger (1996)
Heat island intensity with different meteorological conditions in a medium-sized town: Szeged, HungaryTheoretical and Applied Climatology, 54
-
J. Hay (1984)
An assessment of the mesoscale variability of solar radiation at the earth's surfaceSolar Energy, 32
-
G. Johnson, I. Watson (1984)
The determination of view-factors in urban canyons, 23
-
J. Monteith (1965)
Evaporation and environment.Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 19
-
Jan Herbert, G. Johnson, A. Arnfield (1997)
Coupling of a scalar dispersion and an urban canyon energy budget modelMathematics and Computers in Simulation, 43
-
F. Kimura, Shunji Takahashi (1991)
The effects of land-use and anthropogenic heating on the surface temperature in the Tokyo Metropolitan area: A numerical experiment☆Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere, 25
-
Juan Monta´vez, Antonio Rodri´guez, Juan Jimé (2000)
A study of the urban heat island of GranadaInternational Journal of Climatology, 20
-
H. Swaid, M. Hoffman (1989)
The prediction of impervious ground surface temperature by the surface thermal time constant (STTC) modelEnergy and Buildings, 13
-
L. Tarleton, R. Katz (1995)
Statistical explanation for trends in extreme summer temperatures at Phoenix, ArizonaJournal of Climate, 8
-
T. Karl, G. Kukla, J. Gavin (1986)
Relationship between Decreased Temperature Range and Precipitation Trends in the United States and Canada, 1941–80Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 25
-
D. Hall, S. Walker, A. Spanton (1999)
Dispersion from courtyards and other enclosed spacesAtmospheric Environment, 33
-
A. Arnfield (1988)
VALIDATION OF AN ESTIMATION MODEL FOR URBAN SURFACE ALBEDOPhysical Geography, 9
-
A. Arnfield, C. Grimmond (1998)
An urban canyon energy budget model and its application to urban storage heat flux modelingEnergy and Buildings, 27
-
D. Pearlmutter, A. Bitan, P. Berliner (1999)
Microclimatic analysis of “compact” urban canyons in an arid zoneAtmospheric Environment, 33
-
S. Yamashita, K. Sekine, M. Shoda, Kohji Yamashita, Y. Hara (1986)
On relationships between heat island and sky view factor in the cities of Tama River basin, JapanAtmospheric Environment, 20
-
J. Garratt (1978)
Transfer characteristics for a heterogeneous surface of large aerodynamic roughnessQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 104
-
T. Oke, G. Zeuner, E. Jáuregui (1992)
The surface energy balance in Mexico CityAtmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere, 26
-
K. Gallo, Alan Mcnab, T. Karl, Jesslyn Brown, J. Hood, J. Tarpley (1993)
The use of NOAA AVHRR data for assessment of the urban heat island effectJournal of Applied Meteorology, 32
-
M. Haeger-Eugensson, B. Holmer (1999)
Advection caused by the urban heat island circulation as a regulating factor on the nocturnal urban heat islandInternational Journal of Climatology, 19
-
A. Rosenfeld, H. Akbari, S. Bretz, B. Fishman, D. Kurn, D. Sailor, H. Taha (1995)
Mitigation of urban heat islands: materials, utility programs, updatesEnergy and Buildings, 22
-
C. Yagüe, E. Zurita, A. Martínez (1991)
Statistical analysis of the Madrid urban heat islandAtmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere, 25
-
T. Oke (1974)
Review of urban climatology 1973-1976 -
(1973)
Air pollution transport in street canyons. Unpublished report by Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory for US EPA, EPA-R4-73-029, NTIS PB-233252 -
P. Jones, P. Kelly, C. Goodess, T. Karl (1989)
The Effect of Urban Warming on the Northern Hemisphere Temperature AverageJournal of Climate, 2
-
P. Todhunter, W. Terjung (1990)
The response of urban canyon energy budgets to variable synoptic weather types— A simulation approachAtmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere, 24
-
J. Mezeix, N. Doras (1981)
Various Kinetic Energy Characteristics of Hailpatterns in the Grossversuch IV Experiment.Journal of Applied Meteorology, 20
-
I. Watson, G. Johnson (1987)
Graphical estimation of sky view-factors in urban environmentsInternational Journal of Climatology, 7
-
M. Soler, C. Ruiz (1994)
Urban albedo derived from direct measurements and landsat 4 TM satellite dataInternational Journal of Climatology, 14
-
Y. Koo, D. Reible (1995)
Flow and transport modeling in the sea-breeze part II: Flow model application and pollutant transportBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 75
-
Fuggle Fuggle, Oke Oke (1976)
Long‐wave radiative flux divergence and nocturnal cooling of the urban atmosphere. I: above roof‐levelBoundary‐Layer Meteorology, 10
-
C. Jacovides, G. Gianourakos, D. Asimakopoulos, M. Steven (1998)
