Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
C. Folland, R. Reynolds, M. Gordon, D. Parker (1993)
A Study of Six Operational Sea Surface Temperature AnalysesJournal of Climate, 6
D. Rowell, C. Folland, K. Maskell, M. Ward (1995)
Variability of summer rainfall over tropical north Africa (1906–92): Observations and modellingQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 121
C. Chatfield, P. Bloomfield (1977)
Fourier Analysis of Time Series: An IntroductionIEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 7
M. Salinger (1980)
New Zealand Climate: II. Temperature PatternsMonthly Weather Review, 108
D. Parker, C. Folland (1991)
Worldwide surface temperature trends since the mid-19th century, 19
C. Chatfield (1990)
The Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction
N. Gordon (1985)
The Southern Oscillation: A New Zealand perspectiveJournal of The Royal Society of New Zealand, 15
P. Groisman (1992)
Possible regional climate consequences of the Pinatubo eruption: An empirical approachGeophysical Research Letters, 19
S. Woodruff, R. Slutz, R. Jenne, P. Steurer (1987)
A Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data SetBulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 68
Elizabeth Kent, P. Taylor, B. Truscott, J. Hopkins (1993)
The Accuracy of Voluntary Observing Ships' Meteorological Observations-Results of the VSOP-NAJournal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 10
Trenberth Trenberth, Christy Christy, Hurrell Hurrell (1992)
Monitoring global mean temperaturesJ. Climate, 5
A. Mullan (1995)
On the linearity and stability of Southern Oscillation-climate relationships for New ZealandInternational Journal of Climatology, 15
Jane Hsiung, R. Newell (1983)
The Principal Nonseasonal Modes of Variation of Global Sea Surface TemperatureJournal of Physical Oceanography, 13
C. Folland, D. Parker (1995)
Correction of instrumental biases in historical sea surface temperature dataQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 121
D. Rhoades, M. Salinger (1993)
ADJUSTMENT OF TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL RECORDS FOR SITE CHANGESInternational Journal of Climatology, 13
C. Folland, D. Parker (1990)
Observed Variations of Sea Surface Temperature
T. Karl, R. Knight, K. Gallo, T. Peterson, P. Jones, G. Kukla, N. Plummer, Vyacheslav Razuvayev, Janette Lindseay, R. Charlson (1993)
A new perspective on recent global warming: asymmetric trends of daily maximum and minimum temperatureBulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 74
K. Trenberth, J. Christy, J. Hurrell (1992)
Monitoring global monthly mean surface temperaturesJournal of Climate, 5
Karl. Karl., Williams Williams, Young Young (1986)
A model to estimate the time of observation bias associated with mean monthly maximum, minimum and mean temperaturesJ. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 25
D. Parker, H. Wilson, P. Jones, J. Christy, C. Folland (1996)
THE IMPACT OF MOUNT PINATUBO ON WORLD‐WIDE TEMPERATURESInternational Journal of Climatology, 16
M. Salinger, J. Hay, R. McGann, B. Fitzharris (1993)
Southwest Pacific temperatures: Diurnal and seasonal trendsGeophysical Research Letters, 20
J. Hansen, A. Lacis, R. Ruedy, Makiko Sato (1992)
Potential climate impact of Mount Pinatubo eruptionGeophysical Research Letters, 19
E. Rasmusson, T. Carpenter (1982)
Variations in Tropical Sea Surface Temperature and Surface Wind Fields Associated with the Southern Oscillation/El NiñoMonthly Weather Review, 110
Salinger Salinger (1980)
The New Zealand temperature seriesClimate Monitor, 9
Van Loon Van Loon, Shea Shea (1987)
The southern oscillation. Part VIII: sensitivity to SST anomalies in the region of the South Pacific Convergence ZoneJ. Climate, 1
P. Young, C. Ng, Kevin Lane, D. Parker (1991)
Recursive forecasting, smoothing and seasonal adjustment of non‐stationary environmental dataJournal of Forecasting, 10
R. Reynolds (1988)
A Real-Time Global Sea Surface Temperature AnalysisJournal of Climate, 1
C. Folland, D. Parker, F. Kates (1984)
Worldwide marine temperature fluctuations 1856–1981Nature, 310
T. Karl, Claude Williams, P. Young, W. Wendland (1986)
A Model to Estimate the Time of Observation Bias Associated with Monthly Mean Maximum, Minimum and Mean Temperatures for the United States, 25
Hay, Salinger, Fitzharris, Basher (1993)
CLIMATOLOGICAL SEESAWS IN THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC, 13
P. Jones, P. Groisman, M. Coughlan, Neil Plummer, Wei-Chyung Wang, Thomas Karl (1990)
Assessment of urbanization effects in time series of surface air temperature over landNature, 347
H. Storch, H. Loon, G. Kiladis (1988)
The Southern Oscillation. Part VIII: Model Sensitivity to SST Anomalies in the Tropical and Subtropical Regions of the South Pacific Convergence ZoneJournal of Climate, 1
P. Jones, T. Wigley, G. Farmer (1991)
Marine and Land Temperature Data Sets: A Comparison and a Look at Recent Trends, 19
Hayashi Hayashi (1974)
Some problems in marine meteorological observations, particularly of pressure and temperatureTokyo, Jpn Met. Agency, J. Meteorol Res., 26
Folland Folland (1971)
Day‐time temperature measurements on weather ship “Weather Reporter'”Meteorol. Mag., 100
M. Salinger, R. Basher, B. Fitzharris, J. Hay, P. Jones, J. Macveigh, I. Schmidely‐Leleu (1995)
Climate trends in the South-west PacificInternational Journal of Climatology, 15
M. Halpert, C. Ropelewski (1992)
Surface Temperature Patterns Associated with the Southern OscillationJournal of Climate, 5
Woodruff Woodruff, Slutz Slutz, Jenne Jenne, Seurer Seurer (1987)
A comprehensive ocean‐atmosphere data setBull. A. Meteorol. Soc., 68
D. Parker (1994)
Effects of changing exposure of thermometers at land stationsInternational Journal of Climatology, 14
We compare homogenized series of maximum, minimum, and mean air temperature averaged over New Zealand, measured between 1871 and 1993, with rigorously quality controlled marine temperature data measured over the surrounding ocean surface. The marine data are those of sea‐surface temperature (SST) and air temperature measured at night (NMAT) on board ship, both corrected for time‐varying instrumental biases. There is mostly very good agreement between the variations in the three data sets on time‐scales down to a season. Some disagreements are related to short periods of sparsely observed marine data, particularly during the World Wars. Differences also exist between trends in the maximum and minimum New Zealand temperatures (NZT), particularly in winter. In addition, interannual variations in winter NZT tend not to track those of nearby marine temperatures quite as well as happens in other seasons. Although it is not the main purpose of the paper to discuss the causes of NZT change, New Zealand temperature is known to be influenced by the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena. Tropical East Pacific SST variations are strongly related to ENSO and so are well correlated with NZT on time‐scales of a few years to near a decade. We discuss these relationships, and also associations with Southern Hemisphere SST. We conclude that annual NZT and NMAT over the nearby ocean surface have both warmed by about 0.7°C since the beginning of the century, with a slightly smaller increase in SST. This confirms previous work on the magnitude of the warming of New Zealand climate this century. Warming in NMAT and NZT in each season varies in a similar way, with consistently slightly smaller increases in SST. We also conclude that the UK Meteorological Office seasonal historical marine temperature data set appears to be generally of very good quality in the New Zealand region.
International Journal of Climatology – Wiley
Published: Nov 1, 1995
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.