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C. Enroth-Cugell, J. Robson (1966)
The contrast sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells of the catThe Journal of Physiology, 187
F. Werblin
Control of Retinal Sensitivity II . Lateral Interactions at the Outer Plexiform Layer
Jonathan Victor, Robert Shapley, Bruce Knight (1977)
Nonlinear analysis of cat retinal ganglion cells in the frequency domain.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 74 7
J. Victor, B. Knight (1979)
Nonlinear analysis with an arbitrary stimulus ensembleQuarterly of Applied Mathematics, 37
N. Wiener, T. Teichmann (1964)
Nonlinear Problems in Random Theory
R. Shapley, M. Rossetto (1976)
An electronic visual stimulatorBehavior Research Methods & Instrumentation, 8
S. Hochstein, R. Shapley (1976)
Quantitative analysis of retinal ganglion cell classifications.The Journal of Physiology, 262
C. Enroth-Cugell, R. Shapley (1973)
Adaptation and dynamics of cat retinal ganglion cellsThe Journal of Physiology, 233
(1972)
Lateral interactions at the inner plexiform layer of the retina : antagonist response to change
F. Werblin (1974)
Control of Retinal SensitivityThe Journal of General Physiology, 63
(1969)
Non-equilibrium Thernodynamic
S. Hochstein, R. Shapley (1976)
Linear and nonlinear spatial subunits in Y cat retinal ganglion cells.The Journal of Physiology, 262
B. Cleland, M. Dubin, W. Levick (1971)
Sustained and transient neurones in the cat's retina and lateral geniculate nucleusThe Journal of Physiology, 217
B. Cleland, C. Enroth-Cugell (1970)
Quantitative aspects of gain and latency in the cat retinaThe Journal of Physiology, 206
B. Cleland, W. Levick (1974)
Brisk and sluggish concentrically organized ganglion cells in the cat's retinaThe Journal of Physiology, 240
1. Variation in stimulus contrast produces a marked effect on the dynamics of the cat retina. This contrast effect was investigated by measurement of the responses of X and Y ganglion cells. The stimuli were sine gratings or rectangular spots modulated by a temporal signal which was a sum of sinusoids. Fourier analysis of the neural response to such a stimulus allowed us to calculate first order and second order frequency kernels. 2. The first order frequency kernel of both X and Y ganglion cells became more sharply tuned at higher contrasts. The peak amplitude also shifted to higher temporal frequency at higher contrasts. Responses to low frequencies of modulation (less than 1 Hz) grew less than proportionally with contrast. However, response amplitudes at higher modulation frequencies (greater than 4 Hz) scaled approximately proportionally with contrast. Also, there was a marked phase advance in these latter components as contrast increased. 3. The contrast effect was significantly larger for Y cells than for X cells. 4. The first order frequency kernel was measured with single sine waves as well as with the sum of sinusoids as a modulation signal. The transfer function measured in this way was much less affected by increases in contrast. This implied that stimulus energy at one temporal frequency could affect the response amplitude and phase shift at another temporal frequency. 5. Direct proof was found that modulation at one frequency modifies the response at other frequencies. This was demonstrated by perturbation experiments in which the modulation stimulus was the sum of one strong perturbing sinusoid and seven weak test sinusoids. 6. The shape of the graph of the amplitude of the first order frequency kernel vs. temporal frequency did not depend on the amplitudes of the first order components, but rather on local retinal contrast. This was shown in an experiment with a sine grating placed at different positions in the visual field. The shape of the first order kernel did not vary with spatial phase, while the magnitudes of the first order responses varied greatly with spatial phase. 7. Models for the contrast gain control mechanism are considered in the Discussion.
The Journal of Physiology – Wiley
Published: Dec 1, 1978
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