Measured Spectra of Solar Ultraviolet Irradiances at Athens Basin, GreeceTheoretical and Applied Climatology, 59
-
A. Arnfield (1982)
AN APPROACH TO THE ESTIMATION OF THE SURFACE RADIATIVE PROPERTIES AND RADIATION BUDGETS OF CITIESPhysical Geography, 3
-
T. Fujitani (1986)
Seasonal variation of the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer over a Suburban areaAtmospheric Environment, 20
-
M. Shahgedanova, T. Burt, T. Davies (1997)
Some aspects of the three-dimensional heat island in MoscowInternational Journal of Climatology, 17
-
T. Carlson, J. Dodd, S. Benjamin, J. Cooper (1981)
Satellite Estimation of the Surface Energy Balance, Moisture Availability and Thermal Inertia.Journal of Applied Meteorology, 20
-
C. Grimmond, T. Oke (1999)
Heat Storage in Urban Areas: Local-Scale Observations and Evaluation of a Simple ModelJournal of Applied Meteorology, 38
-
Y. Sakakibara (1996)
A numerical study of the effect of urban geometry upon the surface energy budgetAtmospheric Environment, 30
-
D. Steyn (1982)
Turbulence in an unstable surface layer over suburban terrainBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 22
-
M. Poreh (1996)
Investigation of heat islands using small scale modelsAtmospheric Environment, 30
-
S. Schiller, John Evans (1996)
Training architects and planners to design with urban microclimatesAtmospheric Environment, 30
-
R. Bornstein (1968)
Observations of the Urban Heat Island Effect in New York CityJournal of Applied Meteorology, 7
-
T. Oke (1984)
Towards a prescription for the greater use of climatic principles in settlement planningEnergy and Buildings, 7
-
P. O'Rourke, W. Terjung (1981)
Urban parks, energy budgets, and surface temperaturesArchives for meteorology, geophysics, and bioclimatology, Series B, 29
-
R. Grant, K. Wong (1998)
Ozone profiles over a suburban neighborhoodAtmospheric Environment, 33
-
T. Oke (1976)
The distinction between canopy and boundary‐layer urban heat islandsAtmosphere, 14
-
Tapper Tapper (1984)
Prediction of the downward flux of atmospheric radiation in a polluted urban environmentAustralian Meteorological Magazine, 32
-
A. Hogan, M. Ferrick (1998)
Observations in Nonurban Heat IslandsJournal of Applied Meteorology, 37
-
H. Swaid (1993)
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRY AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ON URBAN STREET CLIMATEPhysical Geography, 14
-
H. Penman (1948)
Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grassProceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 193
-
M. Roth, T. Oke, W. Emery (1989)
Satellite-derived urban heat islands from three coastal cities and the utilization of such data in urban climatologyInternational Journal of Remote Sensing, 10
-
M. Roth, T. Oke (1993)
Turbulent transfer relationships over an urban surface. I. Spectral characteristicsQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 119
-
N. Tapper (1990)
Urban influences on boundary layer temperature and humidity: Results from Christchurch, New ZealandAtmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere, 24
-
C. Morris, I. Simmonds, N. Plummer (2001)
Quantification of the Influences of Wind and Cloud on the Nocturnal Urban Heat Island of a Large CityJournal of Applied Meteorology, 40
-
S. Murai (1986)
The roles of the Asian conference on remote sensingGeocarto International, 1
-
J. Nichol (1994)
A GIS-based approach to microclimate monitoring in Singapore's high-rise housing estatesPhotogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 60
-
K. Kłysik, K. Fortuniak (1999)
Temporal and spatial characteristics of the urban heat island of Łódź, PolandAtmospheric Environment, 33
-
Charles Welty, D. Stemple (1982)
ReplyACM Trans. Database Syst., 7
-
C. Grimmond, T. Oke (1999)
Aerodynamic Properties of Urban Areas Derived from Analysis of Surface FormJournal of Applied Meteorology, 38
-
P. O'Rourke, W. Terjung (1981)
Relative influence of city structure on canopy photosynthesisInternational Journal of Biometeorology, 25
-
L. Chapman, J. Thornes, A. Bradley (2001)
Rapid determination of canyon geometry parameters for use in surface radiation budgetsTheoretical and Applied Climatology, 69
-
A. Arnfield (2001)
Progress reports : Micro- and mesoclimatologyProgress in Physical Geography, 25
-
K. Mccree (1981)
Photosynthetically Active Radiation -
J. Voogt, T. Oke (1998)
Radiometric Temperatures of Urban Canyon Walls obtained from Vehicle TraversesTheoretical and Applied Climatology, 60
-
Roth Roth, Oke Oke (1994)
Comparison of modelled and ‘measured’ heat storage in suburban terrainBeiträge zur Physik der Atmosphäre, 67
-
W. Terjung, P. O'Rourke (1980)
Simulating the causal elements of urban heat islandsBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 19
-
T. Asaeda, V. Ca, A. Wake (1996)
Heat storage of pavement and its effect on the lower atmosphereAtmospheric Environment, 30
-
Eleonora Assis, A. Frota (1999)
Urban bioclimatic design strategies for a tropical cityAtmospheric Environment, 33
-
T. Oke (1988)
The urban energy balanceProgress in Physical Geography, 12
-
J. Unger, Z. Sümeghy, J. Zoboki (2001)
Temperature cross-section features in an urban areaAtmospheric Research, 58
-
Y. Nakamura, T. Oke (1988)
Wind, temperature and stability conditions in an east-west oriented urban canyonAtmospheric Environment, 22
-
M. Nuñez, T. Oke (1977)
The Energy Balance of an Urban CanyonJournal of Applied Meteorology, 16
-
K. Mcnaughton, P. Jarvis (1983)
CHAPTER 1 – PREDICTING EFFECTS OF VEGETATION CHANGES ON TRANSPIRATION AND EVAPORATION -
M. Rotach (1999)
On the influence of the urban roughness sublayer on turbulence and dispersionAtmospheric Environment, 33
-
P. Suckling (1981)
Nocturnal observations of incoming longwave radiation and the urban heat island for a small prairie cityArchives for meteorology, geophysics, and bioclimatology, Series B, 29
-
(1982)
The climate of the City of Hangzhou -
M. Raupach (1979)
Anomalies in flux-gradient relationships over forestBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 16
-
P. Hildebrand, Bernice Ackerman (1984)
Urban Effects on the Convective Boundary LayerJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 41
-
J. Kalogiros, C. Helmis (1995)
Second‐order spectral local isotropy of the humidity and temperature fields in an urban areaQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 121
-
J. Hansen, R. Ruedy, Makiko Sato, M. Imhoff, W. Lawrence, D. Easterling, T. Peterson, T. Karl (2001)
A closer look at United States and global surface temperature changeJournal of Geophysical Research, 106
-
G. Johnson, L. Hunter (1995)
A numerical study of dispersion of passive scalars in city canyonsBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 75
-
R. Kjelgren, T. Montague (1998)
Urban tree transpiration over turf and asphalt surfacesAtmospheric Environment, 32
-
T. Oke (1981)
Canyon geometry and the nocturnal urban heat island: Comparison of scale model and field observationsInternational Journal of Climatology, 1
-
P. Suckling (1980)
The Energy Balance Microclimate of a Suburban LawnJournal of Applied Meteorology, 19
-
J. Voogt (2000)
Urban Heat Island, 3
-
V. Barradas, A. Tejeda-Martínez, E. Jáuregui (1999)
Energy balance measurements in a suburban vegetated area in Mexico CityAtmospheric Environment, 33
-
T. Oke (1979)
Advectively-assisted evapotranspiration from irrigated urban vegetationBoundary-Layer Meteorology, 17
-
P. Haan, M. Rotach, M. Werfeli (2001)
Modification of an Operational Dispersion Model for Urban ApplicationsJournal of Applied Meteorology, 40
-
(1998)
A numerical simulation investigation of urban canyon energy budget variations
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
- ISSN
- 0899-8418
- eISSN
- 1097-0088
- DOI
- 10.1002/joc.859
- Publisher site
- See Article on Publisher Site
Abstract
Progress in urban climatology over the two decades since the first publication of the International Journal of Climatology is reviewed. It is emphasized that urban climatology during this period has benefited from conceptual advances made in microclimatology and boundary‐layer climatology in general. The role of scale, heterogeneity, dynamic source areas for turbulent fluxes and the complexity introduced by the roughness sublayer over the tall, rigid roughness elements of cities is described. The diversity of urban heat islands, depending on the medium sensed and the sensing technique, is explained. The review focuses on two areas within urban climatology. First, it assesses advances in the study of selected urban climatic processes relating to urban atmospheric turbulence (including surface roughness) and exchange processes for energy and water, at scales of consideration ranging from individual facets of the urban environment, through streets and city blocks to neighbourhoods. Second, it explores the literature on the urban temperature field. The state of knowledge about urban heat islands around 1980 is described and work since then is assessed in terms of similarities to and contrasts with that situation. Finally, the main advances are summarized and recommendations for urban climate work in the future are made. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Journal
International Journal of Climatology – Wiley
Published: Jan 1, 2